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ES11 Lecture 1

Overview of Mechanics

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views

ES11 Lecture 1

Overview of Mechanics

Uploaded by

rhanzowen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ES

 11  Lecture  1  
 
➔the  study  of  the  rela3onship  among  
forces  and  their  effects  on  bodies  

➔the  science  which  describes  and  predicts  


the  condi3ons  for  rest  and  mo3on  of  
bodies  under  the  ac3on  of  forces  
MECHANICS

FLUIDS
RIGID BODIES DEFORMABLE
BODIES

STATICS DYNAMICS
INCOMPRESSIBLE COMPRESSIBLE

bodies in motion
bodies at
rest
➔represents  the  ac3on  of  one  body  on  another  
➔may  be  exerted  by  actual  contact  or  at  a  
distance  
➔represented  by  a  vector  

h=p://www.lbre.com/free-­‐fall-­‐or-­‐soB-­‐landing/  
➔Development  of  other  forces  
➛Reac3ons  
➛Internal  forces  
➔Deforma3on  of  the  body  
➔Accelera3on  of  the  body  
Applied Force
Applied Force Applied Force

A A

Reaction
Development  of  force  or   Development  of  forces  
forces  at  points  of  contact   within  the  body  itself  
with  other  bodies   (internal  forces)  
(reac3ons).  
Applied Force

Applied Force

Deforma3on  of  the  body   Accelera3on  of  the  body  


10  N  
10  N  
30o   30o  

➔Point  of  applica3on  (forces  ac3ng  on  the  same  


par3cle  have  the  same  point  of  applica3on)  
➔Magnitude  
➔Direc3on  
➛Line  of  ac3on  (angle  w.r.t.  a  fixed  axis)  
➛Sense    
Treatment  of  bodies  as  par5cles  -­‐    the  
shape  and  size  of  the  object  does  not  
significantly  affect  the  solu3on  of  the  
problems  under  considera3on.  

Rigid  Bodies  -­‐  the  problems  considered  in  


this  course  are  assumed  to  be  non-­‐
deformable.    
Quan5ty   SI   English  
Length   m  (meter)   B  (feet)  
Mass   kg  (kilogram)   slugs  
Time   s  (seconds)   s  (seconds)  
Force   kg  m/s2  OR  N   lbs  (pounds)  
(newtons)  

Accelera3on  due  to  gravity  


 g  =  9.81  m/s2  or  g  =  32.2  B/s2  
➔Single  equivalent  force  having  the  same  
effect  as  the  original  forces  ac3ng  on  the  
par3cle  

P  
R  

A   A  
Q  
Triangle  Law  
Parallelogram  Law  
• Derived  from  the  
• The  resultant  is  the  diagonal  
parallelogram  law  
of  the  parallelogram  with  
the  two  forces  as  its  sides   • If  the  two  vectors  are  
placed  3p-­‐to-­‐tail,  the  
resultant  is  the  third  side  of  
P   the  triangle  
P   Q  
A   R  
Q   A  
A   P  
Q  
• Concurrent  forces:    set  of  forces  which  all  pass  
through  the  same  point.    
 
A  set  of  concurrent  forces  applied  to  a  par3cle  may  
be  replaced  by  a  single  resultant  force  which  is  the  
vector  sum  of  the  applied  forces.  
➔  Vectors  are  defined  as  mathema3cal  expressions  
possessing  magnitude  and  direc5on,  which  add  
according  to  the  parallelogram  law.  

• Law of cosines,

Q’   R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos B
P     
R = P+Q

P+Q  =  R   • Law of sines,


A  
Q   sin A sin B sin C
= =
Q R P

➔ Forces  are  sliding  vectors  


➔Is  vector  addi5on  commuta5ve?  
➛The  addi3on  of  vector  is  commuta3ve.  

   
P+Q=Q+ P

Q’   P  
P   Q+P  
P+Q  
A   A   P’  
Q   Q  
➔Adding  more  than  2  vectors  
Q   If  the  vectors  are  
P   coplanar,  the  resultant  
P+Q   may  be  obtained  by  
A   using  the  polygon  rule  
Q   R   for  the  addi5on  of  
vectors  –  arrange  the  
S  
given  vectors  in  a  0p-­‐to-­‐
Q  
P   tail  fashion  and  connect  
the  tail  of  the  first  vector  
A   with  the  0p  of  the  last  
Q   one    
R  
S  
➔Is  vector  addi5on  associa5ve?  
➛Vector  addi3on  is  associa3ve  
Q  
P     
S   ( P + Q) + S
P+Q  
A  
R  
Q  
   P  
P + (Q + S) Q+S  
S  
A  
         R  
P + Q + S = ( P + Q) + S = P + (Q + S)
P
P
P + P = 2P

