Answer Key

Class: 12 Month: April Worksheet Number: 12/Phy/09/AK2

Subject: Physics Chapter: 9– Ray Optics

Section A
1 Mark Questions:
1. You are given following three lenses-which of those two lenses will you use as objective to
as an astrosnomical telescope?
Lenses(L). Power(P). Aperture(A).
L1 3D 8 cm
L2 6D 1 cm
L3 10 D 1 cm
For a telescope, aperture should be large, since aperture of L1 is largest,it is used as
objective of telescope,
Focal length of eyepiece should be minimum, power should be maximum, therefore
lensL3 is used as eyepiece.
2. What is dispersion of light due to?
Dispersion is splitting up of light by droplets of water vapour particles in the
atmosphere,this is due to the fact that refractive index and hence angle of
deviation,depends on the wavelength of incident light.
3. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm infront of the eye. What is the power of the lens
required to enable him to see very distant objects clearly?
1 1 1
 
f v u
1 1 1
 
f  80 
A concave lens of focal length f=-80cm is required .Power of the lens will be -1.25D.
4. In a simple microscope why is focallength of the lens small?
The focal length of the microscope is small so as to get an enlarged image of smaller
object as angular magnification is inversely proportional to focal length.
5. If a telescope is inverted will it be able to work as a microscope?
No, as telescope resolves and microscope magnifies.
6. In a simple microscope why the focal length of the lens should be small?
Magnification is inversely proportional to focal length, therefore to increase
magnification the focal length of the lens should be small.
7. Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by the prism . Give reason.
Blue colour is deviated more by the prism.
µ 𝑎 𝟏, λb<λr, µ𝐫 > µ𝑏 so blue is deviated more.
𝜆
8. What is the length of a telescope in normal adjustment?
L= fo + fe
9. Why must both objective and eyepiece of a compound microscope have short focal lengths?
The objective and eyepiece of a compound microscope have short focal lengths to
achieve a large magnification of a small object, as focal length is inversely proportional
to magnification.
10. How does angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary if the incident violet light is
replaced by red light?
Deviation for violet light is maximum and minimum for red, for the same material of
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 Answer Key
the prism. So the angle of minimum deviation will decrease if violet llight is replaced by
red light.
11. Why is rainbow in the form of an arc?
Angle of incidence on spherical raindropsfromposition of observation is same as along
an arc on vertical plane.
12. Why does sky appear blue?
According to Rayleigh’s criteria Intensity of scattered light is inversely proportional to
fourth power of wavelength. Sun light gets scattered due to particles in the atmosphere
In the spectrum of colors violet light gets scattered the most and red the least.After
violet blue light is scattered more than the other colors. Our eyes are more sensitive to
blue components of light therefore sky appears blue.
13. How does angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism of refractive index 1.5 change if it
is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3?
A  m
 sin( )
2 2
1 A
sin
2
Relative Refractive index decreases in a medium therefore Since now µ1 is 1.3 therfore
angle of minimum deviation decreases.
14. Write the relation for refractive index of the prism in terms of angle of minimum
deviation and angle of prism
A  m
 2 sin( 2 )
 where A is angle of prism and δ is angle of min. deviation.
1 A
sin
2

2 Mark Questions:
15. Draw a ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. State two advantages of this telescope over
a refracting telescope.

1. This type is free from chromatic aberration and spherical aberration.

2.Image formed is brighter.
16. Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position. State two
drawbacks of this type telescope.

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 Answer Key

1. Chromatic aberration.
2.Lesser resolving power
17. Draw a ray diagram of a compound microscope. Write the expression for its magnifying
power.

Magnifying power,MP= 𝐋 [ 1+D/fe] where L is the distance between second focal point
𝐟𝐨
of objective and first focal point of eyepiece.It is the tube length of compound
microscope.
18. Draw a labelled diagram of an astronomical telescope in near point position. Write the
expression for its magnifying power.

Magnifying power,MP=𝐟𝟎 [ 1+𝐅𝐞]

𝐟𝐞 𝐃

19. Trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism ( ABC) as shown in the figure.
If the refractive index of glass is √3 , find out value of angle of emergence from prism,

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 Answer Key

From snells law

µ2Sin 30 = µ1 sine
1
3  sine
2
Therefore e = 60o
20. Two convex lenses of same focal length but of aperture A1 and A2 ( A2<A1) are used as the
objective lenses in two astronomical telescopes having identical eye pieces. What is the ratio
of resolving power? Which telescope will you prefer and why ?

Resolving power = 𝐀
ratio of RP = A1/A2.
𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝜆
Telescope with aperture A1 is preferred because
i) Its light gathering power is more as aperture is large
ii) Resolving power is more.
21. Draw a diagram showing the formation of primary rainbow and explain what angles the
primary rainbow is visible .

