For Class One
For Class One
Courese Objective
To master the basic theory and application, including the
system of linear equations, matrices, determinants, vector
linear correlation, eigenvalue and eigenvector, quadratic forms
and linear transformation.
– x1 +3x2 = 3 x1 – 2x2 = –1
(l 2)
x1 – 2x2 = – 1
x1 – 2x2 = –1 x1 – 2x2 = –1 x1 – 2 x2 = –1
– x1 +3x2 = 3 – x1 +2x2 = 3 – x1 +2x2 = 1
Both equations have the
Lines intersect at (3, 2) Lines are parallel.
same graph. Any point on
Unique solution: No point of Intersection.
the graph is a solution.
x = 3, y = 2. No solutions.
Many solutions.
1. Linear Equation
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn = b
the unknowns(variables) of the linear equation :
x1,x2 ,x3 xn
the coefficients of the linear equation :
a1,a2 ,a3 an
the constant terms of the linear equation : b
Example1: 4 x1 -x2 +1 = 3x1 x1 -2 x2 = −1
Example2: x2 = 2( 6 − x1 )+ x3 2 x1 + x2 − x3 = 2 6
2. Systems of Linear Equations
A system of linear equations(or linear system) is a collection
of one or more linear equations involving the same
unknowns(variables) x1, x2 …, xn
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1
a x +a x + +a x =b We will refer to systems
21 1 22 2 2n n 2 of the form (1) as m×n
(1) linear systems.
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amn xn = bm
the coefficients the constant terms :
a11 a12 a1n b1
a21 a22 a2 n b2
am1 am 2 amn b3
3. A solution of the System of Linear Equations
Definition
Inconsistent : A linear system has no solution.
Consistent : A linear system has at least one solution.
(one solution or infinitely many solutions)
Example:
(ⅰ) x1 + x2 = 2
No solution Inconsistent
x1 + x2 =1
Unique solution
(ⅱ) x1 + x2 = 2 x1 = 1
Consistent
x1 − x2 = 0 x2 = 1
x1 = c
Solution set: x2 = 2-c
4. Solving a Linear System
Ⅰ.
(Replacement)
Ⅱ. (Interchange)
Ⅲ.
(Scaling)
Definition
A system is said to be in strict triangular form if in the kth
equation the coefficients of the first k-1 variables are all
zero and the coefficient of xk is nonzero (k=1, …,n).
Example: The system the solution is:
x1 − 2 x2 + x3 = 0
x1 = 29
x2 − 4 x3 = 4
x2 = 16
x3 = 3
x =3
3
is in strict triangular form.
Method: Simplify a linear system to a strict
triangular form as the equivalent system.
Example1 Solve the system
eq.1
eq.2
eq.3 (Replacement)
(Scaling)
is strict triangular form.
2 eq.2 + eq.1
5. Matrix Notation
Row1 Row1
Row2 Row2
Row3 Row3
Column1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.4
3 3 3 4
6. Elementary Row Operations:
Ⅰ.
Ⅱ.
Ⅲ.
Example1
4 Row1 + Row3
1
Row2
2
3 Row2 + Row3
4 Row3 + Row2
2 eq.2 + eq.1
2 Row2 + Row1
Row operations can be applied to any matrix, not merely to one
that arises as the augmented matrix of a linear system. Two
matrices are called row equivalent if there is a sequence of
elementary row operations that transforms one matrix into the other.
the original system
4 Row1 + Row3
4 Row3 + Row2
2 Row2 + Row1
(−1) Row3 + Row1
The four matrices are row equivalent the associated linear system
The linear equation systems with these
four matrices as augmented matrices is
equivalent and have the same solution .
Check: Elementary row operations on an augmented matrix never
change the solution set of the associated linear system. √ (True)
Interpreting the solutions of an equation
from a geometric perspective.
7. Existence and Uniqueness Questions
Example2
Example3
Row1 Row2
5
− Row1 + Row3 1
Row2 + Row3
2 2
Example3
Exercise
x = −
107 x1 = 2
1
2 x =7
x2 = −16 2
x =3 x3 = 1
3 2 x4 = −2
x =1
4
Consistent
17
x
1 = −
2
1
x2 =
2
x3 = 0
Inconsistent