Mastering

Mastering
Chemistry
Chemistry
• Book
Book 8 2A
• Topic
Topic 4 Acids
15 Analytical and Bases
Chemistry

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 2

Content
51.1 Introduction to analytical chemistry
51.2 The tests for gases
51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample
51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample
51.5 Separating chemical species in a
mixture
51.6 Risk assessment of experiments

Continued on next page

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 3

Content
Key terms
Summary
Unit Exercise

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 4

51.1 Introduction to analytical chemistry (p.2)

w Analytical chemistry (分析化學) is a branch of chemistry

which deals with the analysis of chemical species of all sorts.
It is concerned with the separation, identification and
determination of the relative amounts of the components
making up a sample.
w Much of your daily life depends on analytical chemistry. For
example, accurate quality control analysis ensures the
qualities of the food you eat, the medicine you use, the water
you drink and the air you breathe.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 5

51.1 Introduction to analytical chemistry (p.2)

w Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types —

qualitative and quantitative.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 6

51.1 Introduction to analytical chemistry (p.2)

w Qualitative analysis (定性分析) refers to an analyse in
which components of a mixture are separated and
identified, examples of which include identifying the
products of a chemical reaction, or screening an athlete’s
urine for the presence of a performance-enhancing drug.

Qualitative analysis is needed in screening

of athlete’s urine for the presence
of performance-enhancing drug

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 7

51.1 Introduction to analytical chemistry (p.2)

w Quantitative analysis (定量分析) refers to an analyse in
which the amount or concentration of a certain component
in a sample is determined, examples of which include
measuring the concentration of glucose in blood, or
measuring the concentration of carbon monoxide in air.
w Usually qualitative analysis is carried out before quantitative
analysis.

Quantitative analysis is needed in measuring

the concentration of glucose in
blood

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 8

51.2 The tests for gases (p.4)

w Several of the tests for cations and anions involve detecting
gases produced by the test reactions.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 9

51.2 The tests for gases (p.4)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 10

51.2 The tests for gases (p.4)

Practice 51.1
Suggest a chemical test to detect each of the following gases.
Write an equation for the reaction involved.
a) Hydrogen chloride gas
Dip a glass rod in aqueous ammonia and insert it into hydrogen chloride
gas. / Place hydrogen chloride gas near concentrated aqueous ammonia.
Dense white fumes are observed.
NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)

b) Sulphur dioxide gas

Insert a piece of filter paper soaked with acidified potassium dichromate
solution into sulphur dioxide gas.
The filter paper turns from orange to green.
Cr2O72–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 3SO2(g) 2Cr3+(aq) + H2O(l) + 3SO42–(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 11

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

Flame tests
w Some cations give characteristic colours in the flame of a
Bunsen burner.

Flame colours of some cations

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 12

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

w You can use flame colours to identify particular cations
present in samples.

w Method
• Moisten a clean nichrome wire by dipping it into concentrated
hydrochloric acid. Then dip it into the sample under test.
• Hold the wire in the hottest part of a non-luminous flame, and
observe the colour of the flame.
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 13

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

Precipitation reactions for cations
w A hydroxides, except those of Group I metals and ammonium,
are insouble in water and often have characteristic
appearances. Some dissolve in excess aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide and some dissolve in excess aqueous
ammonia.
w The addition of dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or
dilute aqueous ammonia to an aqueous solution of a sample
under test gives valuable information about the cations
present.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 14

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

w Method
• Dissolve a spatula measure of the sample under test in
water.
• Add a few drops of dilute aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide or dilute aqueous ammonia. Notice the colour
of any precipitate formed.
• Add dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or dilute
aqueous ammonia until in excess. Notice the solubility of
the precipitate and the colour of the resulting solution if
the precipitate dissolves.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 15

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

w The observations when dilute aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide is added to solutions containing some cations.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 16

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

The precipitates formed

by Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq) and
Cu2+(aq) ions with dilute
aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide (left to right)

The reaction of solution containing zinc ion with dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 17

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

w The observations when dilute aqueous ammonia is added to
solutions containing some cations.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 18

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

The reaction of solution containing copper(II) ion with dilute aqueous ammonia

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 19

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

A flow diagram used to identify

the common cations

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 20

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

Test for ammonium ion
w Ammonium ion reacts with dilute aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide to give ammonia gas and water. For example,
warming an aqueous solution of ammonium sulphate with
dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide gives ammonia
gas.
!"#$
NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 21

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

w Method
• Add dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to the
sample in either solid form or in solution.
• Warm the mixture gently.
• Insert a piece of moist red litmus paper into any gas evolved.
• Ammonium ion is present in the sample if the paper turns
from red to blue.