nP → Product  of  a  posi3ve  integer  n  and  a  vector  
P  

→ has  the  same  direc3on  as  P  with  magnitude  n|P|  

P 1.5P -­‐2P
The  two  forces  act  on  a  bolt  at  A.    
Determine  their  resultant.  
SOLUTION:  
• Trigonometric  solu3on  -­‐  use  the  triangle  
rule  for  vector  addi3on  in  conjunc3on  
with  the  law  of  cosines  and  law  of  sines  
to  find  the  resultant.  

The two forces act on a bolt at


A. Determine their resultant.
• Trigonometric solution - Apply the triangle rule.
From the Law of Cosines,
R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos B
= (40 N )2 + (60 N )2 − 2(40 N )(60 N ) cos 155°
R = 97.73N
From the Law of Sines,

sin A sin B
=
Q R
Q
sin A = sin B
R
60 N
= sin 155°
97.73N
A = 15.04°
α = 20° + A
α = 35.04°
Two  forces  are  applied  as  
shown  to  a  hook  support.  
50 N   Knowing  that  the  magnitude  
of  P  is  35  N,  determine  by  
25O   trigonometry  (a)  the  required  
angle  α  if  the  resultant  of  the  
α  
two  forces  applied  to  the  
P   hook  support  is  to  be  
horizontal,  (b)  the  
corresponding  magnitude  of  
R.    
50 N  
P   β  
sin α sin 25 sin β O α   25O  
= =
50 35 R R  

(a)  Determining  α  &  β  

O
⎛ 50 sin 25 ⎞ β = 180O − α − 25 O
α = sin −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 37.14 O
⎝ 35 ⎠
β = 117.86 O
50 N  
P   β  
sin α sin 25 sin β O α   25O  
= =
50 35 R R  

R = 73.22 N
(b)  Determining  R  

50 sin β
R=
sin α
P   Two   forces   are   applied   as  
50 N  
shown   to   a   hook   support.  
25O  
Knowing   that   the   magnitude  
of   the   resultant   of   the   two  
α   forces   is   a   50   –   N   horizontal  
force,   determine   the   value   of  
P   α   for   which   the   applied   force  
Q   Q  is  minimum.  

ANS:  65°  
➔It  has  been  shown  that  the  resultant  R  of  
forces  ac3ng  at  the  same  point  (concurrent  
forces)  can  be  found.  

➔Conversely,  a  given  force  R  can  be  resolved  


into  components.  

27  
➔Vector  force  
components:    two  or  
more  force  vectors  
which,  together,  have  
the  same  effect  as  a  
single  force  vector.  
➔How  many  components  could  a  force  be  
resolved  into?  
➛Infinite  number  of  possible  components  
➔For  a  force  resolved  into  two  components,  
the  possible  problems  include:  
  Q   R  
P  
P  

R  

Red  forces  are  given  from  problem   Q  


a  

P   Given  P  is  800  N,  


determine  the  components  
45.    0°    
of  the  force  in  a  and  b  axes.    
 
40.    0  °  
 
15.    0°    
 
  b  
 
 
Draw  the  force  triangle.   FB
95O
a  
FA 40O

45O P=800N  
α 15.0O P  
25.0O
45.    0°     α = 180 − 45° − 40°
Since  all  the  angles  are  already  known,  we  can  
40.    0  °   use  the  sine  law  to  solve  other  two  forces.  
15.    0°    
sin 95 O sin 45 O sin 40 O
= =
b   800 FB FA

FB = 567.85 N
FA = 516.19 N
➔A  force  vector  may  be  resolved  into  
perpendicular  components  
y   ​𝑖  and  ​𝑗  -­‐  unit  vectors  of  
magnitude  1  directed  along  the  
posi3ve  x  and  y  axes,  respec3vely.  
F  y   =   F  y   ˆj     F  
​𝐹↓𝑥      ​𝐹↓𝑦  -­‐  vector  components  of

Fy = F sin θ Fx  Fy–  scalar  components  of  ​𝐹  


 
j   -­‐may  be  posi3ve  or  nega3ve  
θ   depending  on  the  sense  of  ​𝐹↓𝑥      ​
x   𝐹↓𝑦      
 
i   F  x   =   F  x  iˆ     -­‐the  absolute  values  are  equal  
Fx = F cos θ to  the  magnitude  of  the  
 components  forces  ​𝐹↓𝑥      ​𝐹↓𝑦  
F = Fxiˆ + Fy ĵ
y  

