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Chapter One

Linear Functions
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Chapter One
Linear Functions
In this chapter we will remember some basic
concepts which studied in the previous stages with a
linear function statement and its applications through
the following elements :
1-Determine the points on the graph sheet by its
coordinates.
2-Brackets and Equations.
3-Concept of linear function.
4-Graphical representation of a linear function .
5- Algebraic solution of linear functions .
6- Other forms of linear functions
7-Finding the Equation of a line given two points
8-Economic applications on linear functions .
(1) Determine the points on the graph sheet by
its coordinates:
We begin with two intersecting lines , one horizontal and
the other vertical .We call the horizontal line X-axis , the
vertical line the Y-axis ,and the point of intersection the
Origin 0 .From these two lines , its possible to locate any
point with its coordinates
(X , Y ) ,where the first number shows the horizontal
distance on the horizontal axis from the point of origin ,
the second number shows the vertical distance on the
vertical axis from the point of origin . as shown from the
following examples :
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Example ( 1 ) :
Explain the following points on the chart sheet :
A ( 2 , 3 ) , B ( -2 , 3 ) , C ( 1 , -3 ) , D ( -3 , -2 ) ,
E(4,0),F(0,2).
Solution :
X 2 -2 1 -3 4 0
Y 3 3 -3 -2 0 2

Note that the values of ( X ) range from – 3 to 4 , So the

horizontal axis is divided into equal distances , allowing
these values to appear , Also that the values of ( Y ) range
from – 3 to 3 , So the vertical axis is divided into equal
distances , showing these values as follows :

FIGURE ( 1)
Y
4
B (-2,3) * 3 * A (2, 3 )
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X
-1
D(-3,-2) * -2
-3 *C ( 1 , -3 )
-4
The origin 0 has a value of 0 on both the X-axis to the right
of 0 are associated with positive real numbers , and those to
the left of 0 are associated with negative real numbers . In
Figure 1, the X-axis and Y-axis are labeled as X and Y ,
respectively . The plane formed by the X-axis and Y-axis is
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sometimes called the XY-plane , and the X-axis and Y-axis

are referred to as the coordinate axes . Any point (A) in the
XY- plane can then be located by using an ordered pair (X ,
Y ) of real numbers .Let X denote the signed distance of (A)
from the Y-axis .If it is to the right of the Y-axis , then X ˃ 0
, and if (A) is to the left of the Y-axis , then X ˂ 0 For
example : to locate the point whose coordinate are ( 2 , 3 ) ,
go 2 unites along the X-axis to the right of 0 and go straight
up 3 unites .We plot this point by placing a dot at the
location . The origin has coordinates (0 , 0 ) . Any point on
the X-axis has coordinates of the form
( X , 0 ) , and any point on the Y-axis has coordinates of the
form (0 , Y ) .
Example ( 2 ) :
Explain the following points on the chart sheet :
A ( -3 , -5 ) , B ( -2 , -3 ) , C ( 0 , 1 ) , D ( 1 , 3 )
E ( 2 , 5 ) .Then explain what you notice ? ,
Solution :
X -3 -2 0 1 2
Y -5 -3 1 3 5
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FIGURE ( 2)
Y
5 * (2,5)
4
3 * (1,3)
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X
-1
(-2,-3) -2
* -3
-4
( -3 ,-5) * -5

We note all points fall into one straightness .