A sample containing ammonium ion gives a

gas that turns moist red litmus
paper blue when warmed with dilute
NaOH(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 22

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

Q (Example 51.1)

State the expected observation in each of the following

experiments, and account for the observation with the aid of
ionic equation(s).
a) Adding NaOH(aq) dropwise to Pb(NO3)2(aq) until in excess
b) Adding excess H2SO4(aq) to K2CrO4(aq), and then excess
FeSO4(aq) to the resulting mixture
c) Warming a mixture of (NH4)2SO4(aq) and CuSO4(aq) with
excess NaOH(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 23

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

A
a) A white precipitate forms.
The precipitate dissolves in excess NaOH(aq) to give a colourless
solution.
Pb2+(aq) + 2OH– (aq) Pb(OH)2(s)
Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH– (aq) [Pb(OH)4]2–(aq)
b) Yellow K2CrO4(aq) turns orange upon the addition of H2SO4(aq).
2CrO42– (aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(l)
yellow orange
c) A gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue is evolved.
NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)
A blue precipitate forms.
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Cu(OH)2(s)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 24

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

Practice 51.2
Alums are salts. They have been used since ancient times in dyeing and
making medicine. They still have many uses today.
The ions present in three alums are listed in the table below.

a) These alums contain aluminium ion.

Describe how an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide can
be used to show this.
Add an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to an aqueous solution
containing aluminium ions until in excess.
A white precipitate forms. The precipitate dissolves in excess alkali to
give a colourless solution. Identifying the cation in an
unknown solid sample Ref.
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 25

51.3 Identifying the cation in a sample (p.6)

Practice 51.2 (continued)
b) Describe and give the result of a chemical test to show that ammonium
alum contains ammonium ion.
Warm the ammonium alum with dilute aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide.
A gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue is evolved.
c) Flame tests can be used to distinguish these three alums.
i) Describe how you would carry out a flame test on an alum.
ii) Explain how these three alums can be distinguished from the results of
flame tests.
i) • Moisture a clean nichrome wire by dipping it into concentrated
hydrochloric acid. Then dip it into the sample under test.
• Hold the wire in the hottest part of a non-luminous flame, and
observe the colour of the flame.
ii) • Golden yellow flame — sodium alum
• Lilac flame — potassium alum
• No characteristic flame colour — ammonium alum
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 26

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Carbonate ion
w Carbonate ion reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give
carbon dioxide gas.

w For example, an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate reacts

with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the ionic equation
below.

CO32–(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 27

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

w Method
• Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample in either solid
form or in solution.
• Collect any bubbles of gas and pass them through
limewater.
• Carbonate ion is present in the sample if the limewater
turns milky.
A sample containing
carbonate ion gives a gas that
turns limewater milky when
mixed with dillute HCl(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 28

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Hypochlorite ion
w Hypochlorite ion reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give
chlorine gas.
w For example, an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite
reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the ionic
equation below.
OCl–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Cl2(g) + H2O(l)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 29

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

w Method
• Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample solution.
• Insert a piece of moist blue litmus paper into any gas
evolved.
• Hypochlorite ion is present in the sample solution if the
litmus paper is bleached.

A sample containing hypochlorite ion

gives a gas that bleaches moist blue
litmus paper when mixed with dilute
HCl(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 30

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Sulphite ion
w Sulphite ion reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give sulphur
dioxide gas.
w For example, an aqueous solution of sodium sulphite reacts
with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the ionic equation
below.
SO32–(aq) + 2H+(aq) SO2(g) + H2O(l)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 31

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

w Method
• Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample in either solid
form or in solution.
• Insert a piece of filter paper soaked with acidified aqueous
solution of potassium dichromate into any gas evolved.
• Sulphite ion is present in the sample if the paper changes
from orange to green.
A sample containing
sulphite ion gives a gas
that turns filter paper
soaked with acidified
potassium dichromate
solution from orange to
green when mixed with
dilute HCl(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 32

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Sulphate ion
w An aqueous solution containing sulphate ion gives a white
precipitate with an aqueous solution of barium chloride or
barium nitrate.

Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) BaSO4(s)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 33

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

w Method
• Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample in either solid
form or in solution until the solution obtained is just acidic
(test with litmus paper).
• Add an aqueous solution of barium chloride or barium nitrate.
• Sulphate ion is present in the sample if a white precipitate
forms.

