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Assist. prof. Rajeshwar Ray
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MCQS of Sample Size 015424901, 9808222095

1. What is the primary purpose of determining the sample size in a research

study?

a) To ensure the study can be completed on time

b) To achieve a balance between accuracy and cost
c) To guarantee the sample will be representative of the population
d) To minimize the amount of data collected

Answer: b) To achieve a balance between accuracy and cost

2. Which factor does NOT typically influence the calculation of sample size?

a) Desired level of confidence b) Margin of error

c) Population size d) Data collection method

Answer: d) Data collection method

3. In a study aiming for a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, which
of the following would generally require a larger sample size?

a) Increasing the confidence level to 99%

b) Decreasing the confidence level to 90%
c) Increasing the margin of error to 10%
d) Decreasing the margin of error to 8%

Answer: a) Increasing the confidence level to 99%

Note:

To determine which scenario would generally require a larger sample size, consider these key
factors:

 Smaller Margin of Error: A smaller margin of error requires a larger sample size.
 Higher Confidence Level: A higher confidence level also requires a larger sample size.

4. For a given margin of error, which sample size is required if the variability in
the population increases?

a) Smaller sample size b) Larger sample size

c) No change in sample size d) Sample size is irrelevant to variability

Answer: b) Larger sample size

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5. What is the effect of increasing the sample size on the margin of error in a
survey?

a) It increases the margin of error.

b) It decreases the margin of error.
c) It has no effect on the margin of error.
d) It makes the margin of error unpredictable.

Answer: b) It decreases the margin of error.

6. Which of the following is the most common formula used to determine sample
size for estimating a population proportion?

a. b. c. d.

ANS :

7. If the population size is very large, what happens to the required sample size
for a given level of confidence and margin of error?

a) The sample size decreases significantly.

b) The sample size increases significantly.
c) The sample size remains unchanged.
d) The sample size becomes unpredictable.

Answer: c) The sample size remains unchanged.

When the population size is very large, the required sample size for a given level of confidence
and margin of error reaches a point where it stabilizes and doesn't significantly increase with
further increases in population size. This is because the sample size formula often includes a
factor that adjusts for the population size, but when the population is large, this factor
approaches 1.

Key Points:

 Large Population Size: As the population size becomes very large (in the thousands or
millions), the sample size needed for a given confidence level and margin of error
becomes relatively stable.
 Effect on Sample Size: For very large populations, the sample size needed for a specific
confidence level and margin of error is nearly the same as it would be for an infinite
population.

In summary, the required sample size stabilizes and does not continue to grow significantly as
the population size becomes very large.

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8. When estimating the sample size for a finite population, which adjustment is
made to the formula used for an infinite population?

a) Increase the sample size proportionally

b) Apply a correction factor based on the finite population size
c) Decrease the sample size proportionally
d) Use the same formula without adjustments

Answer: b) Apply a correction factor based on the finite population size

9. Which of the following is true about sample size determination for qualitative
research?

a) Sample size is typically larger than for quantitative research.

b) Sample size is determined based on statistical power.
c) Sample size is often smaller and guided by the concept of saturation.
d) Sample size is fixed and does not vary with the study design.

Answer: c) Sample size is often smaller and guided by the concept of saturation.

10. In a study with a sample size of 100 and a margin of error of 5%, if the
desired margin of error is reduced to 3%, what will likely happen to the sample
size?

a) It will increase. b) It will decrease.

c) It will remain the same. d) It will become unpredictable.

Answer: a) It will increase.

11. Which term refers to the range within which the true population parameter is
expected to fall, with a certain level of confidence?

a) Sampling error b) Margin of error

c) Confidence interval d) Sample statistic

Answer: c) Confidence interval

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12. What is the primary impact of a higher confidence level on the required
sample size?

a) It decreases the required sample size. b) It increases the required sample size.
c) It has no impact on the sample size. d) It makes the sample size more variable.

Answer: b) It increases the required sample size.

13. In the context of sample size calculations, what does the term "power" refer
to?

a) The likelihood of the sample being representative of the population.

b) The probability of detecting an effect if there is one.
c) The size of the sample relative to the population.
d) The accuracy of the margin of error.

