Biostatistics

Lecture - First
Rajeshwar Ray

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Q.1. What is the Biostatistics???

Q.2. What is the Statistics ???

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 Central Tendency

 Central Tendency is the Summary statistics or

Descriptive Statistics used to locate central value of
group of data values
 Central Value divides whole data into two equal parts
i.e. 50% right and 50% Left.

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 Synonym

 Also Can be called as Average.

 E.g. Average Income of Family, Average Size, Average

Marks, Average Height, Average Weight.

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Objective of Central value or Average

1. Gives Bird eye View of the data i.e. It describes the

characteristics of entire data.
2. It Helps in comparison of different data within one
Group or between group of data.
3. Provides the single value for entire data

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 Type of Central Tendency

1. Mathematical Average 2. Positional Averages

A. Arithmetic Mean A. Median
B.Mode
B. Geometric Mean
C.Quartile
C. Harmonic Mean D. Decile
E.Percentile

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 Mathematical Average

Arithmetic Mean ( Average ) : Mean usually

calculated for three kind of data
A. Ungrouped Data
B. Grouped Data
C. Continuous Data

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 Ungrouped Data Grouped Data Continuous data

Only Data Value , No Frequency Data Value & Frequency Data in Range & Frequency

E.g. X Value F X F Mid Value(X)

Weight
20 kg 2 20-30 2 25
20 kg
30 kg 30 kg 3 30-40 3 35
25 kg 40 kg 4 40-50 4 45
50 kg
25 kg 5 50-60 5 55
55 kg
50 kg 6 60-70 6 65

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 Arithmetic Mean

Arithmetic mean??
Banned or Cannot Used
Where We Use ………….
1. Open Data i.e. <20 or >100 1. All Kinds of Data except Open data
2. Incomplete Data 2. Complete Data
3. Missing Data 3. Quantitative Data
4. Qualitative Data e.g. which one is 4. Quantitative Data with Normal Distribution
intelligent Note: parametric test requires Mean and SD
5. Kurtotic Data Comparison.
6. Skewed Data Advantage :
7. Outliers • Never Biased
8. Extreme value • Widely used
* Absurd result sometime such as
family size : 3.4
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 Formula of Arithmetic Mean

Mean of Ungrouped Data= 𝑋/𝑁

Ungrouped data: Data having no frequency

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 Formula For Different Group of Data and Their Comparison
Direct Method
Individual Data or Ungrouped Data Grouped Data Grouped
Data having No Frequency Descreate Continuous Data
Data having Data value & Frequency Data Having Range Data, Frequency
but no range
𝑋 𝑓𝑋 𝑓𝑋
Mean 𝑋 = Mean 𝑋 = Mean 𝑋 = where X is mid value
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁

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 Mathematical Properties of
Arithmetic Mean
1. The Sum of deviation of a given set
of observations from arithmetic mean
Q.1. The Sum of deviation of a given set of
is equal to zero i.e. observation from arithmatic mean is equal to
……….
𝑋−𝑋 =0 a. = 0 X X-𝒙
b. >0 10 10-20 =-10
2. The Sum of squares of deviation s of c. <0 20 20-20 = 0
d. 0-1
deviations of a set from the arithmetic ANS = a 30 30-20 = 10
mean is minimum i.e. 𝑥 = 20 𝑋− 𝑥=0
(𝑥 − 𝑥)2 ≤ (𝑋 − 𝐴)2

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 Con….

3. In case every value of the variable X is

increased/decreased by a constant value, Q.1. If the Old Mean of the data set: 20 and each data set
Arithmetic mean of observation obtained is increased by Constant Value 5, New mean is equal to
also increased or decreased by a same …..
constant value. a. 25 b. 20 c.15 d. 35
𝑌 =𝑋∓𝑏 Note: New Mean = Old Mean + Constant Value

𝑌= 𝑋∓𝑏 Q.2. If the Old Mean of the data set: 20 and each data set
is deceased by Constant Value 5, New mean is equal to
…..
𝑌 = 𝑋∓𝑏
a. 25 b. 20 c.15 d. 35
Note: New Mean = Old Mean - Constant Value

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4. If the values of variable x are Q.1. If the Old Mean of the data set: 20 and each data set
is multiplied by Constant Value 5, New mean is equal to
multiplied /divided by a constant, …..
Arithmetic mean of new observation can a. 25 b. 20 c.15 d. 100
be obtained by multiplying /dividing the Note: New Mean = Old Mean * Constant Value
initial arithmetic mean by the same Q.2. If the Old Mean of the data set: 20 and each data set
constant. is divided by Constant Value 5, New mean is equal to …..
a. 25 b. 20 c.4 d. 35
Note: New Mean = Old Mean / Constant Value

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Rajeshwar Ray, Med Microbiologist SPSS trainer 9808222095
Problem 1:
Calculate the mean by direct method for
following Data (X): 20 kg, 30kg, 40kg, 50 kg

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 Problem :002: Calculate the Mean by direct method by direct method for the following data (x):
Given below in table.