Given  the  components:  


F  y   =   F  y   ˆj     F  
Fy
tan θ =
Fx
j   2 2
F= Fx + Fy
θ  
x  
i   F  x   =   F  x  iˆ    

34  
F   =   800   N  
F   y  
FX  =  -­‐655.3  N  i  
θ   =   145   0  
α   =   35   0  
FY  =  458.9  N  j  
F   x  

TIP:  It  might  be  easier  to  use  acute  angles  and  just  put  the  signs  later.  
• Wish  to  find  the  resultant  of  3  or  more  
concurrent  forces,  
   
R = P+Q+ S

• Resolve  each  force  into  rectangular  components  


       
R x i + R y j = Px i + Py j + Qx i + Q y j + S x i + S y j
 
= (Px + Qx + S x )i + Py + Q y + S y j( )
• The  scalar  components  of  the  resultant  are  
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  corresponding  scalar  
components  of  the  given  forces.  
R x = Px + Q x + S x R y = Py + Q y + S y
= ∑ Fx = ∑ Fy
• To  find  the  resultant  magnitude  and  direc3on,  
2 2 −1 R y
R = Rx + R y θ = tan
Rx
2 - 36
Determine  the  resultant  of  the  three  forces  
below  
y
800 N
600 N

45o
350 N
60o 25o
x
y
800 N
600 N

45o
350 N
60o 25o
x
RX = ΣF x = 350 cos 25O + 800 cos 70O -600 cos 60O  
RX = 317.2 + 273.6 – 300 = 290.8 N  
 
RY = ΣF y = 350 sin 25 + 800 sin 70O +600 sin 60O
  R = 147.9 + 751 + 519.6   = 1419.3 N  
Y

F= 290.8 N i   +1419.3 N j  
1419.3
Resultant, F   F = 290.8 2 +1419.32 = 1449 N θ = tan −1 = 78.4 O
290.8
F = 1449 N ∠ 78.4O  
z  
The  resultant  of  concurrent  
F1   forces  ac3ng  on  a  par3cle  in  
F2   space  will  also  act  on  the  
same  par3cle  

o  
y  

F3  
x  
➔The  resultant  can  be   z  

drawn  from  the  tail  of   F2  


F3  
the  first  force  to  the   F1  
head  of  the  last  force.     θ   z   R  
θ   y  
➔The  magnitude  and   o  
y  
direc3on  of  the   θ  x  

resultant  can  be   x  

computed  using   Note:  The  sine  and  cosine  laws  


are  hard  to  implement  because  
successive  use  of  the   usually  the  given  angles  are  
triangle  law.     absolute.  
The  rectangular  components  of  a  force  can  be  determined  
easily  depending  on  the  given  characteris3cs  of  the  force.  

1.  Given  the  Magnitude  and  Two  Angles    


z
z
Fz = F cosθ z
F
F
θz Fz
θz
y
y
o
o
θy θ xy
F xy
Fxy = F sin θ z
x x
1.  Given  the  Magnitude  and  Two  Angles    
z
z

Fz
F
Fz
θz
y y
Fy
o o
θ xy Fx θ xy
F xy F xy

x x
Fxy = F sin θ z
Fx = Fxy sin θ xy = F sin θ z sin θ xy
Fy = Fxy cosθ xy = F sin θ z cosθ xy
1.  Given  the  Magnitude  and  Two  Angles    

z
Fz = F cosθ z
Fz
Fx = Fxy sin θ xy = F sin θ z sin θ xy

Fy
y Fy = Fxy cosθ xy = F sin θ z cosθ xy
o

Fx θ xy
In  vector  form,  
F xy

x
F = Fx iˆ + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ
2 2 2
F = Fx + Fy + Fz
2.  Given  the  Magnitude  and  Three  Absolute  Angles    

z  
Fx  =  Fcos  θx      
Fy  =  F  cos  θy    
Fz  =  Fcos  θz  
 
θ  z   F    
y  
o  
θ  y   where  cos  θx,  cos  θy  
and  cos  θz    are  called  
θ  x  
direc5on  cosines  
 
x   F  =  Fxi  +  Fyj  +  Fzk  
A  force  of  500  N  forms  angles  of  600,  450  and  1200,  
respec3vely,  with  the  x,y  and  z  axes.  Find  the  components  
Fx,  Fy  and  Fz  of  the  force.  Find  also  the  vector  
representa3on  of  the  force.  
z  
Fx  =  F  cos  θx  =  (500N)cos  600    
Fx  =  +250N   θz   Fy
Fy  =  F  cos  θy  =  (500N)  cos  450     o  
Fx y  
Fy  =  +354N   θy  
θx  
Fz  =  F  cos  θz  =  (500N)  cos  1200     x  
Fz  =  -­‐250N   Fz