Answer: b) The probability of detecting an effect if there is one.

Description

In the context of sample size calculations, "power" refers to the probability that a statistical test will
correctly reject a false null hypothesis, or in other words, the probability of detecting an effect when there
is one. This is typically set to 0.80 or 80%, meaning there's an 80% chance of detecting a true effect.

14. What is the typical approach to estimating sample size when the population
size is unknown?

a) Use a standard sample size formula based on estimates of variability and confidence level.
b) Use the entire population as the sample.
c) Assume a population size of 1,000 for all calculations.
d) Calculate the sample size based on the size of the sample already available.

Answer: a) Use a standard sample size formula based on estimates of variability and confidence
level.

The standard sample size formula is used to calculate the minimum sample size required for a
study, given specific parameters like confidence level, margin of error, and estimated variability.
The formula is:

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Where:

 n: is the sample size.

 Z is the Z-value (Z-score), which corresponds to the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96
for 95% confidence).
 p is the estimated proportion of the population that has the characteristic of interest (if
unknown, 0.5 is often used as it maximizes the required sample size).
 e is the margin of error, or the maximum acceptable difference between the sample
statistic and the population parameter.

15. Which of the following factors does NOT need to be considered when
calculating sample size for a study?

a) Expected effect size b) Data collection method

c) Desired level of confidence d) Margin of error

Answer: b) Data collection method

16. Which of the following is true about the effect of population size on sample
size calculations?

a) Sample size calculations do not change with population size.

b) Larger populations require a larger sample size to maintain accuracy.
c) Sample size calculations only consider population size if the population is small.
d) Sample size decreases as the population size increases.

Answer: c) Sample size calculations only consider population size if the population is small.

17. For a study with a large population, if the margin of error is decreased from
5% to 1%, what will happen to the sample size?

a) The sample size will increase significantly.

b) The sample size will decrease.
c) The sample size will remain unchanged.
d) The sample size will become less predictable.

Answer: a) The sample size will increase significantly.

18. When using the formula , what does p represent?

a) The population size

b) The proportion of the population expected to have the characteristic
c) The margin of error
d) The confidence level

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Answer: b) The proportion of the population expected to have the characteristic

19. In a pilot study, a researcher determines that a sample size of 50 is sufficient.

If the primary study requires more precise estimates, what should be done?

a) Reduce the sample size to 25

b) Maintain the sample size at 50
c) Increase the sample size to enhance precision
d) Use a sample size of 10

Answer: c) Increase the sample size to enhance precision

20. Which of the following methods can be used to calculate the sample size when
the population is finite?

a) The finite population correction factor

b) The margin of error formula
c) The confidence interval adjustment
d) The power analysis technique

Answer: a) The finite population correction factor

21. What is the effect of increasing the sample size on the standard error of the
mean?

a) The standard error increases.

b) The standard error decreases.
c) The standard error remains unchanged.
d) The standard error becomes unpredictable.

Answer: b) The standard error decreases.

22. When conducting a survey to estimate a population proportion, which sample

size formula adjustment is needed if the population size is small?

a) Apply the Cochran’s formula

b) Use a sample size correction for a finite population
c) Adjust for the design effect
d) Increase the sample size by 10%

Answer: b) Use a sample size correction for a finite population

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23. Which formula is commonly used to calculate the sample size needed for
comparing two means?

( )
a. n=

Where:

 n is the sample size per group.

 Zα/2 : Zα/2 is the Z-value corresponding to the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for a
95% confidence level).
 Zβ : Zβ is the Z-value corresponding to the desired power of the test (e.g., 0.84 for 80%
power).
 and are the variances of the two groups.
 μ1−μ2: μ1−μ2 is the minimum difference between the two means that is considered
clinically significant.

Explanation:

 Zα/2: Zα/2 accounts for the confidence level (e.g., for a 95% confidence level, : Zα/2 is
1.96).
 Zβ: Zβ accounts for the power of the test (e.g., for 80% power, Zβ: Zβ is 0.84).
 The formula incorporates the variability (standard deviations) of the two groups and the
minimum difference between the means to determine the sample size needed to detect
that difference with the specified confidence and power.

