KAMLA NEHRU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (KNIT) SULTANPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
COPUTER-AIDED MACHINE DRAWING LAB-I (KME 353)
Experiment-2
Orthographic Projections of a 3D Object (e.g., a Machine Element)
1. Objective: To gain a hands-on experience of obtaining first angle orthographic projections of a 3D object in
computer-aided geometrical modeling software.
2. Tool(s): (a) Computer with at least 4 GB RAM, (b) Application software for geometrical modeling (e.g.,
FreeCAD, AutoCAD, among others).
3. Background: Orthographic projection (also orthogonal projection and analemma) is a means of
representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. Orthographic projection is a form of parallel projection in
which all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene appearing
in affine transformation on the viewing surface. The obverse of an orthographic projection is an oblique projection,
which is a parallel projection in which the projection lines are not orthogonal to the projection plane.
The term orthographic sometimes means a technique in multi-view projection in which principal axes or the
planes of the subject are also parallel with the projection plane to create the primary views. If the principal planes or
axes of an object in an orthographic projection are not parallel with the projection plane, the depiction is
called axonometric or an auxiliary views. (Axonometric projection is synonymous with parallel projection). Sub-
types of primary views include plans, elevations, and sections; sub-types of auxiliary
views include isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections.
Classification of orthographic projections has been summarized in Fig.1.
4. Procedure: Following procedure holds true for Open-Source computer Code (GUI software) named FreeCAD.
(a) First of all switch to ‘Part’ workbench to create a 3D cuboid (your basic object for this experiment) with a
cylindrical hole as shown in Fig. 2. (b) Learn how to look into the different views of created object, (c) Afterwards,
switch to ‘TechDraw’ workbench with default technical drawing sheet in active mode, (d) Create Front, Side and
Top view of the basic object (3d Cuboid created in ‘Part’ workbench).
Fig. 1 Classification of orthographic projections
Fig. 2 Sample 3D cuboid with cylindrical hole
5. Results: Students are advised to briefly enumerate their learning outcomes in reference to the final outcome in
form of Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Multi-views of 3D cuboid with cylindrical hole obtained in FreeCAD environment
