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Physics Lab 01

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13 views3 pages

Physics Lab 01

Uploaded by

rahman.safayet999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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01. To determine 'g' by means of a compound pendulum.

Theory
The time-period T of a compqund pendulum depends upon the length / between the axis of
suspension and the centre of gravity. They are connected by the formula

… … … … … (1)

where K is a constant of the pendulum and- is called its radius of gyration about an axis passing
through its centre of gravity. Squaring and transposing the above expression, we get

… … … … … (2)

Equation (2) is the quadratic in l and hence it will have two values of l, say l₁ and l₂, so that

As the sum and products of the two


roots are positive, the two roots l₁ and l₂ are both positive. That is two axes of rotation on
the same side of C. G. are found such that their distances l₁ and l₂ from the centre of gravity
of the pendulum are not equal but the time-period T of oscillation about each is the same.
Similarly, on the other side of C. G. there will be two axes of rotation about which the
periods would again be equal to T. The distance L = (l₁ + l₂) between two such points is
called the length of the equivalent simple pendulum.

Measuring L = (l₁ + l₂)) graphically and determining T from the same graph, g may be
calculated from equation (3)

Description of the apparatus. Any rigid body which can oscillate about horizontal axis under
gravity is called a compound pendulum. The apparatus ordinarily -used in the laboratory is a
long rectangular bar [Fig. 15 (a)] A B, provided with parallel holes all along its length at
interval. of 2 — 3 cms. This is why it is also called a barpendulum. The bar is suspended
from a horizontal knife-edge K which may be made to pass through any of the holes. The
time-period of oscillation of the bar is measured by a stop-watch. It is very important to use a
well-regulated watch, since a difference of one second in five minutes will cause an error of 6
units in the value of g.
Procedure
(i) First the bar is balanced. on a horizontal knife-edge and its
centre of gravity (C. G) is marked.
(ii) The bar is suspended on a knifeedge such that the sharp-edge will point
upwards by introducing it in one extreme hole.
(iii) A vertical line is marked on the bar and a telescope is focussed such that
the vertical cross-wire is coincident with the mark when the bar is at rest.
(iv) The bar is then made to oscillate with a small amplitude and the time for
50 oscillations is measured by observing the transit of the marked line on
the bar across the vertical cross-wire of the telescope and dividing this
mean time by 50, we get T. The knife-edge K is then introduced at each of
the holes and T₁, T₂, T₃ etc., are obtained as before. Care should be taken
that the amplitude is small and the plane of oscillation is made vertical.
(v) The distance of the axis of suspension of the bar from the C. G. i.e., from
sharp-edge of the knife-edge to the C. G. is measured every time. Thus l₁,
l₂ and l₃ etc. are known.
(vi) The bar is then inverted by introducing the knife-edge successively in all
the holes remaining on the other side of C. G. The secönd set of time-
periods T₁ .T₂ and T₃ etc., and the distances from the C. G. to the axes of
suspension l₁ ,l₂ ,l₃ etc. are determined in the same way, as before.
(vii) The operation is repeated for the back side of the pendulum, if possible.
(viii) A graph is then drawn by plotting T along Y-axis and corresponding
distance of the knife-edge from C. G. along X-axis.

Experimental data

Face A is above the C. G. and Face B is below C. G. when suspended vertically.


How to draw the graph

The distance from the C. G. is plotted along X-axis and the timeperiod along Y-axis,
taking Y-axis in the middle of the paper. On the right side to the origin, the distance on. the
side A is plotted and on the left-side of the origin, the distance on the side B is plotted
Two curves ABE and DCF are obtained.
A line ABC is drawn parallel to the X-axis intersecting the two curves at four points A, B, C
and D. The corresponding time period T is noted fronl the graph.
From the graph [Fig. 15 (b)] it is evident that the time-periods at A, B, C and D are all
same as they all lie on a line parallel to the abscissa. But we know time-period is same
whether we suspend the body froln the point of suspension or from the point of oscillation.
Hence if we consider A corresponding to the point of suspension we get C on the other side
of Y-axis (i. e. , on the other side of C. G.), corresponding to the point of oscillation. So is the
case with B and D.

Fig. 15 (b)
Thus the length AC or BD measures the length of an equivalent simple pendulum
Length AC =… cm.
Length BD =… Cm
The mean of AC and BD gives (l₁ + l₂) as a whole. Corresponding time-period from the
graph.

T= … sec.

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