( 2 ) Brackets and equations :
( 2/1 ) Brackets :
Brackets are used in mathematical operations to avoid
misunderstanding in estimating the value of various
amounts , for example :
A)1–4+6=7–4=3 B)
1 – ( 4 + 6 ) = 1 – 10 = – 9 .
C ) ( 5 –3 ) ( 6 + 1 )= 2 × 7 = 14
We can conclude the following rule :
-1 Multiplying a constant quantity in a bracket :
the constant quantity is multiplied by each element in a
bracket with considering the signal as follows :
a( b + c ) = a b + a c .
-a ( b + c ) = - a b - a c . …. for example : -
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2 ( 3 + 5 ) = 2 × 8 = 16
or = 2 × 3 + 2 × 5 = 6 + 10 = 16 .
-3 ( 4 + 6 ) = -3 × 10 = -30
or = -12 - 18 = -30
Example ( 3 ) :
Find the value of the following quantities :
A) X ( X – 3 ) , B) X + 3 Y – ( 2 Y + X )
C) 2 ( X + Y – Z ) + 3 ( Y + Z ) .
Solution :
2
A)x - 3x.
B)x +3y -2y–x=y.
C)2x+2y–2z +3y+3z=2x+5y+z
Notice That :
x2 × x3 = x5 , y × y2 = y3 , x2 × y3 = x2 y3
-2 Multiplying a two brackets :
(a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd.
(a+b)(c+d+e)=ac+ad+ae+bc+bd
+be.
Example ( 4 ) : -
Find the value of the following quantities :
A) ( x + 1 ) (x + 2 )
B) ( 2 X - Y ) ( x +y – 6 ) .
Solution :
A) ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) = x2 + 2 x + x + 2
= x2 + 3 x + 2 .
B) ( 2 x - y ) ( x +y – 6 )
= 2 x2 + 2 x y - 12 x – x y – y2 + 6 y
= 2 x2 + x y – 12 x + 6y – y2 .
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( 2/2 ) Equations :
The equation consists of two equal parties, one right and one
left , One or both parties have one variable and fixed quantity
( It is called a one – variable equation ) . To solve this
equation ( It means to find the value of the variable ) , we
must transferee the equation to one party and fixed quantities
to the other noting the signal change . as the following
examples :
Example ( 5 ) :
Solve the following equations :
A ) 2 x – 5 x + 8 x = 20
B ) 5 x + x + 3 = 3 x + 15
C ) 2 Q + 18 = ½ Q + 48
D ) ½ Q + 15 = - 3 Q + 36 .
Solution :
A ) 2 x – 5 x + 8 x = 20
10 x – 5 x = 20
5 x = 20 , =˃ x = 20 ÷ 5 = 4
B ) 5 x + x + 3 = 3 x + 15
5 x + x – 3 x = 15 – 3
6 x – 3 x = 12 , 3 x = 12 ,
=˃ x = 12 ÷ 3 = 4
C ) 2 Q + 18 = ½ Q + 48
2 Q - ½ Q = 48 – 18
2 Q - ½ Q = 30 ……( Multiply in 2 )
4 Q – Q = 60 , =˃ 3 Q = 60 ,
Q = 60 ÷ 3 =˃ Q = 20 .
D ) ½ Q + 15 = - 3 Q + 36 .
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½ Q + 3 Q = 36 – 15

½ Q + 3 Q = 21 ……( Multiply in 2 )
Q + 6 Q = 42 , =˃ 7 Q = 42 ,
Q = 42 ÷ 7 =˃ Q = 6 .
(1) Without using the calculator find
the value of following quantities :
A) 8 -3 + 5 – 18 + 27
B) ( -2) (-3 ) (-1) (4) (3)
C) (-50) (-5) / 10
D)[ 2 (-1) (-4 ) ( 5 )– 4 ] ÷ [ ( -3 ) ( 3 ) (-4 ) ]
(2) find the value of following quantities :
A) x ( 5 – 3 x ) .
B) 5 ( x – y ) + 2 ( y – 2 x ) .
C) x – y + z – ( x2 + x – y ) .
D) ( x – 2 ) ( x + 3 ).
E) ( 2 x + y ) ( x2 – 2 y + 5 )
(3)Solve the following equations :
A) 4 x – 10 = 2 x + 20 .
B )⅓ Q – 15 = - 3 Q + 45 .
(3) Concept of linear function.
There are many phenomena in our working life , which
can be divided into perpetual and variables phenomena
Perpetual phenomena : which do not change by
changing other phenomena .
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Variables phenomena : that change due to various

natural or human influences factors during certain periods
of time.
While Perpetual phenomena are always in constant values
, Variables phenomena will be in quantitative(such as :
age , height , weight , production , sales , population ) or
qualitative
( such as : social status , educational status , occupation )
Function Definition :
If the variables X and Y are related to a
relationship between them , so the value of Y is
determined if we know the value of X , in this
case it is said that Y is a function of X ,
(That means , its changes according to the change of
X , Then X is called the Independent variable and
Y is called the Dependent variable , and express it in
the following form :
Y = f (X) .
The previous relationship is called a single – valued
function, where, each value of the independent
variable X has only one value for the dependent
variable Y. This function is formulated to express the
binary relationship between two variables, and there
are many binary relations that can be formulated as
before such as
- The relation between length of a square side
and its area.
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- The relation between Income and consumption -

