Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

Unit 1: MATRICES

Matrix
A matrix of m rows and n columns (mxn) is an ordered table of numbers with the form:

2nd column mth row

Example:  2 3 0 1
 
A  2

3 1 0

A M 3x4  
 1 1 0 0 


If the matrix has the same number of rows and columns, it is called square matrix.

1 2 3
 
1
A  0 1  M
3   1
 3
9 5 3 


Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

If the matrix has only a row, it is called row vector or row matrix. If it has only a column, it is
called column vector or column matrix.

One matrix equals another matrix if they have the same dimension and the same terms
A, B  M m xn  ; A  B  a ij  b ij  i  1, 2 , ..... m ;  j  1, 2 , ..... n

 i  j
A matrix is called triangular if A M m xn   is tr ia n g u la r if a ij  0 
 i  j
 1 0 0 03 1 1
Examples   
1 2 0 0 0 0 2
  
 0 3 3 0   0 0 1 


A matrix is called diagonal if A M n   is d ia g o n a l if a ij  0  i  j

7 0 0
Example:  
0 1 0
 
0 0 2 


Operations with matrices

1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

L et A, B  M m xn  , A  ( a ij ), B  ( b ij ), th e n :

 a 1 1  b1 1 a 1 2  b1 2 ... a 1 n  b1 n 
 
A  B  ( a ij  b ij )  ... ... ... ...  M ( )
  m xn

a b a m 2  bm 2 ... a m n  b m n 
 m1 m1

The zero or null matrix is: 0 0 ... 0

 
0 m xn  ... ... ... ...  M ( )
  m xn

0 0 ... 0 

The opposite matrix is

 A  (  a ij )  M m xn
( ) if A  M m xn  

Then A  B  A  (  B )  ( a ij  b ij )  M m xn
( ) if A , B  M m xn  

Properties:

(i) Commutative property: A B  B  A  A, B  M m xn

( )

(ii) Associative property: A  (B  C )  ( A  B)  C  A, B , C  M m xn

( )

(iii) Additive identity:  0 m xn  M m xn

( ) / A  0 m xn  0 m xn  A  A A  M m xn
( )

2
(iv) Additive inverse: A  M m xn
( )  A M m xn
( ) / A  (  A )  (  A )  A  0 m xn

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

2. SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

The scalar multiplication of a real number k by a matrix A is defined as:

 k a11 k a12 ... k a1n 
 
L e t A  ( a ij )  M m x n   , k  , th e n : k · A  ( k a ij )  ... ... ... ...  M ( )
  m xn

 ka 
Properties: If A , B  M m x n ( ) , k , l   m1
kam 2 ... kamn 

(1) k ( A  B )  k A  k B
( 2 ) ( k  l ) A  k A  lA

( 3 ) ( k ·l ) A  k ( lA )

( 4 ) 1· A  A 0· A  0 m x n

With these properties (Mmxn(R), +,·R) has a structure of vector space.

Examples: 3 1  4 3 
   
L et A  2 1 B  2 2 , th e n
   
0 2  1 1 
 
7 2  6 2   6 11 
     
A B  4 1 2A  4 2 2 A  3B  2 8
     
1 3  0 4   3 1 
  
3. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

Let A  M 1 xn  ,B  M nx1  . W e d e f in e th e s c a la r p r o d u c t:

 b1 
 
b2
A ·B   a1 a2 ... a n ·   a ·b  a ·b  ...  a ·b 
 
1 1 2 2 n n

 
 bn 

Example:
4
 
3 1  2 · 0  3·4  1·0  (  2 )·1  1 0
 
1
 

Then, we define the matrix multiplication

Let A  M m xp  ,B  M pxn  . T h e n C  A·B  M m xn

( ):

 c1 1 c1 2 ... c1 n 
 
C  A · B  ... ... ... ... w h e re c ij  R i ·C  a i 1 ·b1 j  .....  a ip b p j
  j

c cm 2 ... c m n 
 m1 3

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

Example:

1 0 1
1 0 3    8 12 1
  · 2 1 1   

0 3 1 2x3   9 1 3 2x3
3 4 0 
3x3

1  0   1
     
c1 1   1 0  3 · 2   8 ; c 1 2   1 0  3 ·  1   1 2 ; c 1 3   1 0  3 · 1   1
     
3  4   0 
     

1  0   1
     
c 21   0 3 1 · 2  9 ; c 2 2   0 3 1 ·  1  1; c 2 3   0 3 1 · 1  3
     
3  4   0 
     

Properties:
I ) A s s o c ia tiv e p r o p e r ty : A · ( B ·C )  ( A · B ) ·C  A, B , C

 A · ( B  C )  A · B  A ·C
I I ) D is tr ib u tiv e p r o p e r tie s :   A, B , C
 ( B  C )·A  B ·A  C ·A
I I I ) k · ( A ·B )  ( k · A ) ·B  A · ( k ·B )  A, B k 

NOTES:

1) A · B  B · A  n o c o m m u ta tiv e

A  0

2 ) A ·B  0   o r
B  0


Example:
1 00 0  0 0
  ·    
0 03 1  0 0

Then: C A  C B  A  B

 AC  BC  A  B

4. TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

L e t A  ( a ij )  M  . W e d e fin e th e tra n s p o s e o f A : A   a ji   M  
t
m xn nxm

Example:

 2 0
4
2 3 1  
A     A   3
t
1

0 1 2   1
 2 

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

Properties:
(i ) ( A )  A
t t

( ii ) ( A  B )  A  B
t t t

( iii ) ( k · A )  k · A k 
t t

( iv ) ( A · B )  B · A
t t t

1 1 0  0 1 1
Exercise: let    
A  5 2 1 ; B  2 1 0
   
7 0 4  1 0 2 
 

Calculate: a) 2A - 3B b) A·B c) B·A d) Bt·At

 2 1 3  2 0 1   12 2 3 2 3 4 
Solutions:        
a) 16 1 2 ;b) 3 3 3 ; c) 3 0 1 ;d) 0 3 7
       
17 0 1 4  4 7 1 5   15 1 8  1 3 1 5 
   

Square matrices A M n  

The (main) diagonal of a square matrix is formed by the elements a11, a22, …,ann. The trace is
the addition of these elements: tr ( A )  a 1 1  a 2 2  ...  a n n 

Example:

1 0 ... 0
 
0 1 ... 0
The identity or unit matrix is: In    M ( )
 
n

 
0 0 ... 1

and it verifies that it is the identity element of multiplication, that is: I n · A  A ·I n  A A  M n ( )

A square matrix is said to be symmetric if At = A, and antisymmetric if At = -A

Examples:  1 2 3   0 7 8 
   
A  2 7 0 is s y m m e tr ic B  7 0  1 is a n tis y m m e tr ic
   
 3 0 1   8 1 0 
 

Exercise: let  2 1 3  0 a 1 
   
A  x y z ;B  3 0 7
   
a) Calculate their traces  3
 0 1 4  b
 7 c 

b) Find x, y and z to make A symmetric 5

c) Find a, b and c to make B antisymmetric

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

Solutions: a) tr(A) = y + 16, tr(B) = c; b) x = -1, y € R, z = 0; c) a = -3, b = -1, c = 0

Invertible matrix
A matrix A  M n  is
 invertible if  B  M n   so that A·B = B·A = In . Otherwise it is called
singular matrix. B=A-1 is called the inverse of A

NOTE:
1
1) If  A , it is u n iq u e

2 ) If  B  M n ( ) / A ·B  I n  B · A  I n

Properties:

Let A , B  M n   invertibles, then:

