SQL Commands

Creating a database:

CREATE DATABASE databasename;

To connect to a database:

\c databasename;

To delete a database:

DROP DATABASE database_name;

Creating table:

CREATE TABLE databasename.table_name (

column1 int,
column2 varchar(5)
);

Insert values into table:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

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 To delete complete table:

DROP TABLE table_name [drop_behavior];

two drop behavior options

1. Cascade: All constraints that references the table are dropped
automatically along with the table itself.
2. Restrict: Table is dropped only it is not referenced in any
constraints.

To erase all the contents from the table, but the structure remains same:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Used to delete a row based on conditions:

DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

The table before the above statement:

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 Table after using Delete command

Alter General syntax:

ALTER TABLE table_name

[add|drop|rename] column column_name;

Adding new column:

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

Deleting a column:

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 ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;

Rename a table

ALTER TABLE table_name

RENAME TO new_table_name;

Renaming a column:

ALTER TABLE Student

RENAME COLUMN NAME TO FIRST_NAME;

Update command:

UPDATE table_name
SET marks=100
WHERE roll_number=25;

Retrieval Queries:
To display Complete-table:

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 select * from table_name;

here, * => "every row"

To display a column:

select column_name from table_name;

Another example:

select * from table_name where column_name='Avinash';

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 Display from ceratin conditions:

select column_name from table_name

where marks>=value1 and marks<=value2;

Emkonni examples:

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 Very important example:

can also write as:

Can also be written as

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 Distinct Command

SELECT DISTINCT column_name

FROM table_name;

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 Order By Command:

SELECT column_name FROM table_name

ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC;

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 SQL Alias: We can give a table or a column another name by using an alias
SQL Alias Syntax for Columns:

SELECT column_name AS alias_name

FROM table_name;

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 WHERE clause:

SELECT column1, column2, columnN

FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]

Example:

SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY

FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 2000;

Here [condition] can be any of the below:

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 Wildcard Characters

underscore( _ ): Represents exactly one character

percent sign(%): Represents zero or more characters

LIKE Operator: used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a

column.

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

Example:

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 IN Operator: IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.

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 SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

Example:

Example 2: both commands are same here

BETWEEN operator: BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

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 WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

Aggregate Functions:

SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in a

column.

• AVG() - Returns the average value

• COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
• MAX() - Returns the largest value
• MIN() - Returns the smallest value
• SUM() - Returns the sum
Examples:

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 Group by statement:

SELECT aggregate_function(column_name), column_name

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name;

Example:

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 HAVING Clause:

The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be
used with aggregate functions.

SELECT column_name FROM table_name

WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name;

Example:

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SQL Commands 18
 Summary:

Next session
TCL commands:
COMMIT: Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction into the
database.

COMMIT;

ROLLBACK: This command restores the database to the last committed state. It is
also used with the savepoint command to jump to a save point in a transaction.

ROLLBACK TO savepoint_name;

SAVEPOINT: Savepoint command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that

you can roll back to that point whenever necessary.

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 SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

More Complex SQL queries:

Example:

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 the above code can also be written as:

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 ALL operator:
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SQL JOIN statement:

The SQL Joins clause is used to combine records from two or more tables. where
they having common columns
A JOIN is a means for combining fields from two tables by using values common to
each

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