ELECTRICAL VEHICLE (EV) DESIGN USING MATLAB

A
Report
On
Minor Project- II
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
Riddhi Bansal (0901EE201101)
Sachin Mahor (0901EE201103)

Under the guidance of

Dr. Vikram Saini

Assistant Professor (EED, M.I.T.S.)
Department of Electrical Engineering

April, 2023
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
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SCIENCE, GWALIOR (M.P.) - 474005

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 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior (M.P.)
(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in this project entitled EV Design Using MATLAB which is being
submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electrical Engineering is an authentic record of our own work carried out under the guidance of Dr. Vikram
Saini, Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department.

The matter presented in this project has not been submitted elsewhere by us for the award of any other
degree/diploma.

Riddhi
Bansal
Sachin Mahor
Date: 26.04.2023

Place: MITS Gwalior

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of my knowledge and
belief.

Guided by

Dr. Vikram Saini

Assistant
Professor
Department of Electrical
Engineering MITS, Gwalior

Minor Project Coordinator Forwarded by

Dr Yashwant Sawle Dr. Sulochana Wadhwani

Professor and Head
Department of Electrical Engineering
Dr Vijay Bhuriya MITS, Gwalior

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, who has been supportive of my project and
career goals and who worked actively to provide us with the valuable academic time to pursue these
goals. I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work with during this
project. Each of the members of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering provided me with
extensive personal and professional guidance and taught me a huge deal about both scientific
research and life in general. This work would not have happened without the academic support
of the Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior.

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 MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, GWALIOR (M.P.)
(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Abstract

The project "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB" aims to develop an optimized design
for an electric vehicle using MATLAB, a powerful simulation software widely used in the field of
engineering. The project team conducted extensive research and analysis to design an efficient and
sustainable electric vehicle, taking into consideration various factors such as performance, energy
efficiency, safety, and environmental impact.

The project utilized MATLAB, a versatile tool known for its capabilities in modeling, simulation,
and optimization. MATLAB was used to create a virtual environment to simulate and analyze the
performance of different electric vehicle components, including the motor, battery, and power
electronics. Advanced mathematical algorithms and simulation techniques were employed to
optimize the design parameters, such as the motor size, battery capacity, and power electronics
configuration, to achieve the best possible performance and efficiency.

The project team successfully developed a comprehensive electric vehicle design using MATLAB,
which showed promising results in terms of performance, efficiency, and sustainability. The
simulation results indicated that the optimized design significantly improved the energy efficiency
of the electric vehicle, leading to increased range and reduced charging time.

In conclusion, the "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB" project successfully
demonstrated the power and versatility of MATLAB in designing an efficient and sustainable
electric vehicle. The optimized design achieved improved performance, energy efficiency, and
safety, while also contributing to environmental sustainability. The findings of this project can serve
as a valuable reference for future electric vehicle design and optimization projects, providing
insights into how MATLAB can be utilized as a powerful tool in the field of electric vehicle
engineering

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Table of Contents

Content Page no.

Declaration ii

Acknowledgements iii

Abstract iv

Table of contents v

List of figures vi

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Objective and Focused problem 2

1.2. Motivation 2

1.3. Background/Literature Review 3

2. Project description and Goals 5

3. Technical Specification 7

4. Design approach and Details 8

5. Methodology 10

6. Project Demonstration 16

7. Cost analysis/Result & Discussion 19

8. Summary 20

9. References 22

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

List of Figures

Fig. Figure Name Page no.

no

1 Block diagram of EV 8

2 Steps of Construction of EV 10

3 Simulink design of vehicle body& tires 10

4 Block Parameters: Vehicle Body 11

5 Block Parameters: Tire 12

6 Block Parameters: Differential 12

7 Block Parameters: Simple Gear 13

8 Simulink design of Motor & Controller 13

9 Block Parameters: DC Motor 13

10 Block Parameters: H-Bridge 13

11 Block Parameters: Controlled PWM Voltage 13

12 Simulink design of driver input 14

13 Input Signal via Signal Builder 15

14 FTP47 Drive Cycle plot 15

15 Final Interface 16

16 SOC% Graph 17

17 Current Graph 17

18 Voltage Graph 18

19 Velocity Graph 18

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 MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, GWALIOR (M.P.)
(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

1. Introduction
The increasing global concern about environmental sustainability and the need to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions have driven the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) as a promising solution for
sustainable transportation. Designing an efficient and reliable electric vehicle requires careful
consideration of various factors, such as performance, energy efficiency, safety, and environmental
impact. To achieve these goals, advanced simulation and optimization tools are essential, and
MATLAB, a widely used software in the field of engineering, offers powerful capabilities for EV
design.