An acidic solution containing sulphate ion gives a white precipitate when mixed
with an aqueous solution of barium chloride or barium nitrate
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 34

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Halide ions
w Silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide are insoluble
in water. Thus, the presence of chloride, bromide and iodide
ions in a solution can be detected by the addition of an
aqueous solution of silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq).

Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) AgCl(s)

white precipitate
Ag+(aq) + Br–(aq) AgBr(s)
creamy (pale yellow) precipitate
Ag+(aq) + I–(aq) AgI(s)
yellow precipitate

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 35

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

w Method
Add dilute nitric acid to the sample in either solid form or in
solution until the solution is just acidic (test with litmus paper).
• Add an aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
• Chloride ion is present in the sample if a white precipitate
forms.
• Bromide ion is present in the sample if a creamy (pale
yellow) precipitate forms.
• Iodide ion is present in the sample if a yellow precipitate
forms. These precipitates are
silver chloride (AgCl), silver
bromide (AgBr) and silver
iodide (AgI) (left to right)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 36

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

w If the colour of the precipitate is hard to distinguish, first add
dilute aqueous ammonia and then concentrated aqueous
ammonia, noting the solubility of the precipitate.

The test tubes contain

(a) a precipitate of silver chloride (left), the
solution after addition of dilute aqueous
ammonia (right),
(b) a precipitate of silver bromide (left), the
solution after addition of concentrated
aqueous ammonia (right),
(c) a precipitate of silver iodide (left), silver
iodide after addition of concentrated
aqueous ammonia (right), which fails to
dissolve the silver iodide precipitate
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 37

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

A flow diagram used to identify the

common anions

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 38

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Practice 51.3
1 Two jars of chemicals made in 1880s are shown below.

Add dilute hydrochloric acid to washing

soda. Test any gas evolved with limewater.
The limewater turns milky, showing that
a) Washing soda is sodium carbonate. washing soda is a carbonate.
Describe and give the result of a chemical test to show that washing
Add an aqueous solution of barium
soda is a carbonate.
chloride / barium nitrate to an aqueous
b) Glauber’s salt is sodium sulphate. solution of Glauber’s salt.
Describe and give the result of a chemical test to show that Glauber’s
salt is a sulphate. A white precipitate forms, showing that Glauber’s salt is a sulphate.
c) Suggest why a flame test would NOT distinguish between these two
chemicals. Both would give a golden yellow flame. / Both contain sodium ion.
Identifying the anion in an
unknown solid sample Ref.
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 39

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Practice 51.3 (continued)
2 Some scientists thought that a sample of waste water contained two
sodium halides.
They added three reagents, one after the other, to the same test tube
containing the waste water.
The table below shows their results.

a) i) Identify the yellow precipitate that did NOT dissolve in concentrated

aqueous ammonia. Silver iodide
ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of this precipitate from silver
ion and the halide ion identified in (i).
Ag+(aq) + I–(aq) AgI(s)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 40

51.4 Identifying the anion in a sample (p.13)

Practice 51.3 (continued)
2 b) Identify the other sodium halide that must be present in this mixture of
two sodium halides. Sodium chloride
c) i) Give ONE reason why the aqueous solution of silver nitrate was
acidified before it was used in this test.
Any one of the following:
• To prevent the formation of other silver precipitates that would
interfere with the test.
• To remove carbonate / sulphite / hydroxide ion.
ii) Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid should NOT be used to acidify
the aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
Hydrochloric acid contains chloride ion.
Chloride ion would form a white precipitate / interfere with the test.

Identifying four unlabelled

sample Ref.
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 41

51.5 Separating chemical species in a

mixture (p.21)
Separating cations in a mixture
w The uses of common qualitative analysis reagents.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 42

51.5 Separating chemical species in a

mixture (p.21)
Separating two cations in an aqueous solution

A separation scheme for

an aqueous solution
containing two cations:
Ag+(aq) and Pb2+(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 43

51.5 Separating chemical species in a

mixture (p.21)
Separating four cations in an aqueous solution
A separation scheme
for an aqueous
solution containing
four cations:
Al3+(aq), Cu2+(aq),
Fe3+(aq) and Zn2+(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 44

51.5 Separating chemical species in a

mixture (p.21)
Separating anions in a mixture
A separation scheme for an
aqueous solution
containing four anions:
CO32–(aq), SO42–(aq), Cl–(aq)
and I–(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 45