24. In sample size calculations, what does the term "effect size" refer to?

a) The size of the population

b) The magnitude of the difference or effect being studied
c) The standard deviation of the sample
d) The number of participants in the sample

Answer: b) The magnitude of the difference or effect being studied

In sample size calculations, the term "effect size" refers to the magnitude of the difference or
relationship that is expected or considered meaningful in the context of the study. It quantifies
the size of the effect that the researcher is trying to detect or measure.

Key Points about Effect Size:

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 Magnitude of Change: Effect size represents the magnitude of the difference between
two groups (e.g., treatment vs. control) or the strength of a relationship (e.g., correlation
between variables).
 Types of Effect Sizes:
o Cohen's d: Commonly used for measuring the difference between two means.
o Pearson's r: Used for measuring the strength of correlation between two
variables.
o Odds Ratio or Risk Ratio: Often used in studies with binary outcomes.
 Influence on Sample Size:
o Larger Effect Size: Easier to detect, requiring a smaller sample size.
o Smaller Effect Size: Harder to detect, requiring a larger sample size to achieve
the same level of statistical power.

Example:

 If you expect a small difference between two groups (small effect size), you'll need a
larger sample size to detect this difference with confidence.
 If you expect a large difference (large effect size), you can detect it with a smaller sample
size.

In summary, effect size is a critical parameter in sample size calculations because it determines
how large or small a difference or relationship must be in the population to be detected reliably
with the given sample.

25. Which software tool is commonly used for performing power analysis to
determine sample size?

a) SPSS b) R c) G*Power d) Excel

Answer: c) G*Power

G*Power is a statistical software used for power analysis and sample size calculations. It helps
researchers determine the appropriate sample size needed to achieve a desired power level for
various statistical tests.

Key Features of G*Power:

 Versatility: Supports a wide range of statistical tests including t-tests, ANOVAs, chi-
square tests, correlation analyses, and regression analyses.
 Power Analysis: Allows users to compute the power of a test given a sample size, or
determine the required sample size for a desired power level.
 Effect Size Calculation: Helps calculate the effect size based on the sample size and
statistical test being used.

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 Graphical Interface: Provides an easy-to-use graphical interface for inputting

parameters and viewing results.

26. If a study has a sample size of 200 and a 95% confidence level, how does
increasing the confidence level to 99% affect the sample size?

a) The sample size remains the same.

b) The sample size decreases.
c) The sample size increases.
d) The sample size becomes unpredictable.

Answer: c) The sample size increases.

27. Which of the following scenarios would require a larger sample size to
achieve the same level of confidence and precision?

a) Smaller expected effect size

b) Larger expected effect size
c) Larger margin of error
d) Smaller margin of error

Answer: a) Smaller expected effect size

28. What is the primary purpose of a sample size formula adjustment for a finite
population?

a) To increase the accuracy of results

b) To reduce the cost of sampling
c) To account for the population size being small relative to the sample
d) To simplify the sampling process

Answer: c) To account for the population size being small relative to the sample

29. In a clinical trial, if the sample size is calculated based on detecting a small
effect size with high confidence, what will happen to the sample size?

a) It will decrease. b) It will remain the same.

c) It will increase. d) It will become unpredictable.

Answer: c) It will increase.

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30. Which of the following factors has the LEAST impact on sample size
calculation for a survey?

a) Expected variability in the population

b) Desired confidence level
c) Total number of variables in the study
d) Desired margin of error

Answer: c) Total number of variables in the study

32. In sample size calculations, what does Z represent?

a) The sample size

b) The population proportion
c) The z-score corresponding to the desired confidence level
d) The margin of error

Answer: c) The z-score corresponding to the desired confidence level

33. Which of the following would most likely require a sample size adjustment?

a) Increasing the survey response rate

b) Adding more questions to the survey
c) Changing the study’s confidence level from 90% to 95%
d) decreasing the number of participants in each focus group

Answer: c) Changing the study’s confidence level from 90% to 95%

34. For a study aiming to estimate a population mean, which factor does NOT
affect the sample size calculation?

a) Variability in the population b) Desired confidence level

c) Population size d) Expected effect size

Answer: d) Expected effect size

Explanation:

 a) Variability in the population: The variability (or standard deviation) in the population
affects the sample size because more variability requires a larger sample to estimate the
mean accurately.
 b) Desired confidence level: A higher confidence level requires a larger sample size to
ensure that the estimate of the mean is accurate within the desired confidence interval.

