EXP NO:1

EXPLORE THE FEATURES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL

Date:

Aim: To explore and familiarize yourself with the basic feature of Microsoft Excel

PROCEDURE:

1. Opening Excel:
● Open Microsoft Excel on your computer.

2. Understanding the Excel Window:

● Take moment tool serve the Excel window, which includes the Ribbon, Tabs,
Workbook, Worksheets, and Cells.

3. Creating New Workbook:

● Click on "File" in the top-left
corner.
● Select "New" to create new workbook.

4. Entering Data:
● Click on cell to select it.
● Start typing to enter data into the
cell.
● Press “Enter" to move to the next cell.

5. Formatting Cells:
● Select a cell or range of cells.
● Right-click and choose “Format Cells" to open the Format Cells dialog box.
● Explore the options for formatting numbers, alignment, fonts, borders, and more.

6. Creating Formulas:
● Select a cell wholemount the result.
● Start a formula with an equal sign (=).
● Use operators (+, -, *, /) and cell references to create calculations.
7. Using Functions:
● Click on cell.
● Go to the “Formulas" tab in the
Ribbon.
● Click on “Insert Function" to open the Function
Wizard.
● Choose function (e.g., SUM, AVERAGE, IF) and follow the prompts to enter arguments.

8. AutoFill and AutoSum:

● Enter a number in cell.
● Hover over the bottom-right corner of the cell until the AutoFill handle appears.
● Drag down or across to AutoFill as eraser use Auto Sum to quickly calculate totals.

9. Creating Charts:
● Select the data you want to chart.
● Go to the “Insert" tab in the
Ribbon.
● Choose the type of chart you want (e.g., Column, Line, Pie).

10. Applying Cell Styles:

● Select a cell or range of cells.
● Go to the “Home" tab in the
Ribbon.
● Explore different cell styles, font colors, and fill colors.

11. Filtering Data:

● Click on the “Data" tab in the
Ribbon.
● Select the data range.
● Click on “Filter" to enable the filter drop down in the header
row.

12. Saving and Closing:

● Click on “File" and choose “Save as" to save your workbook.
● Give it an and select the Location to save.
● Close Excel when you’re done.
EXP NO:2(a) i
NUMERICAL OPERATORS
Date:

Aim: To Get the input from user and perform numerical operators (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM,
SQRT, ROUND)

Functions perform a mathematical calculation on a range of cells in Excel. The

most
common Functions are Sum, AVERAGE, COUNT, MIN, MAX, SQRT and ROUND. I f
a n individual wants to find the average, minimum, or maximum of their data, they can use
the Average, MIN, MAX, SQRT and Round Functions

➢ SUM: Finds the SUM of value in a range of cells.

➢ AVERAGE: Finds the value of numbers in a particular cell and returns the mean value of one
or more values. It can be names, arrays, and references that contain numbers.
➢ Count Value: Finds the count items in a range of particular cells. Max: Finds the maximum
value in a range of cells.
➢ MIN: Finds the minimum value in a range of cells.
➢ SQRT: Finds the SQRT Value in a range of cells.
➢ ROUND: Finds the Round value in decimal place in a range of cells.

We are going to explain how to:

1. To Find the Sum of Value.

2. To Find the Average Value.
3. To Find the Count Value
4. To Find the Maximum Value.
5. To Find the Minimum Value.
6. To Find the SQRT Value.
7. To Find the ROUND Value.

1. To Find the Sum of value.

➢ To view the sum of your column, then first, launch your spreadsheet with
Microsoft Excel.

➢ In your spreadsheet, select the cells in your column for which you want to see
the sum. To select your entire column, then at the top of your column, click the
column letter.
 Sum Your Column's Values Using Excel's AutoSum Feature

➢ To get the sum of the contiguous cells of your column, utilize Excel's built-in AutoSum
feature. With this method, you select the cell at the bottom of your column values and access
the feature, and then it fills in the SUM function with the necessary arguments for you.

➢ To use it, first, open your spreadsheet and click the cell in which you want to get the result.
The feature will add up all the values above the selected cell.
➢ While your cell is selected, in Excel's "Home" tab at the top, select the "AutoSum" option

➢ In your chosen cell, AutoSum has filled the Sum function with your data range. If this looks
good, press Enter.
2. To Find the Average Value.
To calculate the AVERAGE monthly distance:
1. Select cell B8.
2. Click the drop-down arrow on the AUTOSUM button.

3. Choose AVERAGE.
4. Press ENTER to confirm the cell range.

To find the LONGEST distance:

1. Select cell B9.
2. Click the drop-down arrow on the AUTOSUM button.
3. Choose MAX.
At this point, the range that Excel has identified is too large so using the mouse,
select cells B2:B7.
4. Press Enter to confirm the cell range.

MAX can be used whenever you need to find the figure that is the LONGEST, TALLEST,
LARGEST,
MOST etc.

3. To Find the Count Value

To find HOW MANY figures in the list:
1. Select cell B11.
2. Click the drop-down arrow on the AUTOSUM button.
3. Choose COUNT NUMBERS.
 At this point, the range that Excel has identified is too large so using the mouse, select
cells B2:B7.
4. Press ENTER to confirm the cell range.

Use COUNT whenever you need an answer to a HOW MANY types question. Because
COUNT NUMBERS only counts how many cells contain numbers, (hence the name)
if a number is deleted or overwritten with text and/or symbols, these cells will be ignored
and the count will decrease
,
4. To Find the Maximum Value.

To find the LONGEST distance:

1. Select cell B9.

2. Click the drop-down arrow on the AUTOSUM button.
3. Choose MAX.
 ➢ At this point, the range that Excel has identified is too large so using the mouse,
select cells B2:B7.

4. Press ENTER to confirm the cell range.

➢ MAX can be used whenever you need to find the figure that is the LONGEST, TALLEST,
LARGEST, MOST etc.

5. To Find the Minimum Value.

To find the SHORTEST distance:

1. Select cell B10.
2. Click the drop-down arrow on the AUTOSUM button.
3. Choose MIN.
 ➢ At this point, the range that Excel has identified is too large so using the mouse, select
cells B2:B7.
4. Press ENTER to confirm the cell range.

➢ MIN can be used whenever you need to find the figure that is the SHORTEST,
LOWEST, SMALLEST, LEAST etc.

