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Chapter 5 - Analog Transmission

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23 views29 pages

Chapter 5 - Analog Transmission

Uploaded by

Ehsan Haque
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSE 365: Communication Engineering

Chapter 5: Analog Transmission


Digital-to-Analog Conversion
} Converting digital data to an analog signal
} Required to send digital data over a band-pass channel
} Also known as modulation

(band-pass channel)
Sine Waves Revisited

signal strength

period
T = 1/f
peak
amplitude

time

} By changing one characteristic of a simple electric signal, we


can use it to represent digital data.
Conversion Techniques
Bit Rate vs. Baud Rate
} Bit rate ® the number of bits per second
} Baud rate ® the number of signal elements per
second.

} In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud


rate is less than or equal to the bit rate
Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
carried by each signal element? How many different
signal elements do we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are
unknown. We find first the value of r and then the
value of L.
Carrier Signals
} In analog Transmission, the sending device produces a
high-frequency signal that acts as a base for the
information signal, which is known as Carrier Signal or
Carrier Frequency.
} The receiving device is tuned to the frequency of the
carrier signal that it expects from the sender.
} Digital information then changes the carrier signal by
modifying one or more of its characteristics (amplitude,
frequency or phase). This is called Modulation or Shift-
Keying.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
} In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied.
} ASK is normally implemented using only two levels and
known as Binary ASK or On-Off Keying (OOK)

fc – Carrier frequency
0 < d < 1; where d depends on the modulation and filtering
process
Implementation of Binary ASK
Example 5.3
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans
from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier frequency and
the bit rate if we modulated our data by using ASK with d
= 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This
means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz. We
can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate (with d
= 1 and r = 1).
Frequency Shift Keying
} In FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied.
} Binary FSK (BFSK) considers two carrier frequencies, f1
and f2.
} We use the first carrier if the data element is 0 and the
second if the data element is 1.
Implementation of Binary FSK
Phase Shift Keying
} In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is varied.
} The simplest PSK is Binary PSK.
Implementation of Binary PSK
Phase Shift Keying
} PSK is much more robust than ASK as it is not that
vulnerable to noise, which changes amplitude of the
signal.
} PSK is also superior to FSK because it does not need
two carrier signals.
} However, PSK needs more sophisticated hardware to
be able to distinguish between phases.
Quadrature PSK
} Each signal element carries 2 bits
Implementation of QPSK
Example 5.7
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.

Solution
For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element.
This means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is
S = N × (1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we
have B = S = 6 MHz.
Constellation Diagrams
} A constellation diagram helps define the amplitude and
phase of a signal element
Example 5.8
} Show the constellation diagrams for OOK, BPSK, and
QPSK modulations
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
} Or QAM
} A combination of ASK and PSK
Analog-to-Analog Conversion
} Process of transmitting analog information by an analog
signal
} Although the signal is already analog, modulation is
needed if only a band-pass channel is available to us.
} An example is radio. The government assigns a narrow
bandwidth to each radio station. The analog signal
produced by each station is a low-pass signal, all in the
same range. To be able to listen to different stations, the
low-pass signals need to be shifted, each to a different
range.
Types of Analog-to-Analog Modulations
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
} The amplitude of the carrier signal is modulated so that its
amplitude varies
} Process of transmitting analog information by an analog signal
AM Band Allocation
Frequency Modulation (FM)
FM Band Allocation
Phase Modulation (PM)
} Considered a variation of FM
Home Work
} Example 5.1-5.7.

A number of slides modified from Chaiporn Jaikaeo


and borrowed from the book website

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