51.5 Separating chemical species in a

mixture (p.21)
Practice 51.4
1 Suggest how copper powder can be obtained from a mixture
of copper powder and copper(II) oxide by chemical method.
Add dilute sulphuric acid to the mixture to dissolve
the copper(II) oxide.
Filter the mixture obtained to collect the copper
powder.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 46

51.5 Separating chemical species in a

mixture (p.21)
Practice 51.4 (continued)
2 Suppose you are given an aqueous solution containing four cations:
Al3+(aq), Ca2+(aq), Fe2+(aq), Zn2+(aq)
You are provided with the following reagents:
6 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) 6 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
6 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) 6 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
Devise a separation scheme for the cations in
the solution. Explain the rationale of your scheme
and present it in the form of a flow diagram.
Look at the properties of the cations:
• Ca2+(aq) ion forms an insoluble sulphate;
• Fe2+(aq) ion forms an insoluble hydroxide
with dilute NaOH(aq) and dilute NH3(aq);
• when mixed with NaOH(aq), Al3+(aq) ion and
Zn2+(aq) ion form hydroxides that are soluble in
excess NaOH(aq);
• when mixed with NH3(aq), Zn2+(aq) ion forms
a hydroxide that is soluble in excess NH3(aq).

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 47

51.5 Separating chemical species in a mixture

(p.21)
Q (Example 51.2)
Outline how you would separate NH4Cl(s), PbCl2(s) and MgCl2(s)
from a mixture of the three compounds.
A
Heat the mixture. Only NH4Cl(s) sublimes. It can be collected on
a cold surface.
Add water to the remaining solid mixture.
PbCl2(s) is insoluble. It can be collected by filtration. MgCl2(s)
can be obtained from its solution by crystallisation.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 48

51.6 Risk assessment of experiments (p.27)

w A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm, including injury to
persons, or damage to property or equipment. A risk is the likelihood of a
hazard causing harm in practice.
w To carry out a risk assessment to identify the hazards and take appropriate
precautions to reduce the risk before conducting an experiment. Below are
some examples.
• Almost all organic chemicals are flammable. Thus, do not heat flasks and
test tubes containing them directly with a Bunsen flame. Use a hot water
bath or an electric heater (reduces risk).
• If a chemical can be absorbed through the skin, wear protective gloves.
• If a chemical has a harmful, irritating or toxic vapour, carry out
the experiment inside a fume cupboard.
• If a chemical is corrosive, harmful, irritating or toxic, wear protective
gloves and take extra care.
• Any substance suspected of being a carcinogen must not be used
in a school laboratory.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 49

51.6 Risk assessment of experiments (p.27)

w Consider risks associated with apparatus. For example, use
spirit thermometers or digital thermometers which have much
lower risks instead of mercury ones. Use glass apparatus
with ground glass joints, as these are safer to set up than
those that use corks or bungs.
w Whenever an experiment is carried out, decide if it is safe.
Take care to identify hazardous chemicals and also look for
hazards arising from procedures or equipment. Carry out a
risk assessment with the steps listed below.
1 Identify the hazards involved (hazardous chemicals,
procedures or equipment).
2 Assess the risk.
3 Decide what safety precautions to take.
4 Find out how to dispose of any hazardous chemical properly.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 50

51.6 Risk assessment of experiments (p.27)

w Suppose you plan to make a pH indicator from red cabbage
and test the indicator, following the procedure below:
1 Boil about 100 cm3 of water in a beaker.
2 Add three to four pieces of red cabbage to the boiling water.

Experimental set-up used to make a pH

indicator from red cabbage

3 Boil for about 5 minutes. The water should have turned

blue or green.
4 Turn off the Bunsen burner and allow the beaker to cool
for a few minutes.
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 51

51.6 Risk assessment of experiments (p.27)

5 Place three test tubes in a rack. Half fill one with 0.05 mol
dm–3 aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, one with
0.05 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and one with deionised
water.
6 Decant approximately 2–3 cm height of cabbage solution
into each test tube.
7 Test an aqueous solution of baking soda with the cabbage
solution to see if it is neutral, alkaline or acidic.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 52

51.6 Risk assessment of experiments (p.27)

w The risk assessment of the experiment.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 53

Key terms (p.30)

analytical chemistry 分析化學 quantitative analysis 定量分析
qualitative analysis 定性分析

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 54

Summary (p.31)
1 Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types —
qualitative and quantitative.
2 The following table summarises the tests for some
common gases and water vapour.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 55