6. To Find the SQRT Value.

In Excel, we can calculate the Square Root not only by using the Square Root but also
in several other ways, namely:

➢ Manual Method: To use this function, we need to type the keyword =SQRT, and press the “tab”
button, which will pop up the SQRT function, and it takes a single argument.
➢ Function Method: We can insert the function from the “Function Library” of the
“Formulas” tab.

The list of numbers shown below.

The steps to find the Square Root Value are,

1. Copy these numbers to Excel.

2. Open the formula in the B2 cell.

3. In this case, select the required cell, i.e., A2.

4. Now, drag and drop the formula to the remaining cells.

 7. To Find the ROUND Value

➢ We want to round off a number to 1 digit. So, we use the ROUND Formula in cell C2.

➢ After using this formula, the answer is shown below.

▪ Drag the same formula in cell C2 to cell C7.

➢ Here the function will round off the number to one digit to the right of the decimal. The

numbers above 5 will be rounded up, and those below 5 will be unchanged.

RESULT:
 EXP NO:2(A)( ii) PERFORM DATA IMPORT/EXPORT
Date: OPERATIONS FOR DIFFERENT FILE FORMATS.

AIM:
Excel can import and export many different file types aside from the standard. xslx format. If your
data is shared between other programs, like a database, you may need to save data as a different
file type or bring in files of a different file type.

1. Perform data import operations for different file formats

2. Perform data Export operations for different file formats

PROCEDURE:

1. Import Data
Excel can import data from external data sources including other files, databases, or web
pages.

1. Click the Data tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click the Get Data button.

Some data sources may require special security access, and the connection process can often
be very complex. Enlist the help of your organization’s technical support staff for assistance.

3. Select from File.

4. Select from Text/CSV.
5. Select the file you want to import.

6. Click Import.
If, while importing external data, a security notice appears saying that it is connecting
to an external source that may not be safe, click OK.

7. Verify the preview looks correct.

Because we've specified the data is separated by commas, the delimiter is already
set. If you need to change it, it can be done from this menu.

8. Click Load.
2. Export Data
When you have data that needs to be transferred to another system, export it from Excel
in a format that can be interpreted by other programs, such as a text or CSV file.

1. Click the File tab.

2. At the left, click Export.

3. Click the Change File Type.

4. Under Other File Types, select a file type.

a. Text (Tab delimited): The cell data will be separated by a tab.
b. CSV (Comma delimited): The cell data will be separated by a comma.
 ➢ Formatted Text (space delimited): The cell data will be separated by a space.
➢ Save as Another File Type: Select a different file type when the Save As dialog box
appears.
The file type you select will depend on what type of file is required by the program
that will consume the exported data.
3. Click Save As.

4. Specify where you want to save the file.

5. Click Save.

A dialog box appears stating that some of the workbook features may be lost.

6. Click Yes.

RESULT:
EXP NO:3
STATISTICAL OPERATIONS
Date:

AIM: To Perform statistical operations - Mean, Median, Mode and Standard

deviation, Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis

PROCEDURE:

Step 1:
Type your data into Excel, in a single column. For example, if you have ten items in
your data set, type them into cells A1 through A10.
Step 2:
Click the “Data” tab and then click “Data Analysis” in the Analysis group.
Step 3:
Highlight “Descriptive Statistics” in the pop-up Data Analysis window.
Step 4:
Type an input range into the “Input Range” text box. For this example, type “A1:A10”
into the box.
Step 5:
Check the “Labels in first row” check box if you have titled the column in row 1, otherwise
leave the box unchecked.
Step 6:
Type a cell location into the “Output Range” box. For example, type “C1.” Make sure
that two adjacent columns do not have data in them.
Step7:
Click the “Summary Statistics” checkbox and then click “OK” to display Excel
descriptive statistics. A list of descriptive statistics will be returned in the column you
selected as the Output Range.

Example:

➢ Here we will use Excel as the one for calculating descriptive statistics. To see how this
works, look at this worksheet. It summarizes sales data for a book publisher.
▪ In below the table column A, the worksheet shows the suggested retail price (SRP). In
column B, the worksheet shows the units sold of each book through one popular
bookselling outlet. You might choose to use the Descriptive Statistics tool to summarize
this data set.

To calculate descriptive statistics for the data set, follow these steps:

➢ Click the Data tab > Data Analysis command button as shown above to tell Excel
that you want to calculate descriptive statistics. Excel displays the Data Analysis
dialog box.
o In the Data Analysis dialog box, highlight the Descriptive Statistics entry in the Analysis Tools list
and then click OK.
o Excel displays the Descriptive Statistics dialog box.

▪ In the Input section of the Descriptive Statistics dialog box, identify the data that you want to
describe.

▪ After describing where the data is and how the statistics should be calculated, click OK. Here
are the statistics that Excel calculates.

▪ Here is a new worksheet with the descriptive statistics calculated.

 ▪ As you can see all the statistics like sum, count, maximum, minimum, mean, median, mode,
standard deviation, variance with some other useful stats for the input range.

▪ Using the descriptive statistics feature in Excel means that we won’t have to type in
individual functions like median, mean or mode. One button click will return a dozen
different stats for your data set. If you want to calculate Excel descriptive statistics, you
must have the Data Analysis Tool Pak loaded in Excel.

Result:
EXP NO:4
PERFORM Z-test, T-test & ANOVA
Date:

AIM: To Perform Z-Test, T-Test & Anova

PROCEDURE:

Perform One Sample & Two Sample Z-Tests in Excel

A one sample z-test is used to test whether a population mean is significantly different than
some hypothesized value.
A two-sample z-testis used to test whether two population means are significantly different from
each other.

The following examples show how to perform each type of test in Excel.

Example 1: One Sample Z-Test in Excel

Suppose the IQ in a population is normally distributed with a mean of μ = 100 and standard deviation
of σ = 15. A scientist wants to know if a new medication affects IQ levels, so she recruits 20 patents
to use it for one month and records their IQ levels at the end of the month.
We can use the following formula in Excel to perform a one sample z-test to determine if the new
medication causes a significant difference in IQ
levels:
=Z.TEST (A2:A21, 100,
15)
The following screenshot shows how to use this formula in practice:
The one-tailed p-value is 0.181587. Since we’re performing a two-tailed test, we can multiply this
value by 2 to get p = 0.363174.
Since this p-value is not less than .05, we do not have sufficient evidence to reject the null
hypothesis.
Thus, we conclude that the new medication does not significantly affect IQ level.