F  =  250N  i  +  354N  j  –  250N  k     F


z  
Note:   The   angle   a   force     F  
θz   Fy forms   with   an   axis   should   be  
Fx
o  
y  
measured   from   the   posi3ve  
θy  
θx  
side   of   the   axis   and   will  
x   always   be   between   0   and  
Fz
1800.    

F  =  250N  i  +  354N  j  –  250N  k    


(
F = F cos θxiˆ + cos θyˆj + cos θzkˆ
scalar   vector  
)
let    λ  =  cos  θx  i  +  cos  θy    j+  cos  θz  k  
λ  =  unit  vector  
 λx=  cos  θx   λx2  +  λy2  +  λz2  =  1  
 λy=  cos  θy   it  follows  that,    
 λz=  cos  θz    
cos2  θx  +  cos2  θy  +  cos2  θz  =  1    
• The  force  vector  is  equal  to  the  product  
F  =  F  λ   of  the  magnitude  of  the  force  and  the  
unit  vector.  
• The  unit  vector  defines  the  direc5on  of  the  vector.  
A  force    has  the  components  Fx  =  20N,  Fy  =  -­‐30N,  Fz  =  60N.  
Determine  its  magnitude  F  and  the  angles  θx,  θy,  θz  it  forms  
with  the  coordinate  axes.  
z  

Fz F = Fx 2 + Fy 2 + Fx 2
Fy o  
y   F = (20 N ) 2 + (−30 N ) 2 + (60 N ) 2
Fx
F = 4900 N = 70 N
x  
F  =  70  N  

θx  =  cos-­‐1  (Fx  /  F)  =  cos-­‐1  (20/70)   z  

θx  =  73.40   F Fz

θy  =  cos-­‐1  (Fy  /  F)  =  cos-­‐1  (-­‐30/70)   Fy o  


y  
θy  =  115.40  
Fx
x  
θz  =  cos-­‐1  (Fz  /  F)  =  cos-­‐1  (60/70)  

θy  =  31.00  
3.  Given  the  Magnitude  and  Two  Points  on  Its  Line  of  Ac5on  
d x = xe − xo
z  
E  (x    e  ,  y  e  ,  z  e  )   d y = ye − yo
F  
d z = ze − zo

O  (x    o  ,  y  o  ,  z  o  )   y  
d = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
o  

  Just  remember:  Force  is  


F = Fλ defined  by  its  
magnitude  and  
x    1   
λ = d xi + d y j + d z k
d
( ) direc3on.  Direc3on  is  
defined  by  a  unit  vector  
along  the  force.  
3.  Given  the  Magnitude  and  Two  Points  on  Its  Line  of  Ac5on  
 
z   F = Fλ
E  (x    e  ,  y  e  ,  z  e  )  
 1   
F  
(
λ = d xi + d y j + d z k
d
)
O  (x    o  ,  y  o  ,  z  o  )   y  
o  
F = Fxiˆ + Fyˆj + Fz kˆ
dx dy dz
Fx = F Fy = F Fz = F
x   d d d
dx dy dz
cos θx = cosθy = cosθz =
d d d
Determine  the  vector  representa3on  of  the  given  force.  
z  
2.4m   E  

1.5m  
F=1.6kN   y  

1.2m  
O  
1.5m  
x  
O(1.2,  1.5,  0.0)  
z   E(0.0,  2.4,  1.5)  
2.4m   E  
dx  =  0.0  -­‐1.2  =  -­‐1.2  
dy  =  2.4  -­‐1.5  =  +0.9  
1.5m  
dz  =  1.5  -­‐  0.0  =  +1.5  
F=1.6kN   y  
1.2m   2 2 2
O   d= (− 1.2) + (0.9) + (1.5)
1.5m  
x   d  =  2.12m    
z  
− 1.2
Fx = (1.6kN ) = −0.905kN E  
2.12
+ 0.9
Fy = (1.6kN ) = 0.679kN Fz
2.12 y  
+ 1.5 Fx
Fz = (1.6kN ) = 1.131kN O  
2.12
Fy
x  

F = −0.905kN iˆ + 0.679kN ˆj + 1.131kN kˆ


The resultant R of two or more forces in space will
be determined by summing their rectangular
components. Graphical or trigonometric methods are
generally not practical in the case of forces in space.