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 c) Population size: While population size can affect the sample size, especially for small
populations, it becomes less influential as the population size increases. However, it is
still a factor in finite population corrections.
 d) Expected effect size: This is the correct answer because, when estimating a
population mean, the expected effect size (which is typically used in hypothesis testing to
detect differences) does not directly affect the sample size. Sample size for estimating a
mean is more about achieving a certain level of precision rather than detecting a
difference.

35. What is the effect of a higher level of confidence on the sample size required
for a study?

a) It decreases the sample size.

b) It increases the sample size.
c) It has no effect on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size more variable.

Answer: b) It increases the sample size.

36. When calculating sample size for a proportion, if you do not have an estimate
for the proportion, what value is typically used?

a) 0.1 b) 0.5 c) 0.25 d) 0.75

Answer: b) 0.5

37. What does the term "power" refer to in the context of sample size
determination?

a) The accuracy of the sample proportion

b) The likelihood of detecting a true effect if it exists
c) The total number of samples collected
d) The proportion of the sample that meets the criteria

Answer: b) The likelihood of detecting a true effect if it exists

38. In hypothesis testing, what is typically the minimum power desired for a
study?

a) 50% b) 60% c) 80% d) 90%

Answer: c) 80%

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39. If a study with a sample size of 150 is aimed at detecting a small effect size
with high confidence, how would the sample size change if the effect size were
larger?

a) The sample size would decrease.

b) The sample size would remain the same.
c) The sample size would increase.
d) The sample size would become unpredictable.

Answer: a) The sample size would decrease.

40. In survey research, which adjustment is made if the sample is drawn from a
finite population?

a) Use of a finite population correction factor

b) Increase in sample size by 10%
c) Adjustment for design effect
d) Decrease in sample size by 10%

Answer: a) Use of a finite population correction factor

41. What does the "finite population correction factor" account for in sample
size calculations?

a) Variation in the sample

b) The proportion of the sample size to the population size
c) The effect of adding more questions to the survey
d) The cost of increasing sample size

Answer: b) The proportion of the sample size to the population size

Formula for Finite Population Correction Factor:

Where:

 nadj : nadj is the adjusted sample size with the finite population correction.
 is the initial sample size calculated using the formula for an infinite population.
 Nis the total population size.

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42. If a researcher increases the margin of error from 2% to 5%, what is the
likely effect on the sample size?

a) The sample size will increase.

b) The sample size will decrease.
c) The sample size will remain unchanged.
d) The sample size will become less predictable.

Answer: b) The sample size will decrease.

43. Which formula is used to estimate sample size for comparing two
proportions?

a.

Where:

 n is the sample size per group.

 Zα/2 : Zα/2 is the Z-value corresponding to the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for a
95% confidence level).
 p1 and p2 are the estimated proportions for the two groups.
 (p1−p2) : (p1−p2) is the minimum difference between the two proportions that you want
to detect.

Explanation:

 Zα/2 : Zα/2: The Z-value reflects the level of confidence (e.g., 1.96 for 95%
confidence).
 p1 and p2: These are the proportions of the outcome in each group. If these are not
known, estimates can be used, or p1 and p2 can both be set to 0.5 to maximize the
required sample size.
 (p1−p2) : (p1−p2): Represents the smallest effect size you want to be able to detect. A
smaller value will require a larger sample size to detect a significant difference.

Example Calculation:

If you want to detect a difference of 0.10 between two proportions, with a 95% confidence level
(Z = 1.96), and estimate the proportions as 0.50 for both groups:

=
= 193

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So, approximately 193 participants per group would be needed to detect the specified difference with the
desired confidence level.

44. What is the effect of increasing sample size on the confidence interval width?

a) The confidence interval width increases.

b) The confidence interval width decreases.
c) The confidence interval width remains unchanged.
d) The confidence interval width becomes less predictable.