Primary rainbow is formed when sunlight suffers TIR as well as dispersion from water
drops in atmosphere.In this red lies on outer side and violet on inside. It is seen at an
angle of 400-420 with line joining sun and observer at the back.

22. The near point of a hyper metropic person is 75cm from the eye. What is thepower of the
lens required to enable the person to read clearly from a book held at 25 cm from eye?
u=-25cm,v= -75cm
1/f =𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟏
𝐯 𝒖 𝟐𝟓 𝟕𝟓
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 Answer Key
F=37.5cm. A corrective lens of converging power +2.67 Diopters is required.

Section B
2 Mark Questions:
23. Magnifying power of a simple microscope is inversely proportional to focal length of the
lens. What then stops us from using a convex lens of smaller focal length and achieving
greater magnifying power?
This is so because
i) Grinding of lens of small focallength is difficult.
ii) On decreasing focal length aberrations spherical andchromatic becomes
more prominent.
24. When viewing through a compound microscope our eyes should be positioned not on the
eyepiece but a short distance away from it for best viewing. Why? How much should be
that short distance between eyepiece and eye.
When eyes are placed too close to the eyepiece of the compound microscope, we are
unable to collect much refracted light. As a result, the field of view decreases
substantially. Hence, the clarity of the image gets blurred. The best position of the eye
for viewing through a compound microscope is at the eye-ring attached to the eyepiece.
The precise location of the eye depends on the separation between the objective lens
and the eyepiece.
25. A ray of light passing through an equilateral triangular glass prism from air undergoes
minimum deviation when angle of incidence is 3/4th of angle of prism. Calculate the speed
of light in prism..
I = (3/4)A
m=2i-A=𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝐀 − 𝐀 = 𝐀 = 𝟑𝟎
𝟒 𝟐
 A   m 
 c sin  2 
2
 1    and A  60
1 c2 A
sin
2
𝐜𝟏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝟓) = 𝟏/√𝟐 = √𝟐; 𝐜𝟐 = 𝐜𝟏 = 𝐜𝟏𝐱𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝐗𝟏𝟎8ms-1
𝐜𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝟑𝟎) 𝟏/𝟐 √𝟐
. c1 = 3x108 m/s
26. The near vision of an average person is 25 cm. To view an object with an angular
magnification 10, what should be the power of microscope?
Near vision=25cm.
m = D/f +1
m-1 = D/f
10-1 = D/f
9 = D/f
F= D/9 = 25cm/9 = 0.25/9
P=9/0.25 =6 D
27. A ray of light incident on a equilateral glass prism (µ = √3) moves parallel to the base. Find
the angle of incidence for this ray.
r1= r2= r.
r1+r2=A, r=300
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐢
=n21=√𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐢 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ͦ𝟑𝟎 √𝟑.
𝐬𝐢𝐧i=√𝟑/𝟐.i = 60o
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 Answer Key
3 Mark Questions:
28. An objective of an astronomical telescope has a diameter of 150mm and a focal length of
4.00m. The eyepiece has a focal length of 25.00mm.Calculate the magnifying and resolving
power of telescope .(λ=6000ͦ A for yellow)
D=150mm,fo=4m,fe=25mm,λ=6X10-7.
MP=fo/fe=400cm/2.5cm = 160
RP= 𝐃 =20.49x104.
𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝜆

29. A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15m. If
an eyepiece of focal length 1 cm is used. Find the angular magnification of the telescope. If
this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon
formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.42 x 10 6 m and the radius of
lunar orbit is 3.8 x 108 m.
Given: D= 3.42 x 106 m, R=3.8 x 108 m
Magnification, m=𝐟𝐨 = 𝟏𝟓 =1500.
𝐟𝐞 𝟎.𝟎𝟏
Diameter of image of moon,
Angle subtended by object and image of moon is same
Tan α = Tan α
d/fo=𝐃
𝐑

d=𝐃 x fo= 3.42x106 X15 =13.5x 10 -2 m.

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𝐑 3.8x10

30. An astronomical telescope uses two lenses of powers 10 D and 1 D. What is its magnifying
power in normal adjustment
Pe =10D, Po=1D, therefore fe=1/10 = 0.1m=10cm,fo=1m = 100cm
m=𝐟𝐨 = 100/10 =10.
𝐟𝐞
31. Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the image formation in a refracting type astronomical
telescope. Why should the diameter of the objective of the telescope be large?
The telescope is in near point vision.
RP=𝐝/𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝜆where.d is aperture. i) With larger diameter, resolving power increases ii)
As more amount of light is gathered intensity of image formed by telescope increases.

32. For a glass prism (µ =√3) the angle of minimum deviation is equal to angle of the prism
.Find the angle of the prism.

