Circuit Analysis

Exploring Engineering

Hien B. Vo
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vietnamese German University
 Outline

 Fundamental circuit analysis

 Voltage divider
 Current divider
 Equivalent resistances
 Examples
 Advanced circuit analysis
 Thévenin equivalent circuits
 Norton equivalent circuits
 Superposition principle
 Examples
 Reminder: Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s Law v(t )  i (t ) R

i (t ) R v(t)
_
+ i(t)
v (t )
V Georg Ohm
I R (1789 – 1854)

 Ohm’s Law for current i(t )  v(t ) G

 Power dissipated in a resistor
2
v (t )
p(t )  i(t ) v(t )  i (t ) R 
2

R
 Resistors in Series
i (t ) R1 i (t )
+ +
+ v1 _
+ +
v(t ) v2
_
R2 = v(t )
_
Req
_ v3
_ + _
R3
KCL : i(t )  i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i3 (t )
KVL : v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  v3 (t )
Ohm's Law : v(t )  i(t ) R1  i(t ) R2  i(t ) R3  i(t )(R1  R2  R3 )
v(t)  i(t)Req  Req  R1  R2  R3
 Resistors in Parallel
i (t ) i (t )
+ +
i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i3 (t )
+
v(t ) R1 R2 R3 = v(t )
_
Req
_ _
KCL : i(t )  i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i3 (t )
KVL : v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  v3 (t )
v(t ) v(t ) v(t ) 1 1 1 
Ohm' s Law : i(t )     v(t )   
R1 R2 R3  R1 R2 R3 
v(t ) 1
i(t)   Req 
Req 1 R1  1 R2  1 R3
 Voltage and Current Sources
RS

v(t) +
_ v(t) +
_ i(t) i(t) RS

ideal practical ideal ideal

voltage voltage current current
source source source source

 Ideal sources that can somehow generate a voltage

v(t) or a current i(t) to supply to the circuit
 Ideal sources can supply unlimited power!
 Battery ≈ DC voltage source
 Voltage Divider
i (t )

+  Only a fraction of the

v1 (t ) R1 voltage appears across each
_ resistor in a series circuit
vS (t ) +
_ +  Applications: voltage
adaptor, transducer…
R2 v 2 (t )
_
vS (t )
Ohm' s Law : i(t ) 
R1  R2
R2
Ohm' s Law : v2 (t )  i(t ) R2  vs (t )  vS (t ), t
R1  R2
Design Example: Sensor/Transducer
Needle movement comes
from a physical event/action
vS +
_ i (t )
R1
R2
some constant


 K    (t )
R2 (t )
_ v 2 (t )  v S
v2 + R1  R2
 A transducer is often used as an electrical sensor that produces
voltage (or current) proportional to a physical quantity of
interest, such as pressure, temperature, distance…
 Current Divider
i1 i2 iS
+ +
iS v R1 R2 = iS v Req
_ _

 What fraction of current flows through R1 (or R2)?

1 R1 R2
Req  
1 R1  1 R2 R1  R2

R1 R2
 v  i S Req  i S
R1  R2
 Current Divider
i1 i2 iS
+ +
iS v R1 R2 = iS v Req
_ _

v R2 v R1
 i1   iS  i2   iS
R1 R1  R2 R2 R1  R2

 Only applies for two resistances

 Works for both DC as well as AC currents
 Example application: current-limiting devices
 Does this result make sense?
Example: Current & Voltage Divider
iS R1  60

i2  ? i3  ?
vS  + + R2 R3
_ vx  ? 30 60
100V _


1 R R 30  60
Rx   2 3   20
R1  60 1 R2  1 R3 R2  R3 30  60
iS
Rx 20
ix vx  vS   100  25V
vS  + + R1  R x 60  20
_ vx Rx  20
100V _ iS 
vS

100
 1.25 A
R1  R x 60  20
Example: Current & Voltage Divider
iS R1  60

i2  ? i3  ?
vS  + + R2 R3 iS  1.25 A
_ vx  ? 30 60
100V _

iS R1  60 R3 60
i2  iS   1.25  0.833 A
R2  R3 30  60
ix
vS  + +
_ vx Rx  20
100V _ is  i2  i3 ?

R2 30
i3  iS   1.25  0.417 A
R2  R3 60  30
 Voltage Variations

no voltage source perfect wire wire with resistance

V V V
 Voltage: Series & Parallel

series circuit parallel circuit

V V
Visualizing KVL and Resistance

 M. C. Escher’s Waterfall
 Waterfall: resistive
voltage drop
 Staircase water channel:
like a battery, raises the
potential energy of
charges through chemical
reactions
 Equivalent Resistance: Example I
a a a

7 7 7

8 8 20 20

b
20 20

20 30 12

b b a

7
a

17
10
b
b
 Equivalent Resistance: Example II
8 8
a a

10 3 10 6 3
6

b b

8
a a a

5 10 10 10 2

b b b
 Equivalent Resistance?
a

R R R R … Rab = ?
b

R R R
a

R R R … Rab = ?
b
Summary: Ohm & Power Law

V2 P
R I IR
IV

I 2R P V PR
P I R P
R I2
V 2
V
P V
R I Ohm' s Law : V  IR
V P Power Law : P  IV
 Circuit Schematics

wires ~= perfect conductors connection no connection

R + +
_ V I
V
resistor battery voltage current
source source
L
C
terminals inductor
ground capacitor