ES11 Lecture 1
ES11 Lecture 1
11
Lecture
1
➔the
study
of
the
rela3onship
among
forces
and
their
effects
on
bodies
FLUIDS
RIGID BODIES DEFORMABLE
BODIES
STATICS DYNAMICS
INCOMPRESSIBLE COMPRESSIBLE
bodies in motion
bodies at
rest
➔represents
the
ac3on
of
one
body
on
another
➔may
be
exerted
by
actual
contact
or
at
a
distance
➔represented
by
a
vector
h=p://www.lbre.com/free-‐fall-‐or-‐soB-‐landing/
➔Development
of
other
forces
➛Reac3ons
➛Internal
forces
➔Deforma3on
of
the
body
➔Accelera3on
of
the
body
Applied Force
Applied Force Applied Force
A A
Reaction
Development
of
force
or
Development
of
forces
forces
at
points
of
contact
within
the
body
itself
with
other
bodies
(internal
forces)
(reac3ons).
Applied Force
Applied Force
P
R
A
A
Q
Triangle
Law
Parallelogram
Law
• Derived
from
the
• The
resultant
is
the
diagonal
parallelogram
law
of
the
parallelogram
with
the
two
forces
as
its
sides
• If
the
two
vectors
are
placed
3p-‐to-‐tail,
the
resultant
is
the
third
side
of
P
the
triangle
P
Q
A
R
Q
A
A
P
Q
• Concurrent
forces:
set
of
forces
which
all
pass
through
the
same
point.
A
set
of
concurrent
forces
applied
to
a
par3cle
may
be
replaced
by
a
single
resultant
force
which
is
the
vector
sum
of
the
applied
forces.
➔
Vectors
are
defined
as
mathema3cal
expressions
possessing
magnitude
and
direc5on,
which
add
according
to
the
parallelogram
law.
• Law of cosines,
Q’
R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos B
P
R = P+Q
P+Q=Q+ P
Q’
P
P
Q+P
P+Q
A
A
P’
Q
Q
➔Adding
more
than
2
vectors
Q
If
the
vectors
are
P
coplanar,
the
resultant
P+Q
may
be
obtained
by
A
using
the
polygon
rule
Q
R
for
the
addi5on
of
vectors
–
arrange
the
S
given
vectors
in
a
0p-‐to-‐
Q
P
tail
fashion
and
connect
the
tail
of
the
first
vector
A
with
the
0p
of
the
last
Q
one
R
S
➔Is
vector
addi5on
associa5ve?
➛Vector
addi3on
is
associa3ve
Q
P
S
( P + Q) + S
P+Q
A
R
Q
P
P + (Q + S) Q+S
S
A
R
P + Q + S = ( P + Q) + S = P + (Q + S)
P
P
P + P = 2P
nP → Product
of
a
posi3ve
integer
n
and
a
vector
P
P 1.5P -‐2P
The
two
forces
act
on
a
bolt
at
A.
Determine
their
resultant.
SOLUTION:
• Trigonometric
solu3on
-‐
use
the
triangle
rule
for
vector
addi3on
in
conjunc3on
with
the
law
of
cosines
and
law
of
sines
to
find
the
resultant.
sin A sin B
=
Q R
Q
sin A = sin B
R
60 N
= sin 155°
97.73N
A = 15.04°
α = 20° + A
α = 35.04°
Two
forces
are
applied
as
shown
to
a
hook
support.
50 N
Knowing
that
the
magnitude
of
P
is
35
N,
determine
by
25O
trigonometry
(a)
the
required
angle
α
if
the
resultant
of
the
α
two
forces
applied
to
the
P
hook
support
is
to
be
horizontal,
(b)
the
corresponding
magnitude
of
R.
50 N
P
β
sin α sin 25 sin β O α
25O
= =
50 35 R R
O
⎛ 50 sin 25 ⎞ β = 180O − α − 25 O
α = sin −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 37.14 O
⎝ 35 ⎠
β = 117.86 O
50 N
P
β
sin α sin 25 sin β O α
25O
= =
50 35 R R
R = 73.22 N
(b)
Determining
R
50 sin β
R=
sin α
P
Two
forces
are
applied
as
50 N
shown
to
a
hook
support.