X value F FX
Q. Which one of the Value represent the Mean of the
20 2 40
following Data: X= 5, 10 with respective frequency 2
30 3 90 and 3.
40 4 160 a. 8 b. 10 c. 15 d. 5
ANS : 8
50 3 150
𝑓𝑥 = 440 X F Fx
5 2 10

𝑓𝑥 440
10 3 30
Mean = = = 36.6 𝐴𝑁𝑆
𝑁 12 N= 5
𝑥 = 40

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 Problem 003:
Calculate the Mean for the following data given below by direct methods

X value f Mid Value fx

(X)
20-30 2 25 50
30-40 3 35 105
40-50 4 45 180
50-60 3 55 165

𝑓𝑥 = 500

𝑓𝑥 500
Mean =
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= = 41.6
𝑁 12
 Combined Mean
If We Have two Groups and Two Mean
Value with their respective
cumulative frequency, Then
Combined mean Calculated.

Q. If the Mean of the Group A : 10 with N1- 4 and

Lets 𝑋1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑋2 are the mean of the Group B : 20 with N2 = 5. Find the Combined
two different groups having Mean?
frequency N1 and N2, The Combined a.
Mean is given by :

𝑋1∗𝑁1:𝑋2∗𝑁2
Combined Mean (𝑋) =
𝑁1:𝑁2

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Problem No 1:The Mean monthly salary of 80 male workers
20 female workers of a company are Rs 1560 and rs 1260 respectively.
What is the mean monthly salary of all the workers taken together.

Solution
Group A ( Male worker) :𝑋𝑚 = Rs 1560 N1 = 80
Group B ( Female Worker) : 𝑋𝑓 = 𝑅𝑠 1260 N2 = 20

Now
𝑋1𝑁1:𝑋2𝑁2 1560×80:1260×20 150000
Combined Mean (𝑋𝑚𝑓 ) = = = = 1500
𝑁1:𝑁2 80:20 100

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 Problem 002:
Following are the two data sets given below in table. For this data find out the combined mean .
HomeWork

Group First Group Second

X1 F X2 F
20 2 30 3
30 1 50 2
40 3 60 1
50 4 70 4

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 Weighted Arithmetic Mean

In general, all the items under consideration do not have

equal importance. We assign proper weight to the items
according to their relative importance. Then We compute
the weighted Arithmetic Mean.

𝑊1𝑋1:𝑤2𝑋2:𝑊3𝑋3 …… 𝑊𝑋
Weighted Mean( 𝑋𝑤 ) = =
𝑊1:𝑊2:𝑊3…… 𝑊

Where w : Weightage , X = Variable value

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Problem No.:1

A Students Marks in Statistics , Physics, Anatomy and

Physiology, Chemistry are 85, 75, 45, 65. If their respective
credits hours are 5,3,1 and 2. Find the average marks.

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Solution
Marks (X) Credits Hours (W) WX
85 5 425
75 3 225
45 1 45
65 2 130
𝑊𝑋 =825
𝑊 = 11

𝑊𝑋 825
Average Marks or Weighted Mean ( 𝑋𝑤 )= 𝑊
= 11 = 75

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 Geometric Mean
• Rarer measure of Central tendency
Q. The Best Suitable Mathematical Average
• Observation must be non negative and for Bacterial Population on Culture Broth?
non zero a. Arithmetic Mean
b. Geometric Mean
c. Harmonic Mean
d. Mode
Application: ANS : b
Q. Which Mathematical Average best for
 Used to describe the data with an extreme skewed Data :
skewness to the right side a. AM b. GM c. HM d. Median
 Used for ratio, rate and percentage variate value ANS : b ( Log treatment )
and exponential expressed value
 Laboratory data and lipid measurement are
generally computed by geometric mean
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 Advantage
 Rigidly define for non zero and non negative
 Based on all observation
Q. If the One of the Data set of the
 Not affected by extreme value
observation is Zero, Then GM is always
 Arithmetic mean has bias for higher value where as …………
Geometric mean has bias for smaller observations a. = 0
 It is not affected by much fluctuation of sampling b. Less than Zero
c. More than zero
 GM is used when the number of reflect population d. Both d and c
counts that are extremely variables i.e. population
of mosquitoes, bacteria etc.
 GM is used in microbiology for computing average
dilution tiers. Hence bacterial concentration at
public beaches are reported by health inspectors as
geometric mean.
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 Disadvantage
 Not applied for zero or negative variate value
Explanation: Q. In Series of Data set, One of the
Observation is Zero, Which one the
If any observation is zero, geometric mean would Following Mathematical average is best to
be zero and if any of the observation is negative, estimate population parameter?
the geometric mean becomes imaginary
a. Mean b.GM c. HM d. Median
 Geometric mean is a mathematical character. It
is not easy to understand or to calculate for non
mathematical persons