R = ∑F Rxi + Ryi + Rzk = ∑ (Fxi + Fyj + Fz )


= (∑ Fx )i + (∑ Fy ) j + (∑ Fz )k

Rx = ∑ Fx Ry = ∑ Fy Rz = ∑ Fz
R = Rx 2 + Ry 2 + Rz 2

Rx Ry Rz
cosθx = cosθy = cosθz =
R R R
➔Three  cables  are  used  to  
tether  a  balloon  as  
shown.  Knowing  that  
the  resultant  of  the  
three  cable  forces  is  
800-­‐N  downward,  
determine  the  tension  in  
each  cable.  
600 N
Determine graphically,
the magnitude and 900 N
direction of the resultant
of the two forces using 45o
(a) Parallelogram law 30o
and (b) the triangle rule.  
A  parallelogram  with  sides  equal  to  900  N  and  600  N  is  
drawn  to  scale  as  shown.  
R  
From  the  scaled  
600 N
drawing  of  the  forces,  
the  resultant  is  
900 N
R  ≈  1400  N  
45o
θ  
θ  ≈  46o  
30o

Note:  The  triangle  rule  may  


also  be  used.    Join  the  forces  
in  a  3p  to  tail  fashion  and  
measure  the  magnitude  and  
direc3on  of  the  resultant.  
R   For  the  magnitude  of  R,  using  the  
cosine  law:  
600 N
135o R 2 = 900 2 + 600 2 − 2(900)(600)cos135o

α   900 N R = 1390.6 = 1391 N


θ  
30o
For  angle  θ,  using  sine  law:  
R 600 ⎛ 600 sin 135O
−1 ⎞
O
= α = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 17.8O
sin 135 sin α 1391
⎝ ⎠

The  angle  of  the  resultant:   θ = 30 O + 17.8O


Sample  Problem  2.10  :  (2.89)  A  frame  ABC  is  supported  in  part  
by  cable  DBE  which  passes  through  a  fric3onless  ring  at  B.  
Knowing  that  the  tension  in  the  cable  is  385  N,  determine  the  
components  of  the  force  exerted  by  the  cable  on  the  support  
D.  
280mm
210mm
D E

400mm
510mm

A
C
x
z
B 600mm
480mm
280mm
O(0, 510, 280) 210mm
O(0, 510, 280)
D TDBX E E(480, 0, 600)
TDBZ
TDB = 385N dx = xE – xO = 480-0=480
TDBY
510mm
400mm
dy = yE – yO = 0-510=-510
dz = zE – zO = 600-280=320
C d = 770 mm
A x
z

B dx 480
480mm
600mm
TDBX = TDB = (385) = 240 N
E(480, 0, 600)
d 770
dy − 510
TDBY = TDB = (385) = −255 N
 d 770
TDB = TDBX iˆ + TDBY ˆj + TDBZ kˆ = 240iˆ − 255 ˆj + 160 kˆ (N )
dz 320
TDBZ = TDB = (385) = 160 N
d 770
Solution:  
 

Position vector of  BH   = 0.6 m  i   + 1.2 m  j    -   1.2 m  k    

Magnitude, BH    =   0.  6    2   +  1.  2    2   +   1.  2    2   =  1.  8    m    

→  
BH   1  
λ  BH   =   =   (  0.  6    m  i   +  1.  2     m   j   -  1.  2     m   k  )  
|  BH  |   1.  8    
→  
BH   750  N  
 →     =   |  TBH
TBH    |  .   λ  BH   =   |  TBH
   |   =   0.  6    m  i   +  1.  2     m   j   -  1.  2     m   k  
|  BH  |   1.  8   m
   
→   →   →  
T  →    
BH
=   (  250  N  )   i   +  (500  N  )   j   -   (500  N  )   k    

Fx     =   250  N   Fy     =   500  N   Fz     =   -   500  N  


➔ h=p://compac3ongames.about.com/od/screenshots/ig/Star-­‐
Wars-­‐The-­‐Force-­‐Unleashed/The-­‐Force-­‐Unleashed-­‐
Screenshot.-­‐eGV.htm  
➔ h=p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg  
➔ h=p://richardwiseman.wordpress.com/2011/08/15/answer-­‐
to-­‐the-­‐friday-­‐puzzle-­‐117/  
➔ h=p://www.cadsoB-­‐consult.com/blogs/acad/2011/when-­‐
push-­‐comes-­‐to-­‐nudge%E2%80%A6/  

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