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Lec 2

networks

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27 views66 pages

Lec 2

networks

Uploaded by

M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Models

2.1
2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an


example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:


Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
2-2 THE OSI MODEL

• Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization


(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement
on international standards.

2.4
2-2 THE OSI MODEL

• An ISO standard that covers all


aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model.

• It was first introduced in the late


1970s.

2.5
Note
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.

2.6
Seven layers of the OSI model

2.7
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.8
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.9
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.10
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.11
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each


layer in the OSI model.

2.12
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.13
Application layer

2.14
Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.15
Note
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.

2.16
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.17
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.18
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.19
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.20
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.21
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.22
Note
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.

2.23
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.29
Note
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.

2.30
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.35
Note
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.

2.36
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.37
Network layer

2.38
Network layer

2.39
Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.40
Note
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.41
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.42
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.43
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.44
2.45
2.46
Note
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.47
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.48
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.49
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.50
Physical layer

2.51
Note
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.52
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.53
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.54
Summary of layers

2.55
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match


those in the OSI model.

• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four


layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application.

• However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the


TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link,
network, transport, and application.

2.56
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.57
2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port,
and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.58
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.59
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.60
Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a


node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a
link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with
physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical
address 87 is the receiver.

2.61
Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address


written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits)
is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.62
Example 2.3

Each device (computer or router)


has a pair of addresses (logical and
physical) for each connection.
In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and
therefore has only one pair of
addresses.
Each router, however, is connected
to three networks (only two are
shown in the figure). So each
router has three pairs of addresses,
one for each connection.

2.63
Example 2.4

The sending computer is running three


processes at this time with port addresses
a, b, and c.
The receiving computer is running two
processes at this time with port addresses j
and k.
Process a in the sending computer needs
to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer.
Note that although physical addresses
change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source
to destination.

2.64
Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.65
Example 2.5

A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one


decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented


as one single number.

2.66

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