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Homework 3 with solutions

Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering (University of Ottawa)

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Civil Engineering Department

***********
CVG2132 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Homework 3: Professor: Rob Delatolla

Due Date: Oct. 17, 2010 (4:00pm) – Cubby « CVG 2132 », Mezzanine A (0.5) CBY

NOTE: NO LATE SUBMISSIONS ACCEPTED THIS WEEK

Question 1: A small system with three treatment units is depicted below. The flow rates were
measured at the indicated locations. What’s the flow rate at A in terms of Q and what’s the
value of r (r is the unit fraction of Q)? Clearly state the assumptions necessary to solve this
problem.

1.28Q
Q 0.88Q

rQ 0.10Q

Question 2: The great lakes have experienced anthropogenic effects over the last decades. (a)
Describe two effects on the great lakes that have been observed in the last 50 years; (b) explain
how these effects were initiated and (c) comment on how or if these effects can be mediated or
resolved.

Question 3: The Ottawa River has an iron concentration of 275 ppm and a flow of 65 m3/s.
Assume iron is a conservative substance. A discharge of 15.0 m3/s enters the river from
agricultural land runoff. The runoff contains 2,000 mg/L of iron. Assume that the hydraulics in
the Ottawa river are such that it is completely mixed.

Richmond Hill, located downstream of the discharge, withdraws water from the Ottawa River
and mixes it with a local river water (no iron) to supply a final water containing 300 ppm iron. If
3 m3/s is removed from the Ottawa River, what is the flow rate that is removed from the local
river to supply the 300 ppm iron water?

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Question 4: A toxic compound being is removed from solution in a CSTR at Steady State
according to a first order reaction rate. The upstream concentration of the pollutant is 14 mg/L
and the downstream concentration is 1.7 mg/L. The volume of the CSTR tank is 3120 m3. Water
is being treated at a rate of 48 m3/min. Calculate (i) the rate of removal, (ii) the rate constant,
and (iii) the residence time.

Question 5: Derive the expressions for the concentration exiting a CSTR and a PFR for a zero
order removal reaction. Which reactor design is more efficient in terms of volume and hydraulic
retention times?

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Civil Engineering Department

***********
CVG2132 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Homework 3: Professor: Rob Delatolla

Due Date: Oct. 17, 2010 (4:00pm) – Cubby « CVG 2132 », Mezzanine A (0.5) CBY

NOTE: NO LATE SUBMISSIONS ACCEPTED THIS WEEK

Question 1: A small system with three treatment units is depicted below. The flow rates were
measured at the indicated locations. What’s the flow rate at A in terms of Q and what’s the
value of r (r is the unit fraction of Q)? Clearly state the assumptions necessary to solve this
problem.

1.28Q
Q 0.88Q

rQ 0.10Q

ANS:

1.28Q
Q 1 2 3 0.88Q

rQ xQ 0.10Q
jn 1 jn 2
yQ
A aQ

Given:
In schematic above

Unknowns:
QA = aQ = ?
r=?

Assumptions:
1. steady state processes
2. dilute system where the density is constant throughout

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Total Mass Balance on Unit 3 where density is constant:

In = Out

1.28Q = 0.88Q + xQ

xQ = (1.28 – 0.88)Q = 0.4Q

Total Mass Balance on Jn 1 where density is constant:

In = Out

0.4Q = rQ + 0.10Q

rQ = (0.4 – 0.1)Q = 0.3Q

r = 0.3

Total Mass Balance on Entire System where density is constant:

In = Out

Q = 0.88Q + yQ

y = (1 – 0.88)Q

y = 0.12Q

Total Mass Balance on Jn 2 where density is constant:

In = Out

0.10Q + A = yQ

A = (0.12 – 0.10)A

A = 0.02Q

Question 2: The great lakes have experienced anthropogenic effects over the last decades. (a)
Describe two effects on the great lakes that have been observed in the last 50 years; (b) explain
how these effects were initiated and (c) comment on how or if these effects can be mediated or
resolved.

ANS:

Some possible answers from the movie clips shown in class are: (other answers are acceptable)

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(a)

1. Lamprey eel: Lamprey has no natural predators and they feed on the fish species.
2. Asian Carp: Asian Carp eats 40% of its body weight each day and are not edible fish.
3. Zebra Mussels: Have taken over the water systems completely in a few years and
remove most of the nutrients from the water and the fish are starving to death.
4. Caspian shrimp: Observed in 2006, ½” long bright red shrimp from the Black and
Caspian Sea, effects are still unknown

(b)

Most of these species were introduced by large tankers that travel between many waters.

