1 Define Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Condition and Give an example of them.
Outline the different Accident Theory/Loss
Caution Model
Course Objectives Discuss the types of accident/incident and causes of accident.
Identify the factors that contribute to unsafe
acts and discuss control measures of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.
2 The Domino Theory • 88% of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people, A. Accident Theory • 10% by unsafe actions, • 2% by “acts of God”.
3 Accident Theory
2. Human errors Models
• Human Factor • Human Behavior
4 Accident Theory
3. Multiple Causation Theory
According to this theory, the contributory factors can be grouped into the following two categories:
• Behavioral • Environmental.
5 Accident Theory
4. James Reason Active and Latent Failure
• Accidents-caused by active failures or latent conditions which can lead to human error or violations. • Active failures-acts or conditions precipitating the incident situation. • Latent conditions are the managerial influences and social pressures.
6 An "event," occurs when one "actor" (one person/thing) performs an "action" (does something).
Accident/Incident A person or thing (equipment, tools, materials) will do something that results in a change of state.
7 Accident/Incident Accident is the final event in an unplanned process that results in injury or illness to an employee and possibly property damage.
8 Types of Accident
• Struck-by • Struck-against • Contact-by-substance and materials • Contact-with-harmful substance and materials • Caught-on, caught in and caught in between • Fall-To-below
9 Types of Accident ▪ Over-exertion ▪ Bodily reaction ▪ Over exposure
10 Types of Incident
• Accident • Injury Accident • Damage-only accident • Near miss • Dangerous occurrence • Ill-health incident
11 Causes of Accident
▪ Immediate Causes- unsafe acts and conditions that
resulted in or could have resulted in an accident.
▪ Root Cause-management system causes.
▪ Underlying Cause-combination of underlying factors
involved in an incident
12 Unsafe Acts Unsafe act is any act that deviates from a generally recognized safe way or specified method of doing a job and which increases the probabilities for an accident.
13 Example of Unsafe Act
1.Operating heavy and other construction
equipment without qualification or authorization.
2. Lack of/or improper use of PPE.
Unsafe Acts 3. Operation equipment at unsafe speeds.
4. Failure to warn.
5. Bypass or removal of safety devices.
6. Using defective equipment and power tools.
14 Factors that contribute to Unsafe Acts
• Society • Organization • project management • Supervision • Contractor • site condition • work group • individual characteristics
15 Unsafe Conditions Unsafe condition is an unsatisfactory physical condition existing in a workplace environment immediately before an accident that was significant in initiating the event.
16 1. Defective equipment
2. Inadequate guards
3. Fire hazards Example of 4. Workplace congestion Unsafe Conditions 5. Inadequate or broken warning systems
6. Hazardous air conditions
7. Lack of cleaning and poor housekeeping
17 Controlling Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Condition
▪ Elimination ▪ Substitution ▪ Engineering controls ▪ Warnings ▪ Administrative and work practice controls ▪ Personal protective equipment
18 Summary
• Accidents are defined as unplanned occurrences which
result in injuries, fatalities, loss of production or damage to property and assets. • According to W.H. Heinrich (1931), who developed the so- called domino theory, 88% of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people, 10% by unsafe conditions and 2% by “acts of God”.
19 Summary
• Unsafe condition is an unsatisfactory physical condition
existing in a workplace environment immediately before an accident that was significant in initiating the event. • Unsafe act is any act that deviates from a generally recognized safe way or specified method of doing a job and which increases the probabilities for an accident.
20 Conclusion
• Control of hazards is the best way to prevent accident in the