1
1
( i ) A is in v e r tib le a n d A 
1
 A
1 1 1
( ii ) A · B is in v e r tib le a n d ( A · B )  B ·A
1
A  A 
t
1

t t
( iii ) A is in v e r tib le a n d

Calculation of the inverse by Gauss-Jordan method

To calculate the inverse of an invertible matrix A, we have to transform the matrix (A|I) into
the matrix (I|A-1) by using these elementary operations:

- To exchange two rows: Ri ↔ Rj

- To substitute a row by a linear combination of all the rows: Ri↔ k1R1+k2R2+…+kiRi+…kmRm

ki ≠ 0, kj are real numbers, j = 1, 2, ….m
1 3 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 R1 1 3 1 1 0 0
Example:      
A  0 1 2  0 1 2 0 1 0  R2 0 1 2 0 1 0 
     
2 1 0  2 1 0 0 0 
1 R 3  2 R1 0 5 2 2 0 1 
  
1 R1 3 1 1 0 0 1 2 R1  R 3 12 36 0 10 5 1 
   
 R2 0 1 2 0 1 0  6 R2  R3 0 6 0 2 1 1 
   

R3  5 R2  0 0 12 2 5 1  R3  0 0 12 2 5 1 

 1 1 1 7 
R1  1 0 0   
12 6 12 12
R1  6 R 2  1 2 0 0 2 1 7   
  1  1 1 1 
 R2 0 6 0 2 1 1  R2 0 1 0  
  6  3 6 6 
R3  2 1   
 0 0 12 5
1 1 5 1
R 3  0 0 1  

12  6 12 12 

 1 1 7 
   
6 12 12
   2 1 7 
1  1 1 1  1  
 A    4 2 2 6
 3 6 6  12  
   2 5 1 
1 5 1 
  
 
 6 12 12 

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

NOTE: if we obtain a row of zeros in the matrix on the left, A is a singular matrix

Exercise. Calculate the inverse of the following matrices:

 2 1 3   3 1 6 
    2 1
A  1 0 1 ;B  1 0 2 ;C   
   
 3 1 1
 0 1   2
 7 4 

Solutions:  0 1 1 
1 1   1  1 1
A  4 7  5 ; B is s in g u la r ; C   
4  
 1 2 
 0 3 1 

Matrix applications
The following matrix consists of a shoe store’s inventory of flip flops, clogs, and Mary Janes in
sizes small, medium, and large:

The store wants to know how much their inventory is worth for all the shoes. How should we
set up the matrix multiplication to determine this the best way?

The trick for these types of problems is to line up what matches (flip flops, clogs, and Mary
Janes), and that will be “in the middle” when we multiply. This way our dimension will line up.
Another way to look at it is we need to line up what goes across the first matrix with what goes
down the second matrix. So our matrix multiplication will look like this:

So we’ll have $1050 worth of small shoes, $2315 worth of medium shoes, and $1255 worth of
large shoes for a total of $4620

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

Exercise. A factory makes two types of washing machine, A and B, in three different finishes,
N, L and S. It produces the A model: 400 units of N finish, 200 units of L finish and 50 of S finish.
It produces the B model: 300 units of N finish, 100 units of L finish and 30 of S finish. It takes 25
hours of work and 1 hour of administration to make the N finish. It takes 30 hours of work and
1.2 hour of administration to make the L finish. It takes 33 hours of work and 1.3 hour of
administration to make S finish.

a) Represent the information in two matrices.

b) Find a matrix that expresses the hours of work and administration for each model.