The relation between Income and savings .
- The relation between production and profits .
- The relation between the number of employees
and Quantity of production .
There is also relation between three or more variables
such as :
- The relation between length , width and area of
the rectangle .
- The relation between Income , consumption
and savings .
- The relation between Quantity of production ,
Total Costs and Profits .
In these cases the dependent variable Z is a function
of two variables X , Y , and expresses it
mathematically as follows :
Z=f(X,Y)
From the above it can be concluded that :
The function is : A mathematical formula to express a
relationship between two or more variables , one of which
is a Dependent variable (which called Function) , and the
other are Independent variables .
Note : The variable x is not always the independent
variable , y is not always the dependent variable and
f is not always the rule relating x and y . once the
notation of function is
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clear then , from the given notation , we can easily

identify the input variable , output variable and the
rule relating them , for example u = g (v) , has input
variable v , output variable u and g is rule relating u
and v.
(4) Graphical representation of a linear function:
A linear function is a first degree function , and when
represented graphically it takes a form of a straight line ,
And if in two variables it will be of the form :
Ax + By = C
Where A , B are not both zero .
And A , B , C are fixed quantities , A and B called
coefficients of the equation .
Examples of linear function are :
1) 2 x + 3 y – 12 = 0
This equation can be written as :
2 x + 3 y = 12 ,
Since A= 2 , B = 3 , C = 12 .
2) 3x =2y -5
This equation can be written as :
3 x - y = -5
Here A= 3 , B = - 1 , C = - 5 .
3 ) y = ¼ x + 3 , Here we can write :
-¼x + y =3
Here A= - ¼ , B = 1 , C = 3
Or :
- x + 4 y = 12 …….……( Multiply with 4 )
Here A= - 1 , B = 4 , C = 12
4 ) y = - 4 , Here we can write :
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0.x + y =-4
Here A= 0 , B = 1 , C = - 4

5) x = 5 , Here we can write :

x + 0.y =5
Here A= 1 , B = 0 , C = 5 .
Note That :
The graph of an equation is the set of all points ( x , y )
whose coordinates satisfy the equation . For example , ( 0 ,
3 ) is a point on the graph of the equation
2 x + y = 3 , because when we substitute 0 for x and 3
for y in the equation , we get :
2 ( 0) + 3 = 3 , 2 x + y = 3 , Here x = 0 , y = 3 .
It can be shown that if A , B and C are real numbers ,
with A and B not both zero , then the graph of the
equation : A x + B y = C
is a line. This is the reason we call it a Linear equation
Given a linear equation , we can obtain its graph by plotting
two points that satisfy its equation and connecting them with
a line . The easiest two points to plot are the intercepts. since
:
Intercepts : The points at which the graph of a linear
equation crosses the axis are called Intercepts .The x-
intercepts is the point at which the graph crosses the x-
axis , the y - intercepts is the point at which the graph crosses
the y -axis .

Steps for Finding the Intercepts of a linear Equation To

find the intercepts of a linear equation
A x + B y = C , with A ≠ 0 or B ≠ 0 , follow these steps :
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1) Let y = 0 and solve for x , This determines the x-

Intercept of the line .
2) Let x = 0 and solve for y , This determines the y-
Intercept of the line .
Example ( 6 ) :
Find the intercepts of the equation 3 x + 2 y = 6 .
Solution:
Let x = 0 , 3(0) + 2 y = 6 , 2 y = 6 , y = 3
The y- intercept is ( 0 , 3 ) .
Let y = 0 , 3 x + 2 (0) = 6 , 3 x = 6 , x = 2
The x- intercept is ( 2 , 0 ) .
Since the equation is a linear equation , its graph is a line .
we use the two intercepts ( 0 . 3 ) and ( 2 , 0 ) , to graph it ,
see Figure (3) ,
FIGURE ( 3)
Y
5
4
3 .( 0 . 3 ) y-intercept
2
1 (2,0)
x-intercept
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X
-1
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Example ( 7 ) :
Graph the Equation : 2 x + y = 4 .
Solution:
Let x = 0 , 2(0) + y = 4 , y = 4
The y- intercept is ( 0 , 4 ) .
Let y = 0 , 2 x + (0) = 4 , 2 x = 4 , x = 2
The x- intercept is ( 2 , 0 ) .
we use the two intercepts ( 0 . 4 ) and ( 2 , 0 ) , to graph it ,
see Figure (4)
FIGURE ( 4)
Y
5
4
3 .( 0 . 4 ) y-intercept
2
1 (2,0)
x-intercept
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X

Example ( 8 ) :
Graph the equation y = 3 x + 5 .