Answer: b) The confidence interval width decreases.

45. Which method is commonly used to estimate sample size in studies with
multiple groups or treatments?

a) Power analysis b) Finite population correction

c) Simple random sampling d) Margin of error adjustment

Answer: a) Power analysis

Power analysis is a crucial aspect of study design that helps researchers determine the sample
size needed to detect an effect of a given size with a specified level of confidence and power. It is
also used to understand the power of a study based on the sample size and effect size.

Key Components of Power Analysis:

1. Effect Size:
o A measure of the magnitude of the effect or difference you expect to detect. Larger
effect sizes require smaller sample sizes to detect, while smaller effect sizes
require larger sample sizes.
2. Sample Size:
o The number of observations or participants required to achieve the desired level
of statistical power.
3. Significance Level (α):
o The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (Type I
error). Commonly set at 0.05 for a 5% risk of Type I error.
4. Power (1 - β):
o The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false (1 minus
the probability of a Type II error). Commonly targeted at 0.80, meaning an 80%
chance of detecting an effect if there is one.
5. Test Type:
o The statistical test being used (e.g., t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test). Different tests
require different power analysis methods.

Steps in Power Analysis:

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1. Define the Hypothesis:

o Determine the null and alternative hypotheses, and the type of statistical test
appropriate for your study.
2. Estimate Effect Size:
o Determine the expected effect size based on previous research, pilot studies, or
theoretical expectations.
3. Set Significance Level and Power:
o Choose the acceptable levels for Type I error (α) and Type II error (β). Common
choices are α = 0.05 and power = 0.80.
4. Calculate Sample Size:
o Use a power analysis formula or software (e.g., G*Power, SPSS, or online
calculators) to compute the required sample size.
5. Interpret Results:
o Assess whether the calculated sample size is feasible given the resources and
constraints of your study.

Example Calculation:

Scenario: You want to compare two means with a desired effect size of 0.5, 95% confidence level
(α = 0.05), and 80% power.

1. Effect Size (d): 0.5 (medium effect size).

2. Significance Level (α): 0.05.
3. Power (1 - β): 0.80.

Using a power analysis tool or formula, you might find that approximately 64 participants per
group are needed to detect the specified effect with the desired confidence and power.

Software for Power Analysis:

 G*Power: Widely used for various statistical tests.

 PASS: Commercial software for power analysis and sample size calculations.

46. What is the effect of increasing the sample size on the standard deviation of
the sampling distribution of the mean?

a) The standard deviation increases.

b) The standard deviation decreases.
c) The standard deviation remains unchanged.
d) The standard deviation becomes more variable.

Answer: b) The standard deviation decreases.

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47. In which scenario is a larger sample size most necessary?

a) When the population is homogenous

b) When the effect size is large
c) When the desired precision is high
d) When the margin of error is large

Answer: c) When the desired precision is high

48. If a study has a sample size of 500 with a margin of error of 4%, what would
be the expected margin of error if the sample size were increased to 1,000,
assuming the same confidence level?

a) 2% b) 4% c) 1% d) 0.5%

Answer: a) 2%

The margin of error (ME) for a survey is inversely related to the square root of the sample size.
This means that as the sample size increases, the margin of error decreases. Specifically, the
relationship can be expressed as:

Margin Error (ME)

√

where n is the sample size.

Given:

 Initial sample size n1 = 500

 Initial margin of error ME1 = 4%
 New sample size n2 = 1,000

To find the new margin of error ME2, we use the ratio of the sample sizes:

0r , ME2 = ME1 √ = 4% √ √

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49. For a survey with a desired margin of error of 3% and a 95% confidence
level, which of the following will lead to a larger sample size?

a) Decreasing the margin of error to 1%

b) Increasing the confidence level to 99%
c) Both A and B
d) Neither A nor B

Answer: c) Both A and B

To determine which factor will lead to a larger sample size for a survey with a desired margin of
error of 3% and a 95% confidence level, let's review the key components that affect sample size:

1. Effect Size or Margin of Error: A smaller margin of error requires a larger sample size.
Thus, if the margin of error is decreased, the sample size must increase to achieve that
smaller margin of error.
2. Confidence Level: A higher confidence level requires a larger sample size. For example,
increasing the confidence level from 95% to 99% will increase the sample size because a
higher confidence level requires a larger Z-value, which makes the required sample size
larger to maintain the same margin of error.
3. Population Proportion: If you are estimating proportions and the population proportion
(p) is near 0.5, this results in the maximum variability and hence the largest required
sample size. If the population proportion is closer to 0 or 1, the sample size may be
smaller.