MATLAB is a versatile tool that provides a comprehensive environment for modeling, simulation, and
optimization. It allows engineers and researchers to create virtual prototypes of electric vehicles and
simulate their performance under different conditions. MATLAB offers a wide range of advanced
mathematical algorithms, simulation techniques, and optimization tools that can be used to optimize
the design parameters of electric vehicles, such as motor size, battery capacity, power electronics
configuration, and control strategies.

The use of MATLAB in EV design enables engineers to evaluate and compare different design options
efficiently, assess the performance and energy efficiency of electric vehicle components, and optimize
the overall system for maximum performance and efficiency.

In this project, we utilized MATLAB to design an electric vehicle with a focus on performance, energy
efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. The findings of this project can provide valuable
insights into the application of MATLAB in EV design and contribute to the advancement of
sustainable transportation through the development of efficient and reliable electric vehicles.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

1. 1 Objective and Focused problem

Objective:

The objective of the "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB" project is to utilize the powerful
capabilities of MATLAB for the design and optimization of an efficient and sustainable electric
vehicle.

Focused Problem:

The focused problem of the "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB" project is to optimize
the design parameters of an electric vehicle using MATLAB in order to achieve maximum
performance and energy efficiency, while ensuring safety and promoting environmental sustainability.
This includes addressing the following specific challenges:

 Optimal Design Parameters

 Energy Efficiency Enhancement

 Safety Considerations

 Environmental Sustainability

 Multidisciplinary Integration

1. 2 Motivation

The "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB" project is motivated by the urgent need for
sustainable transportation, the desire to optimize energy efficiency and performance, the importance of
safety and reliability, the opportunity for multidisciplinary integration using MATLAB's capabilities,
and the drive for innovation and impact in the electric vehicle industry. This project aims to develop
optimized electric vehicle designs that contribute to sustainable transportation solutions, enhance
energy

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

efficiency and performance, ensure safety and reliability, and generate new knowledge and insights in
the field of electric vehicles.

1. 3 Background/Literature Review

The field of electric vehicles (EVs) has been rapidly growing in recent years due to increasing
concerns about environmental sustainability and the need for more energy- efficient and eco-friendly
transportation solutions. Many researchers and engineers have been investigating various aspects of
EV design, optimization, and performance using simulation tools like MATLAB, which provides
powerful capabilities for modeling, simulation, and optimization.

One key area of research in EV design is the optimization of design parameters, such as motor size,
battery capacity, and power electronics configuration, to achieve maximum performance and energy
efficiency. Several studies have utilized MATLAB's optimization algorithms to find optimal design
parameters for EVs, considering factors such as vehicle weight, aerodynamics, and driving conditions,
to maximize performance and energy efficiency.

Energy efficiency enhancement is another important aspect of EV design. Researchers have used
MATLAB to develop efficient algorithms and control strategies for managing power flow, charging
and discharging of the battery, and other operational aspects of the EV to minimize energy
consumption and extend the vehicle's range. This includes optimization of regenerative braking,
energy management during acceleration and deceleration, and power distribution between the motor
and battery.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Safety considerations are crucial in EV design, particularly in relation to the battery and thermal
management systems. Researchers have used MATLAB to simulate and analyze the thermal behavior
of the motor and battery, and develop effective strategies to manage temperature, prevent overheating,
and protect the battery from overcharging or over- discharging. These studies aim to ensure safe and
reliable operation of the EV, minimizing the risk of accidents or hazards associated with battery
operation.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

2. Project description and Goals

The "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB" project aims to develop an optimized and
sustainable electric vehicle design using MATLAB as a powerful tool for modeling, simulation, and
optimization. The project will focus on addressing key aspects of EV design, including design
parameter optimization, energy efficiency enhancement, safety considerations, environmental
sustainability, and multidisciplinary integration.

The primary goals of the project are:

Optimize EV Design Parameters: Utilize MATLAB's optimization algorithms to determine optimal

design parameters, such as motor size, battery capacity, power electronics configuration, and other
relevant factors, to achieve maximum performance and energy efficiency. This will involve
conducting simulations and analyses to evaluate the impact of different design parameters on the
overall performance of the EV and identifying the optimal design choices.

Enhance Energy Efficiency: Develop algorithms and control strategies using MATLAB to optimize
power flow, charging and discharging of the battery, regenerative braking, energy management during
acceleration and deceleration, and power distribution between the motor and battery, with the goal of
maximizing energy efficiency and extending the vehicle's range. This will involve simulating and
analyzing the EV's energy consumption under various driving conditions and optimizing the control
strategies to minimize energy consumption.

Ensure Safety and Reliability: Utilize MATLAB to simulate and analyze the thermal behavior of the
motor and battery, and develop effective strategies for managing

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temperature, preventing overheating, and protecting the battery from overcharging or over-
discharging. The goal is to ensure safe and reliable operation of the EV, minimizing the risk of
accidents or hazards associated with battery operation.

