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22 views9 pages

Physics y

awdxawsxaw

Uploaded by

Ashhad Qureshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment on Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

For the fulfilment of the Degree BSC Physical sciences


Submitted by
Name: Yash choudhary
Course: BSC Physical sciences(SEM 1)
Roll no: 245824360
PH.No-8619476696

HANSRAJ COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
OCTOBER 2024
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a fundamental concept in physics,
describing the motion of an object oscillating about a fixed point.
Differential Equation of SHM:
The differential equation of SHM is:
d²x/dt² + (k/m)x = 0
where:
x = displacement from the equilibrium position
k = spring constant (or force constant)
m = mass of the object
Derivation:
Consider a mass attached to a spring with spring constant k. The
force on the mass due to the spring is -kx, where x is the
displacement from the equilibrium position. Applying Newton's
second law (F = ma), we get:

-kx = ma

Substituting a = d²x/dt² (acceleration), we get:

-kx = m(d²x/dt²)

Rearranging the equation, we get the differential equation of SHM:

d²x/dt² + (k/m)x = 0
Solution:

The solution to this differential equation is:

x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)

where:
A = amplitude of motion (maximum displacement)
ω = angular frequency (related to the spring constant and mass)
φ = phase constant (dependent on initial conditions)

ω = √(k/m)

This solution describes the displacement of the object as a function


of time, with the object oscillating about the equilibrium position
with a frequency determined by the spring constant and mass.

Solution in Terms of Initial Conditions:


We can write the solution in terms of the initial conditions (x0, v0) as:

x(t) = x0 cos(ωt) + (v0 / ω) sin(ωt)

where ω = √(k/m) is the angular frequency.

Alternative Forms of the Solution:

The solution can also be expressed in other forms, such as:

x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)

x(t) = A sin(ωt + ψ)

where A is the amplitude, φ is the phase constant, and ψ is another


phase constant related to φ.

Physical Interpretation of the Solution:

The solution represents the displacement of the mass from its


equilibrium position as a function of time. The motion is oscillatory,
with the mass moving back and forth about the equilibrium position.
The amplitude (A) represents the maximum displacement from the
equilibrium position.

The angular frequency (ω) represents the rate at which the mass
oscillates.

The phase constant (φ or ψ) represents the initial phase of the


oscillation.

Energy Considerations:

The total energy of the system is conserved, with the sum of kinetic
energy (K) and potential energy (U) remaining constant:

K + U = (1/2)mv^2 + (1/2)kx^2 = constant

This energy conservation principle is a fundamental aspect of Simple


Harmonic Motion.

Differential Equation from Energy Considerations:


We can derive the differential equation for SHM by considering the
energy of the system. The total energy (E) is the sum of kinetic
energy (K) and potential energy (U):

E = K + U = (1/2)mv^2 + (1/2)kx^2

Since energy is conserved, the derivative of E with respect to time is


zero:

dE/dt = 0

Expanding the derivative, we get:

mv(dv/dt) + kx(dx/dt) = 0

Rearranging and substituting a = dv/dt (acceleration), we get:

ma + kx = 0

This is the same differential equation we derived earlier!

Solution in Terms of Energy:


We can express the solution in terms of the total energy (E) and the
angular frequency (ω):

x(t) = √(2E/k) cos(ωt + φ)

This form highlights the relationship between the energy of the


system and the oscillations.

Further Insights:

SHM has many interesting properties and applications, such as:

- Resonance: SHM systems can exhibit resonance when driven at


specific frequencies.
- Superposition: SHM solutions can be superposed to form new
solutions.
- Fourier Analysis: SHM is closely related to Fourier analysis and
frequency domain analysis.

Nonlinear Oscillations:
In reality, many oscillatory systems exhibit nonlinear behavior, where
the restoring force isn't proportional to the displacement. This leads
to more complex equations of motion, such as:

d^2x/dt^2 + ω^2 x + β x^3 = 0

These equations can exhibit rich dynamics, including chaos and


bifurcations.

Force-Displacement Curves:

The force-displacement curve for SHM is a straight line. However, for


nonlinear oscillators, this curve can be nonlinear, leading to
interesting phenomena like hysteresis and multistability.

Resonance and Frequency Response:

When driven by an external force, SHM systems exhibit resonance at


specific frequencies. This leads to important applications in
engineering, like vibration isolation and filtering.

Damping and Energy Loss:

In real-world systems, energy loss due to damping is inevitable. This


affects the oscillations, leading to decay or growth of the amplitude.
Coupled Oscillators:

Coupling multiple SHM systems leads to new phenomena like normal


modes, beating, and energy transfer between oscillators.

Continuous Systems:

SHM can be extended to continuous systems like strings, membranes,


and continua, leading to wave equations and Fourier analysis.

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