Factors Leading to a Larger Sample Size:

 Increasing the Confidence Level: If the confidence level is increased from 95% to a
higher value (e.g., 99%), the Z-value increases, which leads to a larger required sample
size.
 Decreasing the Margin of Error: If the desired margin of error is decreased from 3% to
a smaller value (e.g., 2%), the sample size required will increase to achieve the smaller
margin of error.

Summary:

Between these factors:

 Increasing the Confidence Level and

 Decreasing the Margin of Error

Decreasing the Margin of Error and Increasing the Confidence Level both lead to a larger
sample size.

If you are comparing options, such as choosing between increasing the confidence level or
decreasing the margin of error, both will increase the sample size.

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50. Which statistical software is commonly used to calculate sample size for
experiments involving multiple variables?

a) SPSS b) R c) SAS d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

51. In sample size calculation, what does the term "design effect" account for?

a) Variation in the response rate

b) The increase in sample size due to complex survey designs
c) The impact of multiple sampling methods
d) The cost of collecting data

Answer: b) The increase in sample size due to complex survey designs

In sample size calculation, the term "design effect" accounts for the increased variability and
complexity associated with certain study designs, particularly in complex survey designs. It
adjusts the sample size to account for the fact that these designs may require a larger sample
size than a simple random sample to achieve the same level of precision.

Key Points about Design Effect:

1. Purpose:
o The design effect adjusts for the loss of statistical efficiency in non-simple random
sampling designs, such as stratified sampling, cluster sampling, or multi-stage
sampling.
2. Formula:
o The design effect (often denoted as DEFF is calculated as: DEFF = 1 + (m−1)⋅ρ
Where:
 m is the average cluster size (number of observations per cluster).
 ρ is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which measures the
degree of similarity within clusters.
3. Impact:
o A higher design effect means that the sample size needs to be increased to
compensate for the loss of efficiency compared to a simple random sample.
o For example, if the design effect is 2, it implies that the effective sample size is
halved compared to a simple random sample, so you would need to double your
sample size to maintain the same level of precision.
4. Usage:
o In practice, if you have a sample size calculation for a simple random sample and
are using a more complex design, you would multiply the calculated sample size
by the design effect to get the required sample size for the complex design.

Example:

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If you calculate a sample size of 200 for a simple random sample, but your study design has a
design effect of 1.5 (due to clustering), you would adjust the sample size as follows:

Adjusted Sample Size = 200×1.5 = 300

So, to account for the design effect and achieve the desired precision, you would need a sample
size of 300 with the clustered design.

52. What happens to the sample size if you are studying a rare event or condition
with a very low prevalence?

a) The sample size decreases.

b) The sample size remains the same.
c) The sample size increases significantly.
d) The sample size becomes unpredictable.

Answer: c) The sample size increases significantly.

53. In determining the sample size for a study, what does a "power analysis"
typically involve?

a) Estimating the total cost of the study

b) Calculating the minimum sample size required to detect an effect
c) Adjusting the sample size based on response rates
d) Determining the most efficient sampling method

Answer: b) Calculating the minimum sample size required to detect an effect

54. What is the primary purpose of a pilot study in sample size determination?

a) To finalize the data analysis methods

b) To estimate variability and refine sample size calculations
c) To test the survey questions
d) To reduce the overall sample size needed

Answer: b) To estimate variability and refine sample size calculations

55. Which factor generally does NOT influence the sample size needed for a
clinical trial?

a) Expected treatment effect b) Variability of the outcome measure

c) The number of researchers involved d) Desired level of statistical power

Answer: c) The number of researchers involved

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56. If you increase the sample size from 100 to 400, what happens to the standard
error of the mean?

a) The standard error increases.

b) The standard error decreases.
c) The standard error remains the same.
d) The standard error becomes less predictable.