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 Answer Key
A  m
sin( )
 2
A
sin
2
Δm=A,
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐀 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐀/𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐀/𝟐
µ= = =2 cos A/2
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐀/𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐀/𝟐
3 A A
 cos   30  A  60o
2 2 2

33. A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens of
focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens. Calculate the
magnifying power of the compound microscope. Also calculate the length of the microscope
1 1 1
 
fo vo uo
1 1 1
 
4 vo  6
1 1 1 32
  
vo 4 6 12
vo 12cm
angular magnification
when image is formed at 25 cm (near point condition)
vo  D 
m  1
uo  fe 
  1
12 25


6  10 
7
1 1 1
 
fe ve ue
1 1 1
 
10  25 ue
1 1
 (  1 )   2  5
ue 25 10 50
50
ue   cm  7.14cm
7
L= vo+ue = 12+7.14 = 19.14cm
when image is formed at infinity (normal adjustment condition)
vo  D 
m  
uo  fe 
 
12 25 
 
6  10 
5
L= vo+fe = 12+5 = 17cm
34. A figure divided into squares each of size 1mm2 is kept at a distance 9cm from a magnifying
lens of focal length 10cm, held close to the eye.Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of
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 Answer Key
the image.Find i) the magnification produced by the lens. ii)the angular magnification
produced by the lens.

1 1 1
 
f v u
1 1 1
 
10 v  9
1 1

v 90
v  90cm
v  90
m   10
u 9
D 25
angular magnification    2.8
u 9
35. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope? The focal length of
the objective and the eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm respectively. Find the
position of the object relative to the objective in order to obtain an angular magnification of
30 in normal adjustment.
A microscope is an instrument used to see objects too small (microscopic). A telescope is a device used to
magnify distant objects.
Telescope resolves whereas a microscope magnifies.fo=-1.25cm, fe =5cm.
1 1 1
 
fo vo uo
1 1 1
 
1.25 vo uo
vo  D 
m  
uo  fe 
vo  25 
 30    
uo  5 
vo
 6
uo
vo   6uo
1 1
 
fo vo uo
1

1 1 1 1 6 7

 
  
1.25  6uo uo 6uo 6uo
6uo
 1.25
7
1.25x7
uo     1.45cm
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 Answer Key
36. The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20. The magnification
produced by the eye piece is 5. The microscope is focused on a certain object. The distance
between the objective and eyepiece is observed to be 14 cm. If the least distance of distinct
vision is 20 cm, calculate the focal length of the objective and the eye piece.

Section C
3 Mark Questions:
37. a) The bluish color predominates in clear sky.
b) Violet color is seen at the bottom of the spectrum. When white light is dispersed by the
prism. State reasons to explain these observations.
According to Rayleigh’s criteria Intensity of scattered light α 1/λ4.Sun light gets
scattered due to particles in the atmosphere .Violet gets scattered the most and red
the least. Our eyes are more sensitive to blue components of light therefore sky
appears blue.
According to Cauchy’s equation
µ α𝟏in the visible spectrum, violet blight having its shortest wavelength will have
𝜆
higher refractive index, so it deviates more.

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 Answer Key
38. Using the data given below state as to which of the given lenses will you prefer to use of an
i) Eyepiece ii) Objective to construct an astronomical telescope.
Give reason.
Lenses (L). Power (P). Aperture (A).
L1 1D 0.1 m
L2 10 D 0.05 m
L3 10 D 0.02 m
L4 20 D 0.02 m
In an astronomical telescope, for eyepiece, we prefer convex lens of maximum power
and minimum aperature.ie Lens L4 because magnifying power m=𝐟𝐨[1+𝐟𝐞]
𝐟𝐞 𝐃
ii) Objective must have minimum power and maximum aperture therefore lensL1 is
suitable.
39. The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to angle subtended at the eye by the
virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what sense then does a magnifying glass
provide angular magnification?
Without the magnifying glass object cannot be placed at distance shorter than 25cm.
With magnifying lens, magnifying object can be placed at a distance shorter than 25cm
from the lens. Object has larger angular size at shorter distance than 25cm In this
sense angular magnification is achieved.
40. Draw a neat labeled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment and
explain briefly its working.

Light from a distant object enters the objective and a real image is formed at its second
focal point. The eyepiece magnifies this image and produces a final inverted image at
infinity in normal adjustment.

41. Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope (cassegrain). Write its two important
advantages that the reflecting telescope has over refracting telescope.

Advantages: i)There is no chromatic aberration

ii) If a parabolic reflecting surface is chosen, spherical aberration is also removed.

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 Answer Key

I) There is no chromatic aberration.

II) If a parabolic reflecting surface is chosen, spherical aberration is also removed.
42. Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing through a
glass prism. Deduce the expression for refractive index of glass in terms of angle of prism
and angle of minimum deviation.