Summary (p.31)
3 The following table summarises results of some tests for
cations.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 56

Summary (p.31)
4 The following table summarises results of some tests for
anions.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 57

Key terms (p.30)

5 Risk assessment is important in all chemical tests.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 58

Unit Exercise (p.34)

Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of

difficulty (from 1 to 5):

question targeted at level 3 and above;

question targeted at level 4 and above;
question targeted at level 5.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 59

Unit Exercise (p.34)

PART I KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
1 Complete the following concept maps.

a) blue
b) carbon dioxide
c) red
d) oxygen
e) orange

f) green
g) hydrogen
h) pink
i) ammonia

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 60

Unit Exercise (p.34)

a) golden yellow
b) lilac
c) brick-red

d) bluish green
e) NH4+
f) Mg2+ j) Zn2+
k) Fe2+
l) Fe3+
m) Cu2+

g) Al3+ / Pb2+ / Zn2+

h) Al3+ / Pb2+ / Zn2+
i) Al3+ / Pb2+ / Zn2+
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 61

Unit Exercise (p.34)

a) CO32–
b) OCl–
c) SO32–
d) white
e) Cl–
f) creamy
g) Br–
h) I–
i) SO42–

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 62

Unit Exercise (p.34)

PART II MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2 Four gases, W, X, Y and Z, are known to be N2, NO, NH3 and
O2. It is not known which gas is which.
When gases X and Y are mixed a brown gas is formed.
Gas Y relights a glowing splint.
Gases W, X and Z extinguish a burning splint.
Gas Z turns red litmus paper blue.
Which gas is N2? Explanation:
A Gas W X is NO.
B Gas X Y is O2. Answer: A
C Gas Y Z is NH3.
D Gas Z (OCR Advanced Level, Chem. B (Salters), Sample
Question Paper, H433/01, 2016, 14)
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 63

Unit Exercise (p.34)

3 Which of the following pairs of reagents would NOT react

when mixed?

A Aqueous solutions of nickel(II) sulphate and sodium

carbonate
B Aqueous solution of iron(III) sulphate and sulphur
dioxide gas
C Aqueous bromine and aqueous solution of
ammonium chloride
D Magnesium carbonate powder and dilute
hydrochloric acid Answer: C

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 64

Unit Exercise (p.34)

4 A student adds aqueous sodium carbonate to one test tube
and aqueous silver nitrate to a second test tube.
The student adds dilute sulphuric acid to each test tube.
Which row has the correct observations?

Aqueous sodium Aqueous silver

carbonate nitrate
A no change precipitate
B no change no change
C effervescence no change
D effervescence precipitate
Answer: D
Explanation:
Aqueous solution of sodium carbonate gives
carbon dioxide gas with dilute sulphuric acid. (OCR Advanced Subsidiary,
Aqueous solution of silver nitrate gives a Chem. A, H032/01,May
precipitate (Ag2SO4) with dilute sulphuric acid. 2016, 11)
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 65

Unit Exercise (p.34)

5 Which of the following processes would be involved in order

to separate Fe2+(aq) ions from a mixture containing Fe2+(aq)
and Na+(aq) ions?

A Performing a flame test

B Evaporating the mixture
C Using a separating funnel
D Adding NaOH(aq) to the mixture

Explanation:
Fe2+(aq) ions give a precipitate with Answer: D
NaOH(aq) while Na+(aq) ions do not.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 66

Unit Exercise (p.34)

6 Which of the following substances can be used to distinguish

between aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate and lead(II)
nitrate?

A Aqueous solution of sodium carbonate

B Aqueous solution of sodium chloride
C Aqueous solution of silver nitrate
D Dilute sulphuric acid
Explanation:
Aqueous solution of lead(II) nitrate gives Answer: B
a precipitate with aqueous
solution of sodium chloride while aqueous
solution of calcium nitrate does not.
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) PbCl2(s)
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 67

Unit Exercise (p.34)

7 X is an aqueous solution. When X is added to aqueous

bromine, a colourless solution results. When X is treated with
dilute hydrochloric acid, a gas with an irritating smell evolves.
X may be aqueous solution of

A ammonium nitrate.
B ammonium sulphate.
C sodium sulphite.
D sodium chloride.