Answer: b) The standard error decreases.

57. What is the typical value for the z-score used in sample size calculations for a
95% confidence level?

a) 1.64 b) 1.96 c) 2.58 d) 1.00

Answer: b) 1.96

58. Which sample size formula adjustment is used when there is a large amount
of missing data in the study?

a) Imputation correction b) Response rate adjustment

c) Design effect adjustment d) Finite population correction

Answer: b) Response rate adjustment

60. For a survey with a margin of error of 2% and a 99% confidence level, how
does the required sample size compare to a survey with a 5% margin of error
and 95% confidence level?

a) It requires a smaller sample size.

b) It requires a larger sample size.
c) It requires the same sample size.
d) It requires a sample size that is unpredictable.

Answer: b) It requires a larger sample size.

To compare the required sample sizes for surveys with different margins of error and confidence
levels, we use the sample size formula for estimating a proportion:

Key Factors:

 Margin of Error (E): A smaller margin of error requires a larger sample size.

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 Confidence Level: A higher confidence level requires a larger sample size because it
corresponds to a larger Z-value.

Given:

1. Survey 1:
o Margin of Error (E₁): 2% (0.02)
o Confidence Level: 99% (Z₁ ≈ 2.576)
2. Survey 2:
o Margin of Error (E₂): 5% (0.05)
o Confidence Level: 95% (Z₂ ≈ 1.96)

Assuming the estimated proportion ppp is 0.5 (which maximizes the required sample size), the
sample sizes can be calculated as follows:

Sample Size for Survey 1 (2% Margin of Error, 99% Confidence Level):

So, the required sample size for Survey 1 is approximately 4,148.

Sample Size for Survey 2 (5% Margin of Error, 95% Confidence Level):

= = 385

So, the required sample size for Survey 2 is approximately 385.

Comparison:

The required sample size for Survey 1 (2% margin of error and 99% confidence level) is
significantly larger than that for Survey 2 (5% margin of error and 95% confidence level).
Specifically:

Survey 1 requires about 10.8 times more samples than Survey 2 to achieve the desired precision
with a higher confidence level and smaller margin of error.

61. In a survey, which type of sampling design typically requires a larger sample
size due to its complexity?

a) Simple random sampling b) Systematic sampling

c) Stratified sampling d) Cluster sampling

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Answer: d) Cluster sampling

62. What is the primary advantage of using a larger sample size in a research
study?

a) Reduces the cost of data collection

b) Increases the precision of estimates
c) Simplifies data analysis
d) Decreases the time required for data collection

Answer: b) Increases the precision of estimates

63. What is a common threshold for statistical power in many research studies?

a) 50% b) 60% c) 70% d) 80%

Answer: d) 80%

64. If a study's sample size calculation results in a sample of 300, but the
researcher collects 250 responses, what should be done to address this issue?

a) Adjust the margin of error b) Recalculate the sample size needed

c) Increase the sample size to reach 300 d) Decrease the confidence level

Answer: a) Adjust the margin of error

65. In a study comparing two groups, if the effect size is smaller than expected,
what impact does this have on the required sample size?

a) It decreases the sample size required.

b) It increases the sample size required.
c) It has no impact on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size unpredictable.

Answer: b) It increases the sample size required.

66. Which formula adjustment is used for sample size calculation when there are
multiple stages of sampling (e.g., cluster sampling)?

a) Design effect b) Finite population correction

c) Response rate adjustment d) Imputation correction

Answer: a) Design effect

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67. What does the term "saturation" refer to in qualitative research regarding
sample size?

a) The point at which no new information is being obtained from additional data
collection
b) The total number of participants needed for a study
c) The rate of response in a survey
d) The percentage of data completeness

Answer: a) The point at which no new information is being obtained from additional data
collection

68. In sample size calculations, what effect does increasing the precision of
estimates (e.g., decreasing the margin of error) have on the sample size?

a) It decreases the sample size.

b) It increases the sample size.
c) It has no effect on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size more variable.

