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Behaviourism WPS Office

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Pihu Salam
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18 views3 pages

Behaviourism WPS Office

Uploaded by

Pihu Salam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Behaviourism

Behavioral theory holds that psychological events can be described and explained in terms of observable
behavior and its associations with environmental stimuli and occurrences.

Main tenet is that all behavior is caused by a corresponding external stimulus.

Behavior is determined by the environment through either association or reinforcement.

Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of conditioning and will advocate a system of rewards and
targets in education.

Proponents of the Behaviorist earning Theor

Pandle

Behaviourism

Confined to observable and measurable behavior

Classical Conditioning - Pavlov

A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a


previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus
(US) that elicits the desired response called classical conditioning.

Operant Conditioning-Skinner
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. Key concepts
in operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and
negative punishment.

Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov (184 1936)

Stimulus presented-Response Elicited

He is known for using dogs for behavioral tests. He used a bell to teach the dogs te

know that food was being given and it resulted in the dogs salivating while waiting

for the food.

Operant Conditioning - Skinner

A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning-the idea that behavior is determined by
its consequences, (something that happen as a result of some activity) be they reinforcements or
punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

learning theory of Pavlov is based on his famous experiment of dog(Reflexes).

This theory explains learning by associations and focuses on learning of involuntary emotions or
psychological responses such as fear, increased muscle tension, salivation or sweating.

During the salivation experiment, Pavlov proposed few concepts, which are very important to know, if
one wants to understand classical conditioning.

KEY CONCEPTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING


Operant conditioning occurs when a learner's behavior is followed by a consequence, or reinforcement.

Positive Reinforcement

• Increases the frequency of a behavior when applied

• Example: if you finish your homework early, you get to go to the movies as a reward

Negative Reinforcement

• Increases the frequency of a behavior when removed

• Example: to stop the buzzing sound in your car, you have to roll up the window

Punishment

• Decreases the frequency of a behavior

• Example: your parents take your cell phone away for one day each week to lower your phone bill

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