25O
Knowing
that
the
magnitude
of
the
resultant
of
the
two
α
forces
is
a
50
–
N
horizontal
force,
determine
the
value
of
P
α
for
which
the
applied
force
Q
Q
is
minimum.
ANS:
65°
➔It
has
been
shown
that
the
resultant
R
of
forces
ac3ng
at
the
same
point
(concurrent
forces)
can
be
found.
27
➔Vector
force
components:
two
or
more
force
vectors
which,
together,
have
the
same
effect
as
a
single
force
vector.
➔How
many
components
could
a
force
be
resolved
into?
➛Infinite
number
of
possible
components
➔For
a
force
resolved
into
two
components,
the
possible
problems
include:
Q
R
P
P
R
45O P=800N
α 15.0O P
25.0O
45.
0°
α = 180 − 45° − 40°
Since
all
the
angles
are
already
known,
we
can
40.
0
°
use
the
sine
law
to
solve
other
two
forces.
15.
0°
sin 95 O sin 45 O sin 40 O
= =
b
800 FB FA
FB = 567.85 N
FA = 516.19 N
➔A
force
vector
may
be
resolved
into
perpendicular
components
y
𝑖
and
𝑗 -‐
unit
vectors
of
magnitude
1
directed
along
the
posi3ve
x
and
y
axes,
respec3vely.
F
y
=
F
y
ˆj
F
𝐹↓𝑥
𝐹↓𝑦 -‐
vector
components
of
34
F
=
800
N
F
y
FX
=
-‐655.3
N
i
θ
=
145
0
α
=
35
0
FY
=
458.9
N
j
F
x
TIP:
It
might
be
easier
to
use
acute
angles
and
just
put
the
signs
later.
• Wish
to
find
the
resultant
of
3
or
more
concurrent
forces,
R = P+Q+ S
45o
350 N
60o 25o
x
y
800 N
600 N
45o
350 N
60o 25o
x
RX = ΣF x = 350 cos 25O + 800 cos 70O -600 cos 60O
RX = 317.2 + 273.6 – 300 = 290.8 N
RY = ΣF y = 350 sin 25 + 800 sin 70O +600 sin 60O
R = 147.9 + 751 + 519.6
= 1419.3 N
Y
F= 290.8 N i
+1419.3 N j
1419.3
Resultant, F
F = 290.8 2 +1419.32 = 1449 N θ = tan −1 = 78.4 O
290.8
F = 1449 N ∠ 78.4O
z
The
resultant
of
concurrent
F1
forces
ac3ng
on
a
par3cle
in
F2
space
will
also
act
on
the
same
par3cle
o
y
F3
x
➔The
resultant
can
be
z
Fz
F
Fz
θz
y y
Fy
o o
θ xy Fx θ xy
F xy F xy
x x
Fxy = F sin θ z
Fx = Fxy sin θ xy = F sin θ z sin θ xy
Fy = Fxy cosθ xy = F sin θ z cosθ xy
1.
Given
the
Magnitude
and
Two
Angles
z
Fz = F cosθ z
Fz
Fx = Fxy sin θ xy = F sin θ z sin θ xy
Fy
y Fy = Fxy cosθ xy = F sin θ z cosθ xy
o
Fx θ xy
In
vector
form,
F xy
x
F = Fx iˆ + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ
2 2 2
F = Fx + Fy + Fz
2.
Given
the
Magnitude
and
Three
Absolute
Angles
z
Fx
=
Fcos
θx
Fy
=
F
cos
θy
Fz
=
Fcos
θz
θ
z
F
y
o
θ
y
where
cos
θx,
cos
θy
and
cos
θz
are
called
θ
x
direc5on
cosines
x
F
=
Fxi
+
Fyj
+
Fzk
A
force
of
500
N
forms
angles
of
600,
450
and
1200,
respec3vely,
with
the
x,y
and
z
axes.