Explanation: Answer: C
Sulphite ion reduces aqueous
bromine to colourless bromide.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 68

Unit Exercise (p.34)

8 A teacher tests a solution that has been used by students in
some experiments with potassium halides to see if it can be
used with a different class.
The teacher adds silver nitrate solution to the solution that the
students were using. A pale yellow precipitate is formed. The
teacher adds a few drops of dilute aqueous ammonia to the
precipitate. Some of the precipitate appears to dissolve and
the precipitate remaining has a stronger yellow tinge. The
teacher adds excess concentrated aqueous ammonia to the
remaining precipitate. The precipitate does not dissolve.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 69

Unit Exercise (p.34)

8 (continued)
What is the most likely conclusion that the teacher will reach
about the solution that the students were using?
A The solution contains chloride ions.
B The solution contains bromide ions.
C The solution contains chloride and bromide ions.
D The solution contains chloride and iodide ions.
Explanation:
Silver chloride is soluble in dilute aqueous
ammonia.
Silver iodide is insoluble in dilute and Answer: D
concentrated aqueous ammonia.
(OCR Advanced Level, Chem. B (Salters),
Sample Question Paper, H433/01, 2016, 13)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 70

Unit Exercise (p.34)

9 Which of the following pairs of solutions will give a precipitate

when mixed?

(1) H2SO4(aq) and Na2S2O3(aq)

(2) AgNO3(aq) and BaCl2(aq)
(3) NiSO4(aq) and NaOH(aq)
Explanation:
A (1) and (2) only (1) H2SO4(aq) and Na2S2O3(aq) give a
B (1) and (3) only precipitate (sulphur).
C (2) and (3) only (2) AgNO3(aq) and BaCl2(aq) give a
D (1), (2) and (3) precipitate (silver chloride).
(3) NiSO4(aq) and NaOH(aq) give a
precipitate (nickel(II) hydroxide).

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Answer: D
Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 71

Unit Exercise (p.34)

10 An aqueous solution X gives a white precipitate when an
aqueous solution of barium nitrate is added to it. The
precipitate is soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Which of the following ions may be present in solution X?
Explanation:
(1) CO32–(aq) (1) CO32–(aq) gives a white precipitate
(2) SO32–(aq) with Ba(NO3)2(aq).
(3) SO42–(aq) The precipitate (BaCO3) is soluble
in dilute hydrochloric acid.
A (1) and (2) only (2) SO32–(aq) gives a white precipitate
B (1) and (3) only with Ba(NO3)2(aq).
C (2) and (3) only The precipitate (BaSO3) is soluble
D (1), (2) and (3) in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Answer: A
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 72

Unit Exercise (p.34)

PART III STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
11 Suggest a test for each of the following gases.
a) Ammonia
Insert a piece of moist red litmus paper into ammonia gas. (1)
The moist red litmus paper turns blue. (1)
b) Chlorine
Insert a piece of moist blue litmus paper into chlorine gas. (1)
The moist blue litmus paper is bleached. (1)
c) Hydrogen chloride
Dip a glass rod in aqueous ammonia and insert it into
hydrogen chloride gas. /
Place hydrogen chloride gas near concentrated aqueous
ammonia. (1)
Dense white fumes are observed. (1)
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 73

Unit Exercise (p.34)

12 a) An ionic compound gives a brick red flame in a flame test.

Suggest one cation the compound may contain.

b) Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between K2SO3(aq)

and K2SO4(aq).

(HKDSE, Paper 2, 2018, 3(a)(i)–(ii))

Answers for the questions of the public examinations in Hong
Kong are not provided (if applicable).

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 74

Unit Exercise (p.34)

13 a) Suggest a test to distinguish between sodium ions and

potassium ions.

b) Suggest a chemical test for detecting sulphur dioxide gas.

(HKDSE, Paper 2, 2017, 3(a)(i)–(ii))

Answers for the questions of the public examinations in Hong
Kong are not provided (if applicable).

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 75

Unit Exercise (p.34)

14 a) Suggest a chemical test to show the presence of Br–(aq).

b) Suggest how copper powder can be obtained from a

mixture of copper powder and iron(III) oxide by chemical
method.

(HKDSE, Paper 2, 2015, 3(a)(i), (iii))

Answers for the questions of the public examinations in Hong
Kong are not provided (if applicable).

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 76

Unit Exercise (p.34)

15 Cheshunt mixture is a powder containing copper(II) sulphate,
CuSO4, and ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.