Solution:
This equation can be written as - 3 x + y = 5
This is a linear Equation , so its graph is a line . The
intercepts are ( 0 , 5 ) and ( -5/3 , 0 ), you note that the
second point can not be plot it correctly , so you can find a
third point . we let x = 2 , Then y = 3(2) + 5 = 11
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X 0 -5/3 2
Y 5 0 11
FIGURE ( 5)

Y
12 ( 2 , 11 )
10
8
6 .( 0 . 5 ) y-intercept
4
x-intercept (-5/3,0) 2

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X

Example ( 9) :
Solve the two following equations graphically :
2 x + ½ y = 22
5 x + y = 50
Solution:
1) set one variable equal to zero
2) solve for the value of other variable
3) set second variable equal to zero
4) solve for the value of first variable
5) The ordered pairs ( 0 , y ) and ( x , 0 ) lie on
the line
6) connect these points and extend the line in both
Directions .
First equation :
2 x + ½ y = 22
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Let x = 0 , 2(0) + ½ y = 22 , ½ y = 22 (multiply in 2) =˃

y = 44
The y- intercept is ( 0 , 44 ) .
Let y = 0 , 2 x + (0) = 22 , 2 x = 22 , x = 11 , The x-
intercept is ( 11 , 0 ) .
we use the two intercepts ( 0 . 44 ) and ( 11 , 0 ) .
Second equation :
5 x + y = 50
Let x = 0 , 5(0) + y = 50 , y = 50
The y intercept is ( 0 , 50 ) .
Let y = 0 , 5 x + (0) = 50 , 5 x = 50 , x = 10 , The x
intercept is ( 10 , 0 ) .
we use the two intercepts ( 0 . 50 ) and ( 10 , 0 ) .
X 0 11 X 0 10
Y 44 0 Y 50 0

FIGURE ( 6)
Y
60
50
40
30 .
20
10

-4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 X
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From the figure it is clear that the two lines intersect at the
point of its horizontal coordinates (6) and vertical (20) , So ,
The solution of the two equations is :
X = 6 , Y = 20 .
To be sure , you can compensate in either equation :
5 x + y = 50
5 ( 6 ) + 20 = 50 , 30 + 20 = 50 . (5)
Algebraic solution of linear functions .
To solve two linear function algebraically, ( It means to find
the value of the two variables X & Y ) , The cancellation or
compensation method can be used ,as follow :
a) Be the coefficients for one of the two variables
Equals .
b) subtract or add the equations algebraically to get rid
of one of the two variables , and get an equation
with one variable .
c) by solving this equation , we can find the value of
this variable .
d) by substituting in either equation with the value of
the known variable , we get the value of the other
variable .
The following examples illustrate this :
Example ( 10 ) :
A) Solve the two following Equations algebraically:
2 x + ½ y = 22
5 x + y = 50
Solution :
2 x + ½ y = 22 ……….…(1)
5 x + y = 50 …………(2)
Multiply the first equation in (- 2)
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- 4 x - y = - 44
+ 5 x + y = 50
x = 6 By additting
5(6) + y = 50 , 30 + y = 50 , y = 50 – 30 = 20

So , the solving of the two equations is ( 6 , 20 ) .