Find
the
components
Fx,
Fy
and
Fz
of
the
force.
Find
also
the
vector
representa3on
of
the
force.
z
Fx
=
F
cos
θx
=
(500N)cos
600
Fx
=
+250N
θz
Fy
Fy
=
F
cos
θy
=
(500N)
cos
450
o
Fx y
Fy
=
+354N
θy
θx
Fz
=
F
cos
θz
=
(500N)
cos
1200
x
Fz
=
-‐250N
Fz
Fz F = Fx 2 + Fy 2 + Fx 2
Fy o
y
F = (20 N ) 2 + (−30 N ) 2 + (60 N ) 2
Fx
F = 4900 N = 70 N
x
F
=
70
N
θx = 73.40 F Fz
θy
=
31.00
3.
Given
the
Magnitude
and
Two
Points
on
Its
Line
of
Ac5on
d x = xe − xo
z
E
(x
e
,
y
e
,
z
e
)
d y = ye − yo
F
d z = ze − zo
O
(x
o
,
y
o
,
z
o
)
y
d = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
o
1.5m
F=1.6kN
y
1.2m
O
1.5m
x
O(1.2,
1.5,
0.0)
z
E(0.0,
2.4,
1.5)
2.4m
E
dx
=
0.0
-‐1.2
=
-‐1.2
dy
=
2.4
-‐1.5
=
+0.9
1.5m
dz
=
1.5
-‐
0.0
=
+1.5
F=1.6kN
y
1.2m
2 2 2
O
d= (− 1.2) + (0.9) + (1.5)
1.5m
x
d
=
2.12m
z
− 1.2
Fx = (1.6kN ) = −0.905kN E
2.12
+ 0.9
Fy = (1.6kN ) = 0.679kN Fz
2.12 y
+ 1.5 Fx
Fz = (1.6kN ) = 1.131kN O
2.12
Fy
x
Rx = ∑ Fx Ry = ∑ Fy Rz = ∑ Fz
R = Rx 2 + Ry 2 + Rz 2
Rx Ry Rz
cosθx = cosθy = cosθz =
R R R
➔Three
cables
are
used
to
tether
a
balloon
as
shown.
Knowing
that
the
resultant
of
the
three
cable
forces
is
800-‐N
downward,
determine
the
tension
in
each
cable.
600 N
Determine graphically,
the magnitude and 900 N
direction of the resultant
of the two forces using 45o
(a) Parallelogram law 30o
and (b) the triangle rule.
A
parallelogram
with
sides
equal
to
900
N
and
600
N
is
drawn
to
scale
as
shown.
R
From
the
scaled
600 N
drawing
of
the
forces,
the
resultant
is
900 N
R
≈
1400
N
45o
θ
θ
≈
46o
30o
400mm
510mm
A
C
x
z
B 600mm
480mm
280mm
O(0, 510, 280) 210mm
O(0, 510, 280)
D TDBX E E(480, 0, 600)
TDBZ
TDB = 385N dx = xE – xO = 480-0=480
TDBY
510mm
400mm
dy = yE – yO = 0-510=-510
dz = zE – zO = 600-280=320
C d = 770 mm
A x
z
B dx 480
480mm
600mm
TDBX = TDB = (385) = 240 N
E(480, 0, 600)
d 770
dy − 510
TDBY = TDB = (385) = −255 N
d 770
TDB = TDBX iˆ + TDBY ˆj + TDBZ kˆ = 240iˆ − 255 ˆj + 160 kˆ (N )
dz 320
TDBZ = TDB = (385) = 160 N
d 770
Solution:
→
BH
1
λ
BH
=
=
(
0.
6
m
i
+
1.
2
m
j
-
1.
2
m
k
)
|
BH
|
1.
8
→
BH
750
N
→
=
|
TBH
TBH
|
.
λ
BH
=
|
TBH
|
=
0.
6
m
i
+
1.
2
m
j
-
1.
2
m
k
|
BH
|
1.
8
m
→
→
→
T
→
BH
=
(
250
N
)
i
+
(500
N
)
j
-
(500
N
)
k