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ICT 2 Aa

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17 views6 pages

ICT 2 Aa

Uploaded by

msaminamubeen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ASSIGNMENT #02

Application of IT & Comm. Tech


FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCES
(BSCS F 24B)

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:
QUESTIONS:
SUBMITTEDTO:
Ms. AMMARA
SUBMITTED BY :
SUROODA RAHIM,(004908)
MALAIKA SHOAIB(003442)
RAVEEN ALI(003160)
AMINA MUBEEN(005610)
SUBMITION DATE: 29. 10.20
8. Define clock speed and explain its role in CPU performance.
What is clock speed?
Clock speed refers to the rate at which a computer's central
processing unit (CPU) executes instructions. It's often measured
in hertz (Hz) and indicates how many cycles the CPU can
complete per second. A higher clock speed generally means
faster processing. And also we can say: Clock speed, measured
in hertz (Hz), refers to the frequency at which a CPU (Central
Processing Unit) can execute instructions. Specifically, it
indicates the number of cycles per second that the CPU can
perform, with modern processors often measured in gigahertz
(GHz), where 1 GHz equals 1 billion cycles per second.
what is role of clock speed in CPU?
In general, a higher clock speed means a faster CPU.
However, many other factors can come into play, as well. Your
CPU processes many instructions from different programs
every second. Some of these instructions involve simple
arithmetic, while others are more complicated.

1. Execution Speed: Higher clock speeds allow a CPU to


execute more instructions per second, improving overall
performance.
2. Instruction Processing: Each clock cycle enables
specific operations, speeding up task completion,
especially in single-threaded applications.
3. Benchmarking: Clock speed serves as a metric for
comparing CPUs, though it's just one aspect of
performance.
4. Multi-threading Impact: Higher clock speeds enhance
single-threaded performance, while more cores benefit
multi-threaded tasks.
5. Dynamic Scaling: Modern CPUs adjust clock speeds
based on workload, optimizing performance and power
consumption.
6. Thermal Management: Increased clock speeds can lead
to higher heat and power use, requiring effective cooling
solutions.

9. How does the CPU interact with memory during the


execution of a program?

The CPU communicates with primary memory through the


system bus, which carries data, addresses, and control signals.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) and primary memory (also
known as main memory or RAM) are two critical components of
a computer system. They work together to execute programs
and process data. The communication between these two
components is facilitated by the system bus, a set of physical
connections (wires, optical fibres, etc.) that carry data,
addresses, and control signals.

CPU Interaction with Memory During Program Execution

1. Fetching Instructions: The CPU uses the program


counter (PC) to get the next instruction's address from
memory.
2. Decoding Instructions: The CPU decodes the fetched
instruction to understand the operation and its operands.
3. Executing Instructions: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
performs calculations or operations, often accessing data
from memory.
4. Reading/Writing Data: The CPU uses the data bus to
read from or write to memory, sending the necessary
addresses.
5. Using Cache: The CPU utilizes cache memory to speed
up access to frequently used data and instructions,
reducing the need for slower RAM access.
6. Updating PC: After execution, the program counter is
updated to point to the next instruction, continuing the
cycle.

10. What is pipelining in CPU architecture, and how does it


improve processing e
What is Pipelining?

Pipelining is the process of accumulating instruction from the


processor through a pipeline. It allows storing and executing
instructions in an orderly process. It is also known as pipeline
processing. Pipelining is a technique where multiple
instructions are overlapped during execution. In computing, a
pipeline, also known as a data pipeline, is a set of data
processing elements connected in series, where the output of
one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a
pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion.

Pipelining in CPU Architecture

Definition: Pipelining is a technique that improves CPU


instruction throughput by overlapping the execution of multiple
instructions across different stages.

Key Stages

1. Fetch (IF): Retrieve the instruction.


2. Decode (ID): Decode the instruction and read operands.
3. Execute (EX): Perform the operation.
4. Memory Access (MEM): Access memory if needed.
5. Write Back (WB): Write the result back to registers.

Benefits of Pipelining

1. Increased Throughput: Multiple instructions are


processed simultaneously, leading to more completed
instructions in a given time.
2. Efficient Resource Utilization: Different stages use CPU
resources concurrently, enhancing overall efficiency.
3. Reduced Latency: While individual instruction time
remains, the total execution time for a sequence of
instructions decreases.
4. Higher Instruction Rates: More instructions can be
executed in parallel, boosting application performance.

Challenges

• Data Hazards: Delays when instructions depend on


previous results.
• Control Hazards: Disruptions from branching instructions.
• Structural Hazards: Resource conflicts when hardware is
insufficient.

In summary, pipelining enhances CPU performance by allowing


concurrent instruction processing, though it requires strategies
to manage potential hazards.

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