Example 2: Two Sample Z-Test in Excel

Suppose the IQ levels among individuals in two different cites are known to be normally
distributed each with population standard deviation of 15.
A scientist wants to know if the mean IQ level between individuals in city A and city B are
different, so she selects a simple random sample of 20 individuals from each city and records
their IQ levels.

The following screenshot shows the IQ levels for the individuals in each sample:

To perform a two-sample z-test to determine if the mean IQ level is different between the two
cities, click the Data tab along the top ribbon, then click the Data Analysis button within the
Analysis group.
If you do not see Data Analysis as an option, you need to first load the Analysis Tool Pak in
Excel.
Once you click this button, select z-Test: Two Sample for Means in the new window that
appears:

Once you click OK, you can fill in the following information:
The test statistic for the two- s a m p l e z-test is -1.71817and the corresponding p-value
is
.085765.
Since this p-value is not less than .05, we do not have sufficient evidence to reject the null
hypothesis.
Thus, we conclude that the mean IQ level is not significantly different between the two cities.

(ii) T-Test in Excel

A paired samples t-test is used to compare the means of two samples when each observation in
one sample can be paired with an observation in the other sample.
This tutorial explains how to conduct a paired samples t-test in Excel.

How to Conduct a Paired Samples t-Test in Excel

Suppose we want to know whether a certain study program significantly impacts student
performance on a particular exam. To test this, we have 20 students in a class take a pre-test. Then,
we have each of the students participate in the study program for two weeks. Then, students
retake a test of similar
difficulty.
To compare the difference between the mean scores on the first and second test, we use a
paired samples t-test because for each student their first test score can be paired with them second
test score.

The following image shows the pre-test score and post-test score for each student:
Perform the following steps to conduct a paired samples t-test to determine if there is a
significant difference in the mean test scores between the pre-test and post-test.

Step 1: Open the Data Analysis Tool Pak.

On the Data tab along the top ribbon, click “Data Analysis.”
Data Analysis Tool Pak example in Excel
If you don’t see this as an option to click on, you need to first download the Analysis Tool Pak,
which is completely free.

Step 2: Select the appropriate test to use.

Select the option that says t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means and then click OK.

Step 3: Enter the necessary info.

Enter the range of values for Variable 1 (the pre-test scores), Variable 2 (the post-test scores),
the hypothesized mean difference (in this case we put “0” because we want to know if the
true mean difference between pre-test scores and post-test scores is 0), and the output range
where we would like to see the results of the test displayed. Then, click OK.
Step 4: Interpret the results.
Once you click OK in the previous step, the results of the t-test will be displayed.
Interpret the results:

Mean: This is the mean for each sample. The mean pre-test score is 85.4 and the mean post-
test score is 87.2.

Variance: This is the variance for each sample. The variance of the pre-test scores is 51.51 and
the variance for the post-test scores is 36.06.
Observations: This is the number of observations in each sample. Both samples have 20
observations
.
Pearson Correlation: The correlation between the pre-test scores and post-test scores. It turns
out to be 0.918.
Hypothesized mean difference: The number that we “hypothesize” is the difference
between
the two means. In this case, we chose 0 because we want to test whether there is any
difference at all between pre-test and post-test scores.
df: The degrees of freedom for the t-test. This is calculated as n-1 where n is the number of
pairs. In this case, df = 20 – 1 = 19.
t Stat: The test statistic t, which turns out to be -
2.78.
P(T<=t) two-tail: The p-value for a two-tailed t-test. In this case, p = 0.011907. This is
smaller than alpha = 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis. We have sufficient evidence to
say that
there is a statistically significant difference between the mean pre-test and post-test
score.
t Critical two-tail: This is the critical value of the test, found by identifying the value in the t
Distribution table that corresponds with a two-tailed test with alpha = 0.05 and df = 19. This
turns out to be 2.093024. Since the absolute value of our test statistic t is greater than this value,
we reject the null hypothesis. We have sufficient evidence to say that there is statistically
significant difference between the mean pre-test and post-test
score.
Note that the p-value and the critical value approach will both lead to the same conclusion.
(ii) ANOVA in EXCEL
ANOVA is not a function in Excel. However, if you have already tried to search for ANOVA in
Excel, you may have failed because ANOVA is part of Excel’s “Data Analysis” tool.

Data Analysis is available under the “DATA” tab in Excel.

Let us first enable the Excel add-in “Analysis Tool Pak” so that we can calculate ANOVA
in Excel.

The steps to enable the Analysis Tool Pak add-in are:

Step 1:ChooseFile >Options to open the Excel Options window.

Step 2: Click the Add-ins option on the left in the Excel Options window. On the right side,
below, check if the Manage field is Excel Add-ins, and click Go…to open the Add-ins
window.
Step 3: In the Add-ins window, check/tick the “Analysis ToolPak” checkbox and click “OK”.

Once we click “OK”, the “Data” tab will show the “Data Analysis” option.
Now, select the “Data” tab > go to the “Analysis” group > click the “Data Analysis” option
to open the “Data Analysis” window to access the ANOVA functions.

In the “Data Analysis” window, we see the ANOVA options in the “Analysis Tools” list.

The first option will enable us to perform a one-way ANOVA test or single-factor ANOVA
in Excel. We can conduct a two-way ANOVA test in Excel with the other two options.

One Way ANOVA Test In Excel

The one-way ANOVA test compares the mean values of datasets and determines if they are
different. We will use the “ANOVA: Single Factor” option from the “Data Analysis” window.

The following table shows the tensile strength data collected during three tests.

The steps to conducting the One-Way ANOVA Test in Excel are:

1: Select the “Data” tab > go to the “Analysis” group > click the “Data Analysis” option.
2: Once the Data Analysis window opens, choose the first option i.e., “ ANOVA: Single
Factor”, from the “Analysis Tools” list.

3: Click “OK” > the “ANOVA: Single Factor” window opens. Add the details as shown
below.

➢ Go to the “Input” group > enter the data range in the “Input Range” field asA1:C9,
▪ choose “Grouped By:” as “Columns”, and check/tick the “Labels in first
row”[Note: The Alpha value will be 0.05 by default].

➢ Now, go to the “Output Options” group > select the “Output Range:” option >
enter
▪ The cell asF1 in the “Output Range:” field.