B) Solve the two following Equations :
3x +2y = 9
-2x + y = 1
Solution :
3 x + 2 y = 9 …………….(1)
- 2 x + y = 1 ……………..(2)
Multiply the second equation in (- 2)
3x + 2y = 9
+4x - 2y =-2
7x = 7 By addition
x =1
3(1) + 2 y = 9 , 3 + 2 y = 9 , 2 y = 9 – 3 = 6
y = 6 /2 = 3
So the solving of the two equations is ( 1 , 3 )
Example ( 11 ) :
Solve the following Equations algebraically:
x+3y– z =4
3x - y+ z =4
. 2 x + y + 2 z = 10
Solution :
x + 3y– z =4 ……….….(1)
3x - y + z =4 ……..…….(2)
. 2 x + y + 2 z = 10 …………..(3)
By addition the two equations ( 1 & 2 )
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4x + 2y = 8 ……..…..….(4)
Multiply the first equation by 2
2x + 6y–2z =8 ……….….(5)
By addition the two equations ( 3 & 5 )
2 x + y + 2 z = 10
2x + 6y–2z =8
4 x + 7 y = 18 ………………..(6)
By subtracting the two equations ( 4 & 6 )
4x +7y = 18
-4x - 2y =-8
5 y = 10 , y = 10/5 , y = 2
4 x + 2 (2) =8 , 4x=8–4=4 ,x=1
From the equation number (4)
x + 3y– z =4
(1) + 3(2) – z = 4 , 7 – z = 4 , z = 7 – 4 = 3
From the equation number (1)
So the solving of the three equations is ( 1, 2 , 3 ) .
To be sure we can compensate with the three
Variables ( x = 1 , y = 2 , z = 3 ) in any equation :
2 x + y + 2 z = 10 ….. From the equation number (3)
2(1) + (2) + 2 (3) = 10
2 + 2 + 6 = 10
(6) Other forms of linear functions :
From the general form of the linear function ,
ax +by =c
We can conclude another form for it , and it will be :
y=ax +b
where a & b are fixed quantities , and
a = Slope of the line .
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b = The Intercept of the vertical axis .

To clarify the meaning of each of them , let we have the
following linear equation :
Y=2x+5
The meaning of ( b ) :
If x = 0 , then y = 5 , so the line passes through the point (
0 , 5 ) , that means ,the straight line intercept the vertical axis
at the point (0 , 5), and the intercept of the vertical axis is (5)
The meaning of ( a ) :
While (a) represents slope of the line , or the change value
in The dependent variable (Y) at the change value of The
independent variable (X) by one unit .
If we have the same equation : Y = 2 x + 5
By compensating about (x) with two sequences values
( 4 & 5) :
Y = 2 (4) + 5 = 13
Y = 2(5) + 5 = 15
By compensating about (x) with two another sequences
values ( 20 & 21) :
Y = 2(20 ) + 5 = 45
Y = 2(21) + 5 = 47
That means , when the independent variable (X) changes with
one unite , the dependent variable (Y) increases with two
unites , its value of ( a = 2) , positive value
let we have another linear equation :
Y = -3 x + 50
By compensating about (x) with two sequences values
( 3 & 4) :
Y = - 3(3) + 50 = - 9 + 50 = 41
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Y = - 3(4) + 50 = -12 + 50 = 38
That means when the independent variable (X) changes with
one unite , the dependent variable (Y) decreases with three
unites , its value of ( a = - 3) , negative value.
Conclusion ( cases of the slope ) :
1- If a ˃ 0 , positive value , slope of the line will be
also positive and the line will take a form of increasing
function
2- If a ˂ 0 , negative value , slope of the line will be also
negative and the line will take a form
of decreasing function .
3- If a = 0 , slope of the line will be = 0
and the line will take a form of straight line parallel
to the horizontal axis .
The following Figure illustrates ceases of the slope :
FIGURE ( 7)
Y
a˃0 positive slope
a=0
b

a˂0 negative slope

An important characteristic of a line , called its slope , is best

defined by using rectangular coordinates .
Let E = (x1, y1) and F = (x2 , y2 ) be two distinct points , If
x1 ≠ x2 , the slope a of the non vertical line L containing
E and F is defined by the formula :
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a = y 2 - y1 x1 ≠ x2
x2 - x1
FIGURE ( 8 a) provides an illustration of the slope of a non
vertical line , FIGURE ( 8 b) illustrates a vertical line .
FIGURE ( 8 a)
Non vertical line
Y
L
y2 • F = (x2 , y2 )

∆y
y1 • ∆x
E=(x1,y1)

x1 x2 X

FIGURE ( 8 b)
a Vertical line .
Y
L
y2 • F = (x1 , y2)

∆y
y1 •
E= (x1, y1)

x1 X
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The change in y is usually denoted by ∆y , read