Solution: A  400 200 50 

 
B  300 100 30 

N L S

N  25 1 
 
L 30 1 .2
 
S  3 3 1 .3 

W A

 25 1 
 400 200 50    17650 705  A
 · 3 0 1 .2   
 300 100 3 0   
11490 459  B
 33 1 .3 

W A
Exam
1 0 0 1 0 2
1. Let    
A  1 1 0 ;B  3 2 6
   
1 0 1  0 1 0 
 

calculate 3A - 5B
 2 0 10   2 0 10   1 0 10 
 2 0 10 
a)   b)   c)   d)  
12 7 30 12 7 30 12 7 30 2 3 30
       
 3  3 3   3 3   5 3 
 5 3   5  5  7

2. Calculate A·B
 3 0 2  1 0 2  1 0 2 
 3 0 2      
a)   b) 11 2 6 c) 4 2 8 d) 4 2 8
11 2 6      
   1
 1 1 0  1 1 2   1 1 2 
 1 0    

3. Calculate At + Bt
 2 0 3 2 4 1
2 4 1
2 0 2    
a) b)   c) 0 7 1 d) 0 3 1
  0 3 1    
   2 1  2 1 
4 3 6
  2 6
1    6
1 6
1   8
 1

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

4. Find A-1
 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 1
a)   b)   c)   d) A is a singular matrix
1 1 1 0 1 1 0

1 0
    
 1  1 1   1 1 
 0 1   0  0

5. Find B-1
1 2 1 1 4 1
3 2 1 
   
a)   b) 2 1 0 c) 0 1 0 d) B is a singular matrix
2 1 0    
  1
1 3  1 1 6 
 1   0 
 0

6. Calculate 5BA
10   20 10 5  0 10 5 
 15 0
 15 0 10     
a) b)   c) 5 15 30 d) 5 5 20
  55 0 30    
55 10 30    5
   5 0   5 0  5
 5 0 
 5 5 0   5


7. Calculate B·A-1
 1 0 2 11 3 2  1 0 2
a)   b)   c)   5  d) B is a singular matrix
2 3 2 0 2 6

5 6
    
 1  1 0   1 0 
 1 0   1  1

8. Calculate B2
0 12 2 1 2 2   1 2 3  1 21 3
a)   b)   c)   d)  
2 3 8 9 10 18 2 3 5 0 13 5
       
3 2 6  3 2 6   0 12 0  10 12 0 
   
0 0
9. Find a, b and c to make that:  1 3 2   a b 3b 
 · 1 4   
 1 4 0   
a b c 4b 
a) a = -5, b = 4, c = 5 3 0 

b) a = 5, b = 4, c = -2

c) a = 3, b = 4, c = -2

d) a = 5, b = 4, c = -5
1 0 
10. Let the matrix:  
, which of the following sentences is false?
0 1
a) It is a symmetric matrix

b) It is a triangular matrix

c) Its trace equals 0

9
d) All of them are true

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)

Unit 1: “Matrices” Mathematics applied to Social Science II

Vocabulary
- Matrix/matrices: matriz/matrices

- Row: fila - Vector space: espacio vectorial

- Column: columna - Matrix multiplication: producto de matrices

- Square matrix: matriz cuadrada - Scalar product: producto escalar

- Row vector or row matrix: matriz fila - Distributive properties: propiedades distributivas

- Column vector or column matrix: matriz - Transpose of a matrix: matriz traspuesta

columna
- (Main) diagonal: diagonal (principal)
- Triangular matrix: matriz triangular
- Trace: traza
- Diagonal matrix: matriz diagonal
- Identity or unit matrix: matriz identidad
- Zero or null matrix: matriz cero
- Identity element of multiplication: elemento neutro
- Opposite matrix: matriz opuesta de la multiplicación

- Commutative property: propiedad - Symmetric matrix: matriz simétrica

conmutativa
- Antisymmetric matrix: matriz antisimétrica
- Associative property: propiedad
asociativa - Invertible matrices: matrices invertibles

- Additive identity: elemento neutro de - Singular matrix: matriz singular

la suma
- Inverse: inversa
- Additive inverse: elemento inverso de
la suma - Matrix applications: aplicaciones de las matrices

- Scalar multiplication: producto por un

escalar

10

The end

Mathematics Department IES “Juan de Padilla” – Illescas (Toledo)