Let ABC represent the principle section of prism. A ray KL is incident on face AB. As it
enters the denser medium (glass), it bends towards the normal along path LM. The ray LM
suffers another refraction at face AC; bending away from the normal, it emerges along MS.
The angle of deviation δ is the angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray.
From the quadrilateral ALOM,
A + ∠LOM = 180 (!)
From the triangleLOM
r + r’ + ∠LOM = 180… ............ (2)
⇒A = r + r’ from (1) & (2) (3)
From triangle MEL, the deviation produced by the prism is
δ = ∠ELM + ∠EML = (i - r) + (i’- r’) = (i + i’) + (r – r’)
or δ = i + i’ – A… ..... (from 3)
or i + i’ = A + δ
When the prism is in minimum deviation position, a ray of light passes symmetrically
through the prism so that, i= i, r = r’, δ = 𝛿𝑚
As A + δ = i + i’ ⇒ A + δ = i + i
Or i = (A + δm)/2
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 Answer Key
Also A = r + r’ = r + r = 2r
⇒ r = A/2
From Snell’s law, the refractive index of the material of the prism will be
µ= sini/sinr
A  m
 sin( )
2 2
1 A
sin
2
43. Draw a labeled diagram to show the formation of the image in an astronomical telescope for
a distant object. Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a
refracting type telescope.

Advantages:
1. Better field of view. 2. Higher intense image.3. no chromatic aberration in image.

44. Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the image formation in an astronomical telescope.
Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment. Write two basic
features which can distinguish between a telescope and a compound microscope.

Magnifying power of an astronomical telescope may be defined as the ratio of the angle
subtended at the eye by the image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object.

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 Answer Key

From the ray diagram we know that:

PlC is the focal length of the objective and
PlD is the focal length of the eye piece.

Magnifying power of an astronomical telescope may be defined as the ratio of the angle
subtended at the eye by the image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object.

From the ray diagram we know that:

PlC is the focal length of the objective and
PlD is the focal length of the eye piece.

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 Answer Key

An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument used to see heavenly object like

stars, planets etc. The image of such a distant object formed by telescope subtends a
large visual angle at the eye, so that the object appears quite big.
A microscopes is used to magnify small objects that are at a short distance from the
observer.

The diameter of the lens, or aperture, is very different, it is very small for a microscope
but very large for the telescope.
a) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope. Define its
magnifying power. Deduce the expression for the magnifying power of the microscope.
b)Explain i) why must both the objective and the eye piece of a compound microscope have
short focal lengths ii) While viewing through a compound microscope , why should our eyes
be positioned not on the eyepiece but a short distance away from it for best viewing ?
a)

𝖰 𝒉𝘍/𝒖𝒆 𝒉′ 𝑫
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝖰
m= = = = = mₒ x mₑ
𝑎 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑎 𝒉/𝑫 𝒉 𝒖𝒆
𝒉 𝘍
here mₒ = = 𝒗𝒐
𝒉 𝒖𝒐
As the eyepiece acts as a simple microscope, so
𝑫 𝒗𝒐
me = = 1 + 𝑫 ⇒m = (1 + 𝑫 )
𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒆 𝒖𝒐 𝒇𝒆
As the object AB is placed closer to the focus Fₒ of the objective, therefore,
uₒ = -fₒ
Also image formed is closer to the eye lens whose focal length is short, therefore vₒ= L,
the distance between the two lenses
mₒ= 𝒗𝒐 = 𝑳 and,
𝒖ₒ −𝒇ₒ
𝑳
m= (1 + 𝑫 ), is the expression for magnification
−𝒇ₒ 𝒇𝒆
a) The magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle
subtended at the eye by the final virtual image to the angle subtended at the eye by the
object, when both are at the least distance of distinct vision
b) i) To achieve a large magnification of small object eyepiece and objective must have
short focal lengths.
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 Answer Key
ii) If we place our eyes too close to the eyepiece area of the pupil of our eye is less
than area of eye ring. So our eyes will not
1. Collect much light.
2. Our field of view will get reduced

45)

(a)
f=25 cm
least distance of distance vision, d=25 cm
closed object distance is u.
Image distance v=−d=−25cm.
1/v−1/u=1/f u =−4.167≈−4.2
Hence closest distance to read book is 4.2 cm
for the farthest distance, v=∞
1/v−1/u1=1/f u1=−5
Hence the farthest distance at which person can read the book is 5cm.
(b)
maximum angular magnification,
α=d/|u|=25/|−4.167|=6
minimum angular magnification,
α=d/|u1|=25/|5|=5
46

(a) Focal length of the objective lens, fo=140cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, fe=5cm
Least distance of distinct vision, d=25cm
When the telescope is in normal adjustment, its magnifying power is given as-
m=fo/fe=28

b)

When the final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision d,

magnifying power of the telescope is m=−f0/fe(1+fe/d)=−140/5(1+5/25)=−33.6

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