Describe tests to show the presence of the following ions in

the mixture.

a) Copper(II) ion
b) Sulphate ion
c) Ammonium ion
d) Carbonate ion
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 77

Unit Exercise (p.34)

15 (continued)
a) Any one of the following:
• Add dilute NaOH(aq) to an aqueous solution of the mixture until in excess.
(1)
A blue precipitate forms. (1)
• Add dilute NH3(aq) to an aqueous solution of the mixture until in excess.
(1)
A pale blue precipitate forms. The precipitate is soluble in excess NH3(aq),
forming a deep blue solution. (1)
b) Add dilute HCl(aq) to the mixture until the solution obtained is just acidic.
Add BaCl2(aq) / Ba(NO3)2(aq). (1)
A white precipitate forms. (1)
c) Add dilute NaOH(aq) to the mixture. Warm the mixture gently.
Test any gas evolved with moist red litmus paper. (1)
The red litmus paper turns blue. (1)
d) Add dilute HCl(aq) to the mixture.
Test any gas evolved with limewater. (1)
The limewater turns milky. (1)
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 78

Unit Exercise (p.34)

16 For each of the following pairs of chemical species, suggest
a test to distinguish between them and give the expected
observations.

a) AgBr(s) and AgI(s)

b) Ba(NO3)2(aq) and Pb(NO3)2(aq)

c) FeSO4(aq) and Fe2(SO4)3(aq)

d) NaCl(aq) and NaOCl(aq)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 79

Unit Exercise (p.34)

16 (continued)
a) Add concentrated H2SO4 to each solid separately. (1)
AgBr(s) turns orange / gives orange (or brown) fumes.
AgI(s) turns black / gives purple fumes. (1)
b) Any one of the following:
• Add HCl(aq) / KCl(aq) to each solution separately. (1)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) gives a white precipitate (PbCl2(s)).
(1)
Ba(NO3)2(aq) gives no observable change.
• Add KI(aq) to each solution separately. (1)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) gives a yellow precipitate (PbI2(s)).
Ba(NO3)2(aq) gives no observable change. (1)
c) Any one of the following:
• Add dilute NaOH(aq) / NH3(aq) to each solution separately. (1)
FeSO4(aq) gives a green precipitate.
Fe2(SO4)3(aq) gives a reddish brown precipitate. (1)
• Bubble sulphur dioxide gas through each solution separately. (1)
Fe2(SO4)3(aq) changes from yellow-brown to pale green.
(1)
FeSO4(aq) gives no observable change.
d) Add dilute HCl(aq) to each solution separately. (1)
NaOCl(aq) gives a gas that bleaches moist blue litmus paper.
(1)
NaCl(aq) gives no observable change.
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 80

Unit Exercise (p.34)

17 Some tests are carried out on an inorganic compound A.
Compound A is anhydrous and has one cation and one
anion.
a) Compound A gives a lilac colour in a flame test.
i) Describe how to carry out a flame test.
ii) Identify, by name or formula, the cation present in A.
b) When a sample of solid A is placed in a test tube and
heated, a gas and a vapour are evolved. The gas turns
limewater cloudy and the vapour is identified as water.
i) Identify the gas evolved.
ii) Give a test for the presence of water. State the positive
result of the test.
c) i) Identify, by name or formula, the anion present in A.
ii) Write the equation for the action of heat on A.
(Edexcel IAL Advanced Subsidiary, Unit 3, WCH03/01, Jun. 2016, 1)
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 81

Unit Exercise (p.34)

17 (continued)
a) i) • Moisture a clean nichrome wire by dipping it into
concentrated hydrochloric acid. Then dip it into the
sample under test. (1)
• Hold the wire in the hottest part of a non-luminous
flame, and observe the colour of the flame. (1)
ii) Potassium ion / K+ (1)
b) i) Carbon dioxide (1)
ii) Any one of the following:
• Test with blue cobalt(II) chloride paper. (1)
The paper turns from blue to pink. (1)
• Test with anhydrous copper(II) sulphate. (1)
The copper(II) sulphate turns from white to blue. (1)
c) i) Hydrogencarbonate ion / HCO3– (1)
ii) 2KHCO3(s) K2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 82

i) calcium (1)
Unit Exercise (p.34) ii) dissolves in concentrated NH3(aq) to form a
colourless solution (1)
18 A student carried out a series of tests on a white solid Z
which contains one cation and one anion.
a) Complete the table below.

iii) orange / brown (1)

iv) bromine (1)
v) orange (1)
Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved vi) green (1)
Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 83

Unit Exercise (p.34)