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Geometric Mean for Ungrouped Data

𝑛
G= 𝑋1 ∗ 𝑋2 ∗ 𝑋3 … … … . Q. The Formula of GM for Individual series of data?
log 𝑋 𝑓 log 𝑋
a. G = antilog ( b. G = antilog (
or 𝑛
𝑛
) 𝑛
𝑥
c. G = antilog ( log 𝑋 d. Mean = 𝑛
log 𝑋
G = antilog ( )
𝑛

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Geometric Mean for Grouped Data

𝑓.log 𝑋
G = antilog ( )
𝑁

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Problem No 1:
Find the geometric mean of the number of
bacteria (× 103) observed in an experiment
at hourly ins as follow:
10,25,76,148 and 302.

Solution
5
Geometric Mean ( G) = 10 × 25 × 76 × 148 × 302 = 61.0667

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Solution

X logX
10 1 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑋 8.92
G= antilog = antolog = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔(1.784 )
25 1.39 𝑁 5

76 1.88
148 2.17
302 2.48

𝐿𝑜𝑥 = 8.92

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Problem No : 002
From the following data, compute the value
of geometric mean.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No of the 8 12 20 6 4
Students

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 Solution

Class Interval Mid Value Frequency(f) Log X f. LogX

0-10 5 8 0.69 5.52
10-20 15 12 1.17 14.04
20-30 25 20 1.39 27.8
30-40 35 6 1.54 9.24
40-50 45 4 1.65 6.6
N=
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 63.2

𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 63.2
Geometric Mean = antilog = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 = antilog 1.26=
𝑁 50

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 Problem 3
Q. 3. Find the average rate of increase in tiger population which in first decade
had increased by 20%, in second decade by 30% and in third by 40%.

SOLUTIONS
Rate of increase in tiger population during three decades
Decade Rate of increase Tiger’s population at the Log X
In tiger Population end of Decade
1 20% 120 2.0972
2 30% 130 2.1139
3 40% 140 2.1461

𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑋 = 6.3392
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Continuous
No of observation (N) = 3
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑋 6.3392
X Log X
GM= Antilog = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 = Antilog
𝑁 10 1
2.1131 = 129.7
50 1.69

Therefore geometric mean increase in tiger

population during three decade is 129.7- 100 =
29.7%

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 Algebraic properties of GM

1. In case of geometric mean, the product of the observations

remains unchanged if each item in the series is replaced by the
geometric mean.
Problem Q.1.
Calculate the geometric mean of the set of values 2,4,8,16, 32
5 4
GM = 2 × 4 ×× 8 × 16 × 32 = 32768
5
When we replaced all the values of the set by GM = 8.8.8.8.8 =
5
32768
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Harmonic Mean:

1. Harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean

of the reciprocal of the set of non-zero variate values.
 Used for rates and ratio type of variables.

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Ungrouped Data Group Data
Let X1, X2, x3 …………be the Let X1, X2, x3 …………be the
non zero variate. n is the non zero variate. N is the
no of observation. total frequency
𝑛 𝑁
HM = 1 HM = 1
𝑋 𝑓
𝑋

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Problem 001
Obtain the harmonic mean from the following data
Marks 10 20 30 40 50
No of 4 5 8 2 1
students

Solution
X f 𝟏 𝟏
f𝒙
𝒙
10 4 0.1 0.4
20 5 0.05 0.25
30 8 0.03 0.24
40 2 0.025 0.05
50 1 0.02 0.02
𝑓
= 0.96
𝑁 9808222095
Rajeshwar Ray, Med Microbiologist SPSS trainer 20 𝑥
Harmonic mean = 𝑓 = = 20.83
0.96
𝑥
 THANK YOU

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