[Note:

To display the output in the current sheet, select the “Output Range:” option in the
“Output Options” group and enter the target cell to show the ANOVA in Excel test
result.
 To display the output in a new spreadsheet, select the “New Worksheet Ply:” option
in the “Output Options” group, and enter the target
cell.]

4: Click “OK” in the “ANOVA: Single Factor” window. We will get the following output.

Output interpretation: We will now understand the ANOVA in Excel meaning of the above
result.

The Fvalue is0.00121. It is less than the F crit value, 3.4668. And the p-value is 0.998,
which is more than the Alpha value, 0.05. Thus, we cannot eliminate the null hypothesis that
the mean values of the three datasets representing the three tests are not significantly different.

Two Way ANOVA Test In Excel

A two-way ANOVA test in Excel helps determine the effect of two independent variables on
a dependent variable. We will use the following options from the “Data Analysis” window.

➢ ANOVA: Two-Factor with Replication.

➢ ANOVA: Two-Factor Without Replication.

#ANOVA: Two-Factor with Replication

The following table shows five men’s balanced diet intake, exercise frequency, and weight
loss data.
The steps to find the Two-Way ANOVA Test using the ANOVA: Two-Factor with
Replication are:

1: Select the “Data” tab > go to the “Analysis” group > click the “Data Analysis” option.

2: Once the Data Analysis window opens, choose the first option i.e., “ANOVA: Two-Factor
With Replication”, from the “Analysis Tools” list.

3: Click “OK” > the “ANOVA: Two-Factor with Replication” window opens. Add the details as
shown below.

Go to the “Input” group > enter the data range in the “Input Range” field as A2:D12
enter 5in the “Rows per sample:” field, as there are five men. [Note: The Alpha value
will be 05 by default].
Now, go to the “Output Options” group > select the “Output Range:” option >
Enter the cell asG1 in the “Output Range:” field.
4: To get the output in the current sheet, set the “Output Range” as the target cell in the
current sheet. Finally, click “OK” in the “ANOVA: Two-Factor with Replication” window.
We will get the following output.

Output interpretation: We will now understand the ANOVA in Excel meaning of the above
result.

RESULT:
 EXP NO:5 PERFORM DATA PRE-PROCESSING OPERATIONS
I) HANDLING MISSING DATA
Date: II) NORMALIZATION

AIM
To learn how to handle missing data and perform normalization in Execl

PROCEDURE:

Handling Missing Data

● Identify the columns with missing data

● Decide how to handle the missing data. Some common options include:
○ Deleting the rows with missingdata
○ Inputting the missing values with mean, median, or mode of
column.
○ Using amor sophistic at ed imputation method, such as
regression imputation.
● To input the missing values with the mean of the column, you can use
the following formula:
=IF(ISBLANK(A2),AVERAGE(A:A),A2)

● OR gotoXLMINER>Transform>Missing data handling and fill the

missing values.
Normalization

● Identify the columns that need to be normalized. Normalization typically, used

for numerical columns, such as height, weight, and age.
● Choose a normalization method. Some common methods include:
○ Min-max normalization: This method scales the data that the smallest
value is 0andthelargest value is 1.
○ Z-score normalization: This method scales the data that the mean is
0andthestandarddeviationis 1.
○ Decimal scaling: This method scales the data that the largest decimal
place is 2.
● Implement the chosen method. For example, to perform min-max normalization,
you can use the following
formula:=(A2-MIN(A:A))/(MAX(A:A)- MIN(A:A))

RESULT:
 EXP NO:6 Perform dimensionality reduction operation using
Date: PCA, KPCA&SVD

AIM: To Perform dimensionality reduction operation using PCA, KPCA&SVD

PROCEDURE:

PCA

1. Open the dataset in Excel.

2. Select the Data tab and then click the Data Analysis button.
3. In the Data Analysis dialog box, select Principal Component Analysis and Then
click OK.
4. In the PCA dialog box, select the data range and then click OK.
5. The PCA output will be displayed in new worksheet.

KPCA

1. Open the dataset in Excel.

2. Install the XLSTAT plugin for Excel.
3. Select the XLSTAT tab and then click the Data Analysis button.
4. in the Data Analysis dialog box, select Kernel Principal Component Analysis
and then click OK.
5. In the Kernel PCA dialog box, select the data range and the kernel type.
6. Click OK.
7. The KPCA output will be displayed in a new worksheet.

SVD

1. Open the dataset in Excel.

2. Select the Data tab and then click the Data Analysis button.
3. In the Data Analysis dialog box, select Singular ValueDecompositionand Then click
OK.
4. In the SVD dialog box, select the data range and then click OK.
5. The SVD output will be displayed in new worksheet.
PCA:

KPCA:
SVD:

RESULT:
 EXP NO:7 PERFORM BIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE
Date: ANALYSIS ON THE DATASET.

AIM: To Perform bivariate and multivariate analysis on the dataset.

PROCEDURE:
To perform bivariate and multivariate analysis in Excel, follow these steps:

1. Open dataset in Excel.

2. Identify the variables that you want to analyze.
3. Choose the appropriate bivariate multivariate analysis technique.
4. Perform the analysis using the corresponding Excel function.
5. Interpret the results of the analysis.

Bivariate Analysis

Bivariate analysis is the study of the relationship between two variables. It can be
used to identify patterns, correlations, and trends in the data. There are a variety of
bivariate analysis techniques that can be used Excel, including:

● Scatter plots
● Correlation coefficients
● Linear regression

Multivariate Analysis

Multivariate analysis is the study of the relationship between three or more variables.
It can be used to identify patterns, correlations, and trends in the data that are not
visible when examining the variables individually. There are variety of multivariate
analysis techniques that can be used in Excel, including:
● Principal component analysis(PCA)
● Factor analysis
● Cluster analysis
Bivariate Analysis:

Multivariate Analysis:

RESULT:
 EXP NO:8 APPLY AND EXPLORE VARIOUS PLOTTING
Date: FUNCTIONS ON THE DATASET.

AIM: To apply and explore various plotting functions on the dataset

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Excel workbook that contains the data set that you want to plot.
2. Select the data that you want to plot.
3. Click on the Insert tab and then select the type of chart or graph that you want to
create.
4. In the Chart Wizard dialog box, select the options that you want for your chart or
graph.
5. Click on the Finish button to create the chart or graph.