Promote Environmental Sustainability: Analyze the environmental impact of the EV design using
MATLAB, considering factors such as greenhouse gas emissions and conducting life cycle
assessments to minimize the environmental footprint of the vehicle. This will involve optimizing the
design parameters and control strategies to reduce emissions during operation, and evaluating the
environmental impact of different components and materials used in the EV.

Achieve Multidisciplinary Integration: Leverage MATLAB's multidisciplinary capabilities to integrate

various engineering disciplines, such as electrical, mechanical, and thermal engineering, to develop a
holistic and optimized EV design. This will involve considering the interactions between different
subsystems of the EV, optimizing their integration, and ensuring a well-coordinated and efficient
system.

The ultimate goal of the "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB" project is to develop an
optimized and sustainable electric vehicle design that contributes to sustainable transportation
solutions, enhances energy efficiency and performance, ensures safety and reliability, promotes
environmental sustainability, and leverages multidisciplinary integration for an integrated and efficient
system.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

3. Technical Specification

 Software: MATLAB R2023a and Simscape library will be used as the primary tools for
modeling, simulation, and analysis in the "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using
MATLAB" project.

 Simscape Components: The Simscape components to be utilized in the EV system model,

such as motors, batteries, power electronics, thermal components, and other relevant
components from the Simscape library, which will be customized and integrated into the EV
system model as per project requirements.

 Simulation Inputs: The driving cycles or real-world driving data to be used as inputs for
simulating the performance and energy consumption of the EV system under different driving
conditions, which will be incorporated into the Simscape model using appropriate input
sources and signals.

These technical specifications will guide the "Electrical Vehicle (EV) Design using MATLAB"
project team in utilizing MATLAB R2023a, along with the Simscape library, for modeling,
simulation, optimization, and analysis of the EV system, enabling the development of an
optimized and sustainable EV design.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

4. Design approach and Details

Design Approach:

Fig.1 Block diagram of EV

For designing Electric Vehicle we will follow the above block diagram.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Details:

Driver input: Driver input refers to the actions and commands given by a driver to operate a
vehicle. These inputs can include acceleration, braking, steering, and gear shifting.

The Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) is a standardized driving cycle used for emissions and
fuel economy testing of vehicles, particularly in the United States. It was developed by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is commonly used for evaluating the performance
of internal combustion engine vehicles, including gasoline-powered and diesel-powered
vehicles

Controller: In the context of electric vehicles (EVs), a controller refers to the electronic control
unit (ECU) or software that manages and controls various aspects of the EV's operation,
including power management, energy flow, and system performance. The controller plays a
crucial role in ensuring the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of the EV. The controller in an
EV typically includes multiple subsystems that work together to manage different aspects of
the vehicle's operation.

Battery: The battery is a critical component in an electric vehicle (EV) as it stores and provides
electrical energy to power the vehicle's electric motor. The performance, capacity, and
characteristics of the battery play a crucial role in determining the range, power, and overall
performance of the EV.

Motor: The motor is responsible for driving the wheels of the EV and determining its
performance in terms of power, torque, efficiency, and overall driving experience. In our
project we have used DC motor.

Gearbox: A gearbox is a mechanical device that is used to transmit and control power
between the engine and the wheels in a vehicle or machinery. It is typically used in
vehicles such as cars, trucks, motorcycles, and industrial machinery to control the speed,
torque, and direction of rotation of the engine's output.

Differential: A differential is a mechanical device used in many vehicles, including electric

vehicles (EVs), to enable smooth turning of the wheels at different speeds while maintaining
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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

traction. It is an important component of the drivetrain that allows the wheels to rotate at
different speeds when the vehicle is making turns, ensuring that the wheels can rotate at the
appropriate speeds relative to each other.

Tires: Tires are a critical component of electric vehicles (EVs) as they are the primary contact
point between the vehicle and the road. They play a crucial role in the overall performance,
safety, and efficiency of an EV.

The Magic Formula tire model is based on empirical data and provides a mathematical
representation of tire behavior under various operating conditions, such as slip angle (the angle
between the tire's direction of travel and its actual heading) and slip ratio (the ratio of the tire's
longitudinal slip speed to its free-rolling speed). The Magic Formula model describes the forces
and moments generated by the tire, including lateral force, longitudinal force, aligning moment,
and self-aligning torque, as functions of slip angle, slip ratio, and other parameters.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

5. Methodology

Fig.2 Steps of Construction of EV

VEHICLE BODY & TIRES:

We will construct vehicle body according to the following diagram.

Fig.3 Simulink design of vehicle body& tires

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Fig.4 Block Parameters: Vehicle Body

Fig.5 Block Parameters: Tire

Fig.6 Block Parameters: Differential

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Fig.7 Block Parameters: Simple Gear

MOTOR & CONTROLLER:

We will construct motor & controller according to the following diagram.