Answer: b) It increases the sample size.

69. For a survey that aims to generalize findings to a population, which factor is
critical for ensuring the sample is representative?

a) Sample size b) Sampling method

c) Margin of error d) Confidence level

Answer: b) Sampling method

70. What is the role of the "pilot study" in sample size determination for a larger
study?

a) To test the study hypotheses

b) To refine data collection procedures and estimate variability
c) To determine the cost of the study
d) To finalize the research questions

Answer: b) To refine data collection procedures and estimate variability

71. When calculating sample size for a survey with a known proportion, which
value of p maximizes the sample size?

a) 0.1 b) 0.25 c) 0.5 d) 0.75

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Answer: c) 0.5

72. Which factor does NOT typically require adjustment when calculating
sample size for a longitudinal study?

a) The number of measurement points b) The effect size

c) The duration of the study d) The response rate

Answer: d) The response rate

73. In clinical trials, what is the main reason for performing a sample size
calculation before starting the study?

a) To ensure that the research is cost-effective

b) To ensure the study can detect a meaningful effect with sufficient power
c) To finalize the study's data collection methods
d) To determine the total number of participants in the study

Answer: b) To ensure the study can detect a meaningful effect with sufficient power

74. What adjustment is typically made for sample size calculations in a survey
that includes multiple strata or groups?

a) Design effect b) Finite population correction

c) Response rate adjustment d) Imputation correction

Answer: a) Design effect

75. If the population size is very large compared to the sample size, what
adjustment is usually made in the sample size formula?

a) Finite population correction b) Design effect adjustment

c) Response rate adjustment d) Margin of error increase

Answer: a) Finite population correction

76. Which of the following scenarios would most likely require a larger sample
size in a study?

a) Decreasing the desired level of confidence

b) Increasing the acceptable margin of error
c) Detecting a smaller effect size
d) Increasing the response rate

Answer: c) Detecting a smaller effect size

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77. What is the primary consideration when using a power analysis to determine
sample size?

a) The number of variables in the study

b) The effect size, confidence level, and power of the study
c) The total cost of data collection
d) The duration of the study

Answer: b) The effect size, confidence level, and power of the study

78. In a survey, what is the impact of increasing the sample size from 200 to 400
on the confidence interval width for the estimated proportion?

a) The confidence interval width increases.

b) The confidence interval width decreases.
c) The confidence interval width remains the same.
d) The confidence interval width becomes less predictable.

Answer: b) The confidence interval width decreases.

79. When designing a study with a small population size, what sample size
adjustment is often necessary?

a) Increase the sample size by 10%

b) Apply a finite population correction factor
c) Use a larger margin of error
d) Decrease the confidence level

Answer: b) Apply a finite population correction factor

80. In a study with multiple groups, what is the effect of increasing the number of
groups on the required sample size?

a) The sample size decreases.

b) The sample size increases.
c) The sample size remains the same.
d) The sample size becomes less predictable.

Answer: b) The sample size increases.

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81. For a study aiming to estimate a mean with a specified precision, what
happens to the sample size if the variability in the population increases?

a) The sample size decreases.

b) The sample size remains the same.
c) The sample size increases.
d) The sample size becomes unpredictable.

Answer: c) The sample size increases.

82. What is typically the effect on sample size when switching from a one-tailed
to a two-tailed hypothesis test?

a) The sample size increases.

b) The sample size decreases.
c) The sample size remains the same.
d) The sample size becomes less predictable.

Answer: a) The sample size increases.

83. Which of the following is a commonly used software tool for performing
power and sample size calculations?

a) Microsoft Word b) MATLAB

c) G*Power d) Tableau

Answer: c) G*Power

84. In a survey study, which of the following would most likely lead to a
reduction in required sample size?

a) Increasing the desired margin of error b) Decreasing the desired confidence level
c) Decreasing the population variability d) Increasing the expected effect size

Answer: a) Increasing the desired margin of error

85. In longitudinal studies, what sample size consideration is unique compared to

cross-sectional studies?

a) The need to account for participant drop-out over time

b) The variation in population size
c) The level of response rate
d) The effect size

Answer: a) The need to account for