“ delta y ” and the change in x is denoted by ∆x .
The slope a of a non vertical line L measures the amount
y changes , ∆y , as x changes from x1 to x2 , ∆x , This is
called the average rate of change of y with respect to x ,
Then , the slope a is :
a = ∆y = average rate of change of y with respect to x
∆x
Example ( 12 ) :
Find and interpret the slope of a line containing the points
( -2 , - 3 ) and ( 1 , 4 ) .
Solution : a = y2 - y1
x 2 - x1
a = ∆y = 4 - (-3) = 7
∆x 1 - (-2) 3
We interpret the slope to mean that for every 3-units change
in x , y will change by 7 units , That is if x increases by 3
units , then y increases by 7 units .
(7) Finding the Equation of a line given two
points :
Let E = (x1, y1) and F = (x2 , y2 ) be two distinct points
On the line representative the function , we can conclude the
formula for finding the relationship to define the function as
follow :
y = a x + b …….…….(1)
y1 = a x1 + b ……...….(2)
y2 = a x2 + b …….…...(3)
subtract the Equation number (1) from (2)
y1 – y = a x1 – a x
y1 – y = a ( x1 – x )
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a = y1 – y …………..(4)
x1 – x
y1 – y = a ( x1 – x )
“ from this form we can obtain the equation by knowing the
slope and one point “
subtract the Equation number (2) from (3)
y2 – y1 = a x2 – a x1 = a ( x2 – x1)
a = y2 – y1 …………..(5)
x2 – x1
From the Equations (4) & (5) we can conclude that :
y2 – y1 = y1 – y
x2 – x1 x1 – x
From that relation, we can find the equation of linear function
by knowing two points.
Example ( 13 ) :
Find the Slope and y- Intercept for the following Linear
functions :
1) y = 12 + 5 x
2) y = -3 x - 15
3) 3y – 12 x – 9 = 0
4) 4y + 16 x - 20 = 0
Solution :
1) y = 12 + 5 x
the Slope (a) = x coefficient = 5 ,
the Intercept (b) = 12
2) y= -3 x - 15
the Slope (a) = x coefficient = - 3 ,
the Intercept (b) = - 15
3) 3y – 12 x – 9 = 0
To obtain the slope and y- intercept , we transform
 26

the equation into its slope-intercept form, To do this , we

need to solve for y
3 y = 12 x + 9 ………..dividing by 3
y= 4x + 3
the Slope (a) = x coefficient = 4 ,
the Intercept (b) = 3
4) 4y + 16 x - 20 = 0
4 y = 20 - 16 x ……… dividing on 4
y= 5 -4x
the Slope (a) = x coefficient = - 4 ,
the Intercept (b) = 5
Example ( 14 ) :
Find the Equation and Draw a graph for the
following Linear functions :
1) Containing the points ( - 3 , - 4 ) , (1 , 8 ) .
2) Containing the point ( 3 , 6 ) and Origin point .
3) With Slope 4 and containing the point ( 15 , 7 ) .
4) An equation of the Horizontal Line containing the
Point ( 2 , 3 ) .
5) An equation of the Vertical Line containing the
Point ( 2 , -3 ) .
Solution :
1) Containing the points ( - 3 , - 4 ) , (1 , 8 ).
Where two points are given , we first compute the
slope of the line : x1 = - 3 , y1 = - 4. x2 = 1, y2 =8
a = y2 – y1 = 8 – (- 4) = 12 = 3
x2 – x1 1 – (- 3) 4
y1 – y = a ( x 1 – x )
- 4 – y= 3 ( - 3 – x )
-y=-9–3x+4
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-y=-5–3x
y=3x+5

FIGURE ( 9)
Y y=3x+5
12
10
8 ⁕
6 .( 1 . 8 )
4
2

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X
-2
⁕ -4
( -3 , - 4 )

2) Containing the point ( 3 , 6 ) and Origin point .

Where two points are given , ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 3 , 6 )
x1 = 0 , y1 = 0 , x2 = 3 , y2 = 6
a = y2 – y1 = 6 – (0) = 6 = 2
x2 – x1 3 – (0) 3
y1 – y = a ( x 1 – x )
0 – y= 2 ( 0 – x )
-y=0–2x
-y=–2x ,
y=2x
 28

FIGURE ( 10)
Y y=2x
12
10
8
6 ⁕
4
2
⁕
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X
-2
-4

3) With Slope 4 and containing the point ( 3 , 7 )

An equation of the Line with slope 4 and containing
the point ( 3 , 7 ) can be found by using the point –
slope form with : a = 4 , x1 = 3 , y1 = 7
y1 – y = a ( x1 – x )
7–y =4(3–x)
- y = 12 – 4 x - 7
-y=5–4x
y =4x–5
To graph the line , we can find another point ,
suppose x = 1 , y = 4(1) – 5 = -1
so we have two points ( 1 , -1 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) .
 29

FIGURE ( 11)
8
7 ⁕
y=4x -5 6
5
4
3
2
1

-3 -2 -1 -1 ⁕ 1 2 3 4 X
-2

4) An equation of the Horizontal Line containing the

Point ( 2 , 3 ) .
The slope of the Horizontal Line is 0 , To get an
equation , we use the point – slope form with a = 0 , x 1=
2 , y1 = 3
y1 – y = a ( x1 – x )
3–y=0(2–x) , 3–y=0 ,
y=3
 31

FIGURE ( 12)

4 y=3
3⁕
2
1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X

A horizontal line is given by an equation of the form

y = b , where ( 0 , b) is the y- intercept .