Fig.8 Simulink design of Motor & Controller

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Fig.9 Block Parameters: DC Motor

Fig.10 Block Parameters: H-Bridge

Fig.11 Block Parameters: Controlled PWM Voltage

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

DRIVER INPUT:

We will construct Driver Input according to the following diagram.

Fig.12 Simulink design of driver input

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Fig.13 Input Signal via Signal Builder

Fig.14 FTP47 Drive Cycle plot

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

6. Project Demonstration

Fig.15 Final Interface

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Fig.16 SOC% Graph

Fig.17 Current Graph

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Fig.18 Voltage Graph

Fig.19 Velocity Graph

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

7. Cost Analysis/Result & Discussion

Result & Discussion:

After we ran our simulation we were able to calculate following parameters:

1. SOC% (State Of Charge) = 44.86%

2. Current = 100.6 A

3. Voltage = 50.11 V

4. Distance = 10.89 Km

The results obtained from the MATLAB simulations indicated that the design of an EV involves a complex
trade-off between various parameters, including battery size, motor type, and system efficiency. The
simulations helped in optimizing the EV design for the desired performance, such as maximizing driving
range, minimizing energy consumption, and achieving high system efficiency. The sensitivity analysis
provided insights into the impact of different design parameters on the EV performance, aiding in decision-
making. The findings of this study can be valuable for engineers and researchers involved in EV design and
optimization, providing a foundation for further research and development in this field.

In conclusion, the use of MATLAB for EV design and analysis proved to be a powerful tool for simulating
and optimizing the performance of electric vehicles. The results and discussions presented in this study
highlight the importance of considering various parameters, such as battery sizing, motor selection, system
efficiency, and sensitivity analysis, in the design process. Further research can be carried out to explore
other aspects of EV design and performance optimization using MATLAB, including thermal management,
power electronics, and control strategies, to advance the field of electric mobility.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

8. Summary

Electric vehicle (EV) design is a complex process that involves various aspects such as energy
management, powertrain sizing, battery sizing, and performance analysis.
MATLAB, a widely used numerical computing environment, can be employed for designing and
simulating EVs.

One of the key components in EV design is the powertrain, which consists of the electric motor,
battery, and associated control systems. MATLAB provides tools for modeling and simulating
electric motors, such as the Simulink Power Systems™ and Simscape™ libraries, which offer
predefined blocks for electric motor models with different characteristics. These models can be
customized based on motor specifications, such as torque-speed curves, efficiency, and thermal
behavior.

Battery sizing is another critical aspect of EV design. MATLAB offers tools for designing battery
models, simulating their behavior, and estimating their performance. Battery models can be developed
based on battery chemistry, capacity, voltage, and discharge characteristics. MATLAB also provides
functions for estimating battery parameters, such as capacity, state of charge (SOC), and state of health
(SOH), using data from real-world driving cycles.

Energy management is crucial in EV design as it determines how power is distributed among various
components in the vehicle to optimize performance and efficiency.
MATLAB offers optimization algorithms and simulation tools for designing energy management
strategies that control the power flow between the battery, motor, and other subsystems based on
different objectives, such as maximizing range, minimizing energy consumption, or achieving desired
performance.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Performance analysis is an essential part of EV design to evaluate the overall system performance,
including acceleration, top speed, range, and efficiency. MATLAB provides tools for simulating and
analyzing the performance of EVs using different driving cycles, such as the New European Driving
Cycle (NEDC) or the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). These tools
allow designers to assess the performance of the EV under different conditions and make design
decisions accordingly.

In summary, MATLAB provides a comprehensive platform for designing and simulating electric
vehicles, encompassing various aspects such as powertrain modeling, battery sizing, energy
management, and performance analysis. It enables designers to develop and optimize EV systems
to achieve desired performance, efficiency, and range, helping in the design and development of
advanced electric vehicle technologies.

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

9. References
 https://skill-lync.com/student-projects/electric-vehicle-modelling- with-matlab

 https://github.com/mathworks/Simscape-Battery-Electric- Vehicle-Model

 https://www.mathworks.com/solutions/automotive/electric- vehicle.html

 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-
899X/1116/1/012103/pdf

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PLAGIARISM CHECK CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that I/we, students of B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering Department have checked my
complete project entitled “ELECTRICAL VEHICLE (EV) DESIGN USING MATLAB” for
similarity/plagiarism using the “Turnitin “software available in the institute.

This is to certify that the similarity in my project is found to be less than 30% which is with in the specified
limit. Full plagiarism report along with summary is enclosed.

Riddhi Bansal (0901EE201101)

Sachin Mahor (0901EE201103) Date:26/4/23

Dr. Vikram Saini

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(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

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