(c)

Electric fences are used for Asian Carp to prevent them from moving between lakes, others the
effects are extremely hard to mediate if not impossible. At this point try to preserve waters that
have yet to be affected.

Question 3: The Ottawa River has an iron concentration of 275 ppm and a flow of 65 m3/s.
Assume iron is a conservative substance. A discharge of 15.0 m3/s enters the river from
agricultural land runoff. The runoff contains 2,000 mg/L of iron. Assume that the hydraulics in
the Ottawa river are such that it is completely mixed.

Richmond Hill, located downstream of the discharge, withdraws water from the Ottawa River
and mixes it with a local river water (no iron) to supply a final water containing 300 ppm iron. If
3 m3/s is removed from the Ottawa River, what is the flow rate that is removed from the local
river to supply the 300 ppm iron water?

ANS:

Assumptions:
1. steady state processes
2. iron is conservative
3. Ottawa river behaves as a CSTR
4. all waters are dilute (therefore densities are the same)

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Total Mass Balance on Ottawa River before the uptake for the drinking water:

15 m3/s

65 m3/s
275 ppm

In = Out

Qin + Qagri = Qout

65 + 15 = Qout

Qout = 80 m3/s

Iron Mass Balance on Ottawa River before the uptake for the drinking water:

In = Out

Qin Cin +Qagri Cagri = Qout Cout

(65)(275) + (15)(2000) = (80)Cout

Cout = 598 ppm

Total Mass Balance on junction between Ottawa River Water and Local River Water:

Qlocal river Qottawa river Cottawa river

Clocal river = 0 Qdrinking water
Cdrinking water= 300 ppm

In = Out

QOR + QLR = Qdw

Qdw = 3 + QLR m3/s

Iron Mass Balance on junction between Ottawa River Water and Local River Water:

In = Out

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QOR COR = Qdw Cdw

3(598) = Qdw(300)

Qdw = 6 m3/s

Therefore : QLR = 3 m3/s

Question 4: A toxic compound being is removed from solution in a CSTR at Steady State
according to a first order reaction rate. The upstream concentration of the pollutant is 14 mg/L
and the downstream concentration is 1.7 mg/L. The volume of the CSTR tank is 3120 m3. Water
is being treated at a rate of 48 m3/min. Calculate (i) the rate of removal, (ii) the rate constant,
and (iii) the residence time.

ANS:

Given:
Cin = 14 mg/L
Cout = 1.7 mg/L
V = 3120 m3
Q = 48 m3/min

Unknowns:
r=?
k=?
τ= ?

Assumptions:
3. steady state processes
4. first order reaction rate: r = - kC

Mass Balance on CSTR with respect to the pollutant of interest:

Qin Cin = Qout Cout - r V

r = - Q (Cin – Cout)/V = - 48 m3/min x (14 – 1.7 mg/L)/3120 m3

r = - 0.19 mg/L/min

Calculate k from r:

r = -kC

- 0.19 mg/L/min = - k x 1.7mg/L

k = 0.11 min-1

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Calculate τ:

τ = V/Q

τ = 3120 m3/48 m3/min

τ = 65 min

Question 5: Derive the expresssions for the concentration exiting a CSTR and a PFR
P for a zero
order removal reaction. Which
h reactor design is more efficient in terms of volume
e and hydraulic
retention times?

ANS:

CSTR :

Assume steady state

r = -k

In = Out + Removal

QC0 = QC + kV

V/Q = (C0 – C)/k = τ

PFR :

Assume steady state

r = -k

In = Out + Removal

QxCx = Qx+ΔxCx+Δx – kV

(Qx+ΔxCx+Δx - QxCx)/V = -k

• Remember: Qx+Δx = Qx = Q

• Denote: Cx+Δx - Cx = ΔC

• X*A where A is the cross sectional area.

From diagram: ΔV = ΔX

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-k

-1/kQ(C – C0) = LA = V

τ = (C0 – C)/k

Based on the design equationss for zero order reactions, both reactors will perfo
orm equally in
terms of HRT and design volum
mes.

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