5) An equation of the Vertical Line containing the

Point ( 2 , - 3 ) .
A vertical line is given by an equation of the form
X = a , where ( a , 0 ) is the x- intercept .
The x – coordinate of any point on a vertical line is
always the same , since ( 2 , - 3 ) is a point on the
vertical line , its equation is : x = 2
 31

FIGURE ( 13)
x=2
3
2 ⁕ (2,2)
1 ⁕ (2,1)

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 X
-2
-3 ⁕ (2.–3)
-4
 32

EXERCISES
(1) Without using the calculator find
Values of the following quantities:
A) 6 -2 + 9 – 15 + 28.
B) ( -2) (-5 ) (-1) (3) (2) .
C) (-60) (-6) / 10
D) [ 3 (-1) (-2 ) ( 5 )– 6 ] /[ ( -3 ) ( 2 ) (-4 ) ]

(2) Find values of the following Quantities:

A) x2 ( 4 – 3 x ) .
B) 4 ( x + 2y ) + 3 ( y – 2 x )
C) x + y - z – ( x2 + x – y ) .
D) ( x + 2 ) ( x - 3 ).
E) ( 2 x + y ) ( x2 – 2 y2 + 5 ) .

(3) Solve the following Equations:

A) 5 x – 10 = 2 x + 20 .
B ) ⅓ Q – 15 = - 2 Q + 20.
C) ½ Q + 15 = 36 - 3 Q

(4) Explain the following points on the chart sheet

A ( 2 , 5 ) , B ( -2 , 4 ) , C ( 1 , -2 ) , D ( -3 , -2 ) ,
E(5,0),F(0,3).

(5) Explain the following points on the chart sheet :

A ( -1 , 3 ) , B ( -2 , 2 ) , C ( 0 , 4 ) , D ( 1 , 5 ) , E ( 2 , 6 )
 33

.Then explain what you notice

(6) Find the Slope and y- intercept of the following
Lines :
A) x + y = 6 .
B) 3 x – 2y = 8
C) 2x + 3y = 12
(7) Use the given equations to fill in the missing
Values in each table , Use these points to
graph each equations :
A) y = 2x + 6

X 0 -2 3 4
Y 0 2
B) y = 6 - 3x

X 0 -2 3 4
Y 0 2
.
C) 2x - y = 8

X 0 -2 3 4
Y 0 2

(8) Plot each pair of points and find

the slope of the line containing them ,
Interpret the slope and graph the line :
A) ( -3 , -4) ; ( 1 , 8 )
 34

B) ( 4 , 2 ) ; ( - 5 , 2 )
C) (- 3 , -1) ; ( 2 , – 1 )
D) ( 3 , 0 ) ; ( 3 , 3 )

(9) Write the equation of each line in the form

Ax +By = C ,
A) Slope = 2 ; containing the point ( -3 , 2 )
B) Slope = 3 ; x- intercept = - 4
C) Slope = - 2 ; y- intercept = 3
D) Slope = ¾ ; containing the point ( 0 , 0 )
E ) x - intercept = 3 ; y- intercept = 5

(10) Find the equation of the horizontal Line

Containing the point ( 3 , 3 )
(11) Find the equation of the vertical Line
Containing the point ( - 3 , - 3 )
(12) Solve the two Following Equations Graphically
and Algebraically :
A) 2 x + ½ y = 6
5 x + 2 y = 18
B) ⅓ x + 2 y = 9
2x + ½y =8
C) 2x + ¼ y = 10
2x + ½ y = 16
(13) Solve the Following Equations Algebraically:
A) x + 2 y – z = 2
3x - y+ z =4
. 2 x + y + 2 z = 10
B) x + y + z = 9
2x + 3y = z + 9
 35

3x = y – 2z + 11