18 (continued)
b) Explain, in terms of the redox processes taking place,
how sulphur dioxide was produced in Test III.
Hydrogen bromide is oxidised.
Sulphuric acid is reduced. (1)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 84

Unit Exercise (p.34)

19 Treatment of 2-bromoethanol (CH2BrCH2OH) with aqueous
solution of sodium hydroxide gives ethane-1,2-diol.
CH2BrCH2OH + OH– CH2OHCH2OH + Br–
a) Aqueous solution of silver nitrate can be used to test for
the presence of bromide ion.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction involved.
b) It can be difficult to distinguish between the colours of the
silver halides. The use of aqueous ammonia can be
very helpful.
A silver halide dissolved in concentrated aqueous
ammonia to form a colourless solution.
i) Explain why this result does NOT prove conclusively
that the silver halide was silver bromide.
ii) Give a further test to confirm that the silver halide is
silver bromide.
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 85

Unit Exercise (p.34)

19 (continued)
a) Ag+(aq) + Br–(aq) AgBr(s) (1)
b) i) Both silver chloride and silver bromide dissolve in
concentrated aqueous ammonia. (1)
ii) Any one of the following:
• Add concentrated sulphuric acid to the solid silver
halide. (1)
Orange or brown fumes would be observed. (1)
• Add dilute aqueous ammonia. (1)
If the solid does not dissolve in dilute aqueous
ammonia, then it is silver bromide. (1)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 86

Unit Exercise (p.34)

20 The flow diagram below shows a series of tests that can be
used to identify carbonate, chloride and sulphate ions
present in a sample solution.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 87

Unit Exercise (p.34)

20 (continued)
a) Identify the gas evolved in Step 1.
Carbon dioxide (1)
b) Write ionic equations for the reactions in Steps 2 and 3.
Step 2 Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) BaSO4(s) (1)
Step 3 Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) AgCl(s) (1)
c) Explain why the analysis must be performed in the
sequence given.
Provide specific reasons to show that if the tests are done
out of order, they will not identify each of the three ions. (1)
For example, if excess Ba(NO3)2(aq) is added first, two
precipitates (BaCO3 and BaSO4) would be obtained.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 88

Unit Exercise (p.34)

21 A student was provided with four bottles of colourless
solutions, each containing one of the following solutions:
• aqueous solution of barium nitrate;
• dilute hydrochloric acid;
• aqueous solution of lead(II) nitrate;
• aqueous solution of sodium carbonate.
The student mixed pairs of these solutions and obtained
the results shown below.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 89

Unit Exercise (p.34)

21 (continued)
a) Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction
between solution 1 and solution 2.
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
b) Use the information to identify the four solutions. Explain
your answers.
Solution 1 and solution 2 are Na2CO3(aq) and HCl(aq). (1)
Solution 1 gives a white precipitate with solution 3 and solution 4 separately.
Hence it is probably Na2CO3(aq). (1)
CO32–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) BaCO3(s) (1)
CO32–(aq) + Pb2+(aq) PbCO3(s) (1)
Solution 2 is HCl(aq). It gives a white precipitate with solution 3. Hence
solution 3 is probably Pb(NO3)2(aq). (1)
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) PbCl2(s) (1)
Solution 1 is Na2CO3(aq).
Solution 2 is HCl(aq).
Solution 3 is Pb(NO3)2(aq).
Solution 4 is Ba(NO3)2(aq).
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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 90

Unit Exercise (p.34)

22 Suppose you are given an aqueous solution containing
four cations:
Ag+(aq), Al3+(aq), K+(aq), Mg2+(aq)

You are provided with the following reagents:

6 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) 6 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
6 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) 6 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

Devise a separation scheme for the cations in the solution.

Explain the rationale of your scheme.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 91

Unit Exercise (p.34)

22 (continued)

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 92

Unit Exercise (p.34)

23 A solution containing three cations, Ba2+(aq), Cu2+(aq)
and Pb2+(aq). The flow diagram below shows a plan to
separate these cations.

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Unit 51 Qualitative analysis – detecting the presence of inorganic chemical species 93

23 (continued)

a) Name precipitates W and Y.

Precipitate W is lead(II) chloride. (1)
Precipitate Y is barium sulphate. (1)
b) Write ionic equations for the formation of precipitates W
and Y.
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) PbCl2(s) (1)
Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) BaSO4(s) (1)
c) What would be observed when dilute NaOH(aq) is added
to filtrate Z? Write the ionic equation for the reaction
involved.
A blue precipitate forms. (1)
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) (1)

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