Result:
EXP NO:9
EXPLORE THE FEATURES OF POWER BI
Date:
DESKTOP

AIM: Power BI Desktop is a powerful business intelligence tool developed by Microsoft that
allows users to create interactive reports and data visualizations. It provides a wide range of
features to help users transform raw data into meaningful insights. Here are some of the key
features of Power BI Desktop:

PROCEDURE:
Key Features Of Power BI Desktop:
Step 1: Data Connectivity:
• Power BI Desktop supports various data sources, including databases,
spreadsheets, cloud services (e.g., Azure, AWS), web services, and more.
• It offers both import and direct query options to connect to data sources.
Step 2: Data Transformation:
• Power Query Editor: Allows you to clean, transform, and shape data using a user-
friendly interface.
• Data Modelling: You can create relationships between tables, add calculated
columns, and define measures using DAX (Data Analysis Expressions).
Step 3:Data Visualization:
• Rich Visualization Options: Power BI offers a wide range of visualizations, such
as charts, tables, maps, matrices, cards, and more.
• Custom Visuals: You can use custom visuals created by the community or build
your own with Power BI Visuals SDK.
Step 4: Report Authoring:
• Drag-and-Drop Interface: Easily drag fields onto the canvas to create visuals and
reports.
• Interactivity: Create drill-through, drill-down, and cross-filtering interactions to
make reports more interactive.
• Bookmarking: Allows you to capture the current state of a report and create
navigation within the report.
Step 5: Data Insights:
• Quick Insights: Automatically generates insights and trends from your data.
• Q&A Natural Language Query: Allows users to ask questions about the data using
natural language.
Step6: Data Sharing and Distribution:
• Publish to Power BI Service: Share reports and dashboards in the cloud.
• Export Options: Export reports to various formats (PDF, PowerPoint, Excel).
• Embedding: Embed Power BI reports and dashboards in websites or applications.
Step 7: Collaboration:
• Power BI Service Integration: Collaborate with others in the Power BI Service by
sharing and co-authoring reports.
• Comments: Leave comments on specific visuals to discuss insights with
colleagues.
Step 8: Data Security:
• Row-level Security: Define security roles to restrict data access at the row level.
• Azure Active Directory Integration: Control access to reports using Azure AD.
Step 9: Data Refresh:
• Scheduled Refresh: Automatically update data in reports on a defined schedule.
• DirectQuery and Live Connection: Keep data up-to-date for direct query
connections.
Step 10: Advanced Analytics:
• R and Python Integration: Integrate R and Python scripts for advanced analytics
and custom calculations.
• AI Insights: Use pre-built machine learning models and AI capabilities.
Step11 : Mobile Support:
• Power BI Mobile App: Access and interact with reports on mobile devices.
• Responsive Design: Reports can adapt to different screen sizes.
Step12: Themes and Branding:
• Customize report appearance with themes, colors, and fonts.
• Apply branding for a consistent look and feel across reports.

Power BI Desktop is a versatile tool that caters to a wide range of data analysis and reporting
needs, making it a popular choice for businesses and data professionals.
EXP NO:10
LOAD TRANSFORMED DATA IN POWER BI
Date:
DESKTOP

AIM: The data cleansing and transformation techniques to start shaping your data model. You’ll
then apply the queries to load each as a table to the data model.

In this lab you learn how to:

• Apply various transformations

• Load queries to the data model

PROCEDURE:

Get Started the Steps:

In this task, you’ll set up the environment for the lab.
1. Open Power BI Desktop.

Tip: By default, the Getting Started dialog box opens in front of Power BI Desktop. You

can choose to sign-in, and then close the pop-up.

2. To open the starter Power BI Desktop file, select the File > Open Report > Browse

Reports.

3. In the Open window, navigate to the D:\BusinessAnalytics \Labs\ Sales folder, and open

the Sales Analysis file.

4. Close any informational windows that may open.

5. Notice the yellow warning message beneath the ribbon.This message alerts you to the fact

that the queries haven’t been applied to load as model tables. You’ll apply the queries later

in this lab.To dismiss the warning message, at the right of the yellow warning message,

select X.

6. To create a copy of the file, go to File > Save As and save to D:\Business

Analytics\MySolution folder.
 7. If prompted to apply changes, select Apply Later.

Configure The Sales Query

In this task, you’ll use Power Query Editor to configure the Sales query.

Important: When instructed to rename columns, it’s important that you rename them exactly as
described.

1. To open the Power Query Editor window, on the Home ribbon tab, from inside
the Queries group, select the Transform Data icon.

2. In the Power Query Editor window, in the Queries pane, select

the DimEmployee query.

3. To rename the query, in the Query Settings pane (located at the right), in the Name box,
replace the text with customer name, and then press Enter. Then verify the name has been
updated in Queries pane.
 The query name determines the model table name. It’s recommended to define concise and
user-friendly names.

4. To locate a specific column, on the Home ribbon tab, select the Manage Columns down-
arrow, select the Choose Columns down-arrow, and then select Go to Column.

Go to Column is a useful feature with many columns. Otherwise, you can horizontally
scroll find columns.

5. In the Go to Column window, to order the list by column name, select the AZ sort button,
and then select Name and SalesPersonFlag. Click OK.
6. Locate the SalesPersonFlag column, then filter the column to select only Salespeople
(that is, TRUE), and click OK.
7. In the Query Settings pane, in the Applied Steps list, notice the addition of the Filtered
Rows step.

Each transformation you create results in another step logic. It’s possible to edit or delete
steps. It’s also possible to select a step to preview the query results at that stage of the
query transformation.

8. To remove columns, on the Home ribbon tab, select the Manage Columns group, select
the Choose Columns icon.
9. In the Choose Columns window, to uncheck all columns, uncheck the (Select All
Columns) item.
10. To include columns, check the following six columns:
o Customer Code
o Product Code
o Invoice Date
o Sales Amount
o Quality
11. In the Applied Steps list, notice the addition of another query step.

12. To create a single name column, first select the First Name column header. While pressing
the Ctrl key, select the Last Name column.
13. Right-click either of the select column headers, and then in the context menu, select Merge
Columns.

Many common transformations can be applied by right-clicking the column header, and
then choosing them from the context menu. Note, however, more transformations are
available in the ribbon.

