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Week 4

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Week 4

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M
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2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match


those in the OSI model.

• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four


layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application.

• However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the


TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link,
network, transport, and application.

1
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2
2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port,
and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

3
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

4
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

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Example 2.1

A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with


physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus
topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical
address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87
is the receiver.

6
Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address


written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits)
is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

7
Example 2.3

Each device (computer or router)


has a pair of addresses (logical and
physical) for each connection.
In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and
therefore has only one pair of
addresses.
Each router, however, is connected
to three networks (only two are
shown in the figure). So each
router has three pairs of addresses,
one for each connection.

8
Example 2.3

9
Example 2.4

The sending computer is running three


processes at this time with port addresses
a, b, and c.
The receiving computer is running two
processes at this time with port addresses j
and k.
Process a in the sending computer needs
to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer.
Note that although physical addresses
change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source
to destination.

10
Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

11
Example 2.5

A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one


decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented


as one single number.

12
Summary of layers

2.13
Network Structure

• Network edge:
• Hosts: clients and servers
• Servers often in data centers

• Access networks, physical media:


• Wired, wireless links

• Network core:
• Interconnected routers
• Network of networks

14
Access networks and physical media

• How to connect end systems to edge router?


• Residential access nets
• Institutional access networks (school, university, company)
• Mobile access networks

• Keep in mind:
• Bandwidth of access network
• Shared or dedicated

15
Access network : digital subscriber line (DSL)

• Use existing telephone line to DSLM


• Data goes to internet
• Voice goes to telephone net

16
Access network : digital subscriber line (DSL)

• Use existing telephone line to DSLM Typically:


upstream < 1 Mbps
• Data goes to internet downstream < 10
• Voice goes to telephone net Mbps

17
Access network : cable network

• HFC: hybrid fiber coax


• Asymmetric:
• 30 Mpbs downstream
• 2 Mpbs upstream

• Network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router


• Home share access network to cable headend
• Unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office

18
Access network : home network

19
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

• Typically used in companies, university, etc.

• 10 Mpbs, 100 Mpbs, 1Gpbs transmission rates

20
Host: sends packets of data

• Host sending function:

• Takes application message

• Breaks into smaller chunks


(packets) of length L bits

• Transmits packets into access


network at transmission rate R

21
The network core

• Mesh of interconnected routers

• Packet-switching: hosts break


application-layer message into packets

• Forward packets from one router to


the next, across links from source
to destination

• Each packet transmitted at full link


capacity

22
Packet-switching: store-and-forward

• Takes L/R seconds to transmit L bit packet into link at R bps

• Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before


it can be transmitted on the next link

• End-end delay = 2L/R (assume zero propagation delay)

23
Packet-switching: store-and-forward

• Takes L/R seconds to transmit L bit packet into link at R bps

• Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before


it can be transmitted on the next link

• End-end delay = 2L/R (assume zero propagation delay)

24
Packet-switching: queuing delay, loss

• Queuing and loss:

• If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a
period of time:

• Packet will queue, wait to be transmitted on link


• Packet can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

25
Two key network-core functions

Routing:
determines source-destination forwarding:
route taken by packets
move packets from router’s input to
appropriate router output

26
Questions

27
Summary of layers

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