14. In the Merge Columns window, in the Separator dropdown list, select Space.
 15. In the New Column Name box, replace the text with Customer Name.

16. To rename the Customer Code column, double-click the Customer Code column header
and replace the text with CustomerID, and then press Enter.
17. Use the previous steps to rename the Quality column to Qty.
18. At the bottom-left, in the status bar, verify that the query has five columns and 15 rows.

RESULT:

Save the Power BI Desktop file. You’ll configure data model tables and relationships in
the Model Data in Power BI Desktop lab.
EXP NO:11
Date: DEVELOP THE DATA MODEL

AIM: To developing the data model. It will involve creating relationships between tables, and
then configuring table and column properties to improve the friendliness and usability of the data
model. You’ll also create hierarchies and create quick measures.

In this lab you learn how to:

• Create model relationships

• Configure table and column properties
• Create hierarchies

PROCEDURE :

In this task, you’ll set up the environment for the lab.

1. Open Power BI Desktop.

Tip: By default, the Getting Started dialog box opens in front of Power BI Desktop. You

can choose to sign-in, and then close the pop-up.

2. To open the starter Power BI Desktop file, select the File > Open Report > Browse

Reports.

3. Navigate to the D:\Business Analytics \Lab folder and select the Sales Analysis file.

4. Close any informational windows that may open.

5. Go to File > Save As and save the file to the D:\Business Analytics \MySolution folder.
Create model relationships:

In this task, you’ll create model relationships. The file was configured to not identify relationships
between tables in the previous labs. This isn’t the default setting, but is recommended to prevent
extra work creating the correct relationships for your model.

1. In Power BI Desktop, at the left, select the Model view icon.

2. If you don’t see all seven tables, scroll horizontally to the right, and then drag and arrange the
tables more closely together so they can all be seen at the same time.

3. To return to Report view, at the left, select the Report view icon.

4. To view all table fields, in the Data pane, right-click an empty area, and then select Expand
All.
5. To create a table visual, in the Data pane, from inside the Product table, check
the Category field.
6. To add another column to the table, in the Data pane, check the Sales | Sales field.
7. Notice that the table visual lists four product categories, and that the sales value is the same for
each, and the same for the total.

The issue is that the table is based on fields from different tables. The expectation is that each
product category displays the sales for that category. However, because there isn’t a model
relationship between these tables, the Sales table isn’t filtered. You’ll now add a relationship to
propagate filters between the tables.

8. On the Modeling ribbon tab, from inside the Relationships group, select Manage
Relationships.

9. In the Manage Relationships window, notice that no relationships are yet defined.
10. To create a relationship, select New.
11. In the Create Relationship window, in the first dropdown list, select the Product table.

12. In the second dropdown list (beneath the Product table grid), select the Sales table.
13. Notice the ProductKey columns in each table have been automatically selected.

The columns were selected because they share the same name and data type. You may need to find
matching columns with different names in real data.

14. In the Cardinality dropdown list, notice that One To Many (1:*) is selected.

The cardinality was automatically detected, because Power BI understands that the Product code
column from the Product table contains unique values. One-to-many relationships are the most
common cardinality, and all relationship you create in this lab will be this type.

15. In the Cross Filter Direction dropdown list, notice that Single is selected.

Single filter direction means that filters propagate from the “one side” to the “many side”. In this
case, it means filters applied to the Product table will propagate to the Sales table, but not in the
opposite direction.

16. Notice that the Mark This Relationship Active is checked.

Active relationships propagate filters. It’s possible to mark a relationship as inactive so filters
don’t propagate. Inactive relationships can exist when there are multiple relationship paths
between tables. In this case, model calculations can use special functions to activate them.

17. Select OK, notice in the Manage Relationships window that the new relationship is listed,
and then select Close.
18. Notice there’s now a connector between the two tables (it doesn’t matter if the tables are
positioned next to each other).

a. You can interpret the cardinality that is represented by the 1 and (*) indicators.
b. Filter direction is represented by the arrow head.
c. A solid line represents an active relationship; a dashed line represents an inactive
relationship.
 d. Hover the cursor over the relationship to highlight the related columns.

There’s an easier way to create a relationship. In the model diagram, you can drag and drop
columns to create a new relationship.
19. To create a new relationship using a different technique, from the customer table, drag
the CustomerCode column onto the CustomerCode column of the Sales table.
20. In the diagram, arrange the tables so that the Sales table is positioned in the center of the
diagram, and the related tables are arranged about it. Position the disconnected tables to the
side.

21. In the report view, notice that the table visual updated to display different values for each
product category.

Filters applied to the Product table now propagate to the Sales table.
22. Save the Power BI Desktop file.

RESULT:

Save the Power BI Desktop file, and select Apply Later if prompted to apply queries.
EXP NO:12
CREATE DAX CALCULATIONS IN POWER BI
Date:
DESKTOP

Aim: To create calculated tables, calculated columns, and simple measures using Data Analysis
Expressions (DAX).

In this lab you learn how to:

• Create calculated tables

• Create calculated columns
• Create measures.

PROCEDURE:

Create Calculated Tables:

In this exercise, you’ll create two calculated tables. The first will be the Salesperson table, to

allow a direct relationship between it and the Sales table. The second will be the Date table.

1. Open Power BI Desktop.

2. To open the starter Power BI Desktop file, select the File > Open Report > Browse Reports.

3. In the Open window, navigate to the D:\Business Analytic\lab folder, and open the Sales

Analysis file.

4. Close any informational windows that may open.

5. Notice the yellow warning message beneath the ribbon.

This message alerts you to the fact that the queries haven’t been applied to load as model

tables. You’ll apply the queries later in this lab.

To dismiss the warning message, at the right of the yellow warning message, select X.
6. To create a copy of the file, go to File > Save As and save to D:\Business Analytics

\MySolution folder.

7. If prompted to apply changes, select Apply Later.

Create the Salesperson table

In this task, you’ll create the Salesperson calculated table (direct relationship to Sales).

A calculated table is created by first entering the table name, followed by the equals symbol (=),
followed by a DAX formula that returns a table. The table name can’t already exist in the data
model.

The formula bar supports entering a valid DAX formula. It includes features like auto-complete,
Intellisense and color-coding, enabling you to quickly and accurately enter the formula.

1. In Power BI Desktop, in Report view, on the Modelling ribbon, from inside

the Calculations group, select New Table.

2. In the formula bar (which opens directly beneath the ribbon when creating or editing
calculations), type Sales Analysis =, press Shift+Enter, type ‘Sales’, and then press Enter.
 This table definition creates a copy of the Sales (Performance) table. It copies the data
only, however model properties like visibility, formatting, etc. aren’t copied.
Tip: You’re encouraged to enter “white space” (that is, carriage returns and tabs) to write

3. In the Data pane, notice that the table icon is a shade of blue (denoting a calculated table).

Note: Calculated tables are defined by using a DAX formula that returns a table. It’s important
to understand that calculated tables increase the size of the data model because they
materialize and store values. They’re recomputed whenever formula dependencies are
refreshed, as will be the case for this data model when new (future) date values are loaded into
tables.
4. Switch to Model view, and notice that the Sales table is available (you may need to reset view
to find table).
5. Create a relationship from the Sales | Customer Code column to the Sales | Customer
Code column.
6. Right-click the inactive relationship between the Sales(Performance) and Sales tables, and
then select Delete. When prompted to confirm the deletion, select Yes.
7. In the Sales table, multi-select the following columns, and then hide them (set the Is
Hidden property to Yes):
o Customer Code
o Product Code
o Qty:
o Sales Amount
8. In the model diagram, select the Salestable.
9. In the Properties pane, in the Description box, enter: Sales related to Sales
You may recall that descriptions appear as tooltips in the Data pane when the user hovers their
cursor over a table or field.
10. For the Sales(Performance) table, set the description to: Sales related to region(s)
The data model now provides two alternatives when analyzing salespeople. The Sales table
allows analyzing sales made by a sales, while the Sales (Performance) table allows analyzing
sales made in the sales region(s) assigned to the sales.

Create calculated columns:

In this task, you’ll add more columns to enable filtering and grouping by different time
periods. You’ll also create a calculated column to control the sort order of other columns.

For your convenience, all DAX definitions in this lab can be copied from the snippets file,
locatedin D:\Business Analytics \Lab\

1. On the Table Tools contextual ribbon, from inside the Calculations group,
select New Column.

2. In the formula bar, type the following (or copy from the snippets file), and then
press Enter:

DAX
CodeCopy

Year =
"FY" & YEAR('Date'[Date]) + IF(MONTH('Date'[Date]) > 6, 1)

A calculated column is created by first entering the column name, followed by the equals
symbol (=), followed by a DAX formula that returns a single-value result. The column name
can’t already exist in the table.

The formula uses the date’s year value but adds one to the year value when the month is
after June. It’s how fiscal years at Adventure Works are calculated.

3. Verify that the new column was added.

4. Use the snippets file definitions to create the following two calculated columns for
the Date table:
1. Quarter
2. Month
5. To validate the calculations, switch to Report view.
6. To create a new report page, select the plus icon next to Page 1.

7. To add a matrix visual to the new report page, in the Visualizations pane, select the
matrix visual type.

Tip: You can hover the cursor over each icon to reveal a tooltip describing the visual type.

8. In the Data pane, from inside the Date table, drag the Year field into
the Rows well/area.
9. Drag the Month field into the Rows well/area, directly beneath the Year field.
10. At the top-right of the matrix visual (or bottom, depending on the location of the
visual), select the forked-double arrow icon (which will expand all years down one
level).

11. Notice that the years expand to months, and that the months are sorted
alphabetically rather than chronologically.
By default, text values sort alphabetically, numbers sort from smallest to largest, and dates
sort from earliest to latest.

12. To customize the Month field sort order, switch to Data view.
13. Add the MonthKey column to the Date table.

DAX

CodeCopy

MonthKey =
(YEAR('Date'[Date]) * 100) + MONTH('Date'[Date])

This formula computes a numeric value for each year/month combination.

14. In Data view, verify that the new column contains numeric values (for example,
201707 for July 2017, etc.).

15. Switch back to Report view. In the Data pane, ensure that the Month field is selected

(when selected, it will have a dark gray background).

16. On the Column Tools contextual ribbon, from inside the Sort group, select Sort by
Column, and then select MonthKey.

17. In the matrix visual, notice that the months are now chronologically sorted.

RESULT:

Save the Power BI Desktop file. You’ll enhance the data model with more advanced calculations
using DAX in the Create Advanced DAX Calculations in Power BI Desktop lab.
EXP NO:13
Date: DESIGN A REPORT POWER BI DESKTOP

AIM :

To create a three-page report. You’ll then publish it to Power BI, where you’ll open and
interact with the report.

In this lab you learn how to:

• Design a report
• Configure visual fields and format properties

PROCEDURE:

Create a Report:

In this task, you’ll set up the environment for the lab by opening the starter report.

1. From Power BI Desktop, navigate to File > Open report > Browse Reports.
2. Open the Sales Analysis file in the D:\BUSINESS ANALYSIST\Labs\06-design-
report-in-power-bi-desktop\Starter folder.
3. Create a copy of the file by going to File > Save As, and save the copy in
the D:\PL300\MySolution folder.

Publish the report:

In this task, you’ll publish the report to the Power BI service.

1. Select the Overview page, then save the Power BI Desktop file.
2. On the Home ribbon tab, from inside the Share group, select Publish.

If you’re not signed into Power BI Desktop already, you’ll need to sign-in to publish.

3. In the Publish to Power BI window, notice that My Workspace is selected.

 We won’t go into detail about the different items within the Power BI service in this
lab.

4. To publish the report, select Select. This may take a few moments.
5. When the publication has succeeded, select Got It.

Explore the report

In this task, you’ll explore the report that was published to Power BI.

1. Open a Microsoft Edge browser, then sign-in at https://app.powerbi.com.

2. In the Microsoft Edge browser window, in the Power BI service, in
the Navigation pane (located at the left, and it could be collapsed), expand My
Workspace.

3. Review the contents of the workspace. Notice the navigation options of All, Content, and
Datasets + dataflows.
a. There are four types of items that can exist in a workspace, and we’ll talk
about reports and datasets.
b. You may need to refresh your Microsoft Edge browser if the dataset is not visible.
 c. When you published the Power BI Desktop file, the data model was published as a
dataset.
4. To explore the report, select the Sales Analysis report.
5. At the left, in the Pages pane, select the Overview page.
6. In the Regions slicer, while pressing the Ctrl key, select multiple regions.
7. In the column/line chart, select any month column to cross filter the page.
8. While pressing the Ctrl key, select another month.

Note: By default, cross filtering filters all other visuals on the page.

9. Notice that the bar chart is filtered and highlighted, with the bold portion of the
bars representing the filtered months.
10. Hover the cursor over the bar chart visual, and then at the top-right, hover the
cursor over the filter icon.

The filter icon allows you to understand all filters that are applied to the visual,
including slicers and cross filters from other visual.

11. Hover the cursor over a bar, and then notice the tooltip information.
12. To undo the cross filter, in the column/line chart, select an empty area of the visual.
13. Hover the cursor over the stacked column chart visual, and then at the top-right,
select the Focus mode icon.

Focus mode zooms the visual to full page size.

14. Hover the cursor over different segments of the bar charts to reveal tooltips.
15. To return to the report page, at the top-left, select Back to Report.

16. Hover the cursor over one of the visuals again, then at the top-right, select the
ellipsis (…), and then notice the menu options. Try out each of the options,
except Chat in Teams.
17. At the left, in the Pages pane, select the Profit page.

18. Notice that the Region slicer has a different selection to the Region slicer on
the Overview page.

The slicers aren’t synchronized. You’ll modify the report design to ensure they sync
between pages in the Enhance a Report in Power BI Desktop lab.

19. In the Filters pane (located at the right), expand a filter card, and apply some
filters.

The Filters pane allows you to define more filters than could possibly fit on a page
as slicers.

20. In the matrix visual, use the plus (+) button to drill into the Fiscal hierarchy.
21. Select the My Performance page.
 22. At the top-right on the menu bar, select View, and then select Full Screen.

23. Interact with the page by modifying the slicer, and cross filtering the page.
24. At the bottom of the window, notice the commands to change page, navigate
backwards or forwards between pages, or to exit full screen mode.
25. Select the right icon to exit full screen mode.

RESULT:

To return to “My Workspace”, select My Workspace in the banner across the window web page.
You’ll enhance the report design with advanced features in the Enhance a Report in Power BI
Desktop lab.
EXP NO:14
CREATE A DASHBOARD AND PERFORMANCE
Date:
DATA ANALYSIS

AIM: create some of the best Power BI dashboards that will not only show you the
insights of your data but also reveal the relationship between different variables. For this guide on
how to create a Power BI dashboard.

you can create a dashboard, you first have to install Power BI Desktop on your PC or laptop,
which you can do by checking out our blog on Power BI Desktop. Now, let us create a dashboard
in Power BI in four main steps:

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Connect with Data Sources

Power BI can connect with different types of data sources such as worksheets, cloud services,
local databases, and CSV files.

Sometimes, the data gathered from various sources is not well structured or contains redundant
values. So, to structure it, you have to transform it, meaning that you can rename the rows or
columns, delete the rows with null values, change the data type, and create a relationship between
the variables.

To connect the data in Power BI, follow these steps:

• Open Power BI Desktop and select Get Data from the ribbon at the Home tab.
 • Select Excel as your dataset and locate the sample workbook that you have downloaded.

• A dialog box with all the columns and rows in your data will appear on the screen. Now, you
can either transform the data based on the requirements or directly use it by clicking on the load
button.
 Step 2: Transforming Data

Data transformation and modelling is an important part of data visualization as it helps you to
define a relationship between variables, rename columns, and remove redundancies. You can
customize your data using the Power Query editor by following these steps:

• From the Home tab of the editing panel, select the Transform Data option.
• Now, click on the Custom Columns from Add Columns, a dialog box will appear where you
can rename a column and create the custom column formula.

• Click on OK to successfully create the custom column.

• Now, click on Close & Apply to save all the changes.

 • You can also hide several columns by clicking on the Hide button in the report view.

Step 3: Visualizing the Data

• Navigate to the Visualizations panel on the left side and click on the key influencers.
• In the Visualizations pane, drag the Profit variable from the Fields pane and drop it to the
Analyze By option. You can add more columns by checking the box beside the column names
such as Product, Units Sold, Discounts, Segment, etc.

• Now, add a new page from the bottom-left corner and add a custom column chart from the
visualization page.
 • As you did for the previous visualization, drag Product from Fields to Shared Axis in the
Visualizations pane, Profit to Line values, and other columns to the Column values.

• Repeat the above-mentioned instructions to add more visualizations as per your requirement.
 • Save your report in the local disk before moving on to the next step.

Step 4: Build the Dashboard

Till now, you have been working on Power BI Desktop and creating visualizations. To create the
dashboards, you need to pin the visuals from the report in the Power BI Service (online). To do
so, carefully follow the instructions given below:

• Click on the Publish Report option from the ribbon in the Home tab, the report will open
in your web browser.
 • Now, go to page 2 of your report and click on the pin icon in the upper-right corner of your
column chart visual.
• A dialog box will appear where you can pin the visual to a new dashboard and give it a
name.

RESULT:

Save the Power BI Desktop file. Create a Dashboard and Performance Data Analysis in Power
BI Desktop lab.
EXP NO:15
Date: PRESENTATION OF A CASE STUDY

AIM: To carrying out case studies for the manufacturing sector in order to keep the stock market
stable

PROEDURE:

Step 1: Data Collection

Begin by collecting the Apple stock price dataset from Kaggle or any other reliable source.
Ensure that the dataset includes relevant information such as date, open price, close price, high
price, low price, and volume.

Step 2: Data Cleaning and Transformation

Import the dataset into Power BI and perform data cleaning and transformation. This may include
handling missing data, removing duplicates, and converting data types.
Step 3: Data Exploration

Create visualizations to explore the dataset. Common visualizations for stock data analysis include
line charts to visualize stock price trends over time, bar charts for trading volume, and candlestick
charts to show open, close, high, and low prices.

Step 4: Stock Price Trends

Use Power BI to analyze and present trends in Apple's stock prices. You can create line charts to
illustrate daily, weekly, or monthly price trends. Identify key events or periods that affected the
stock price and add annotations to your visualizations to explain them.
Step 5: Dashboard Creation

Create a user-friendly dashboard in Power BI that includes all your visualizations, key insights, and
explanations. Design the dashboard to tell a compelling story about Apple's stock price performance.

RESULTS: To Successfully completed the data collection of stock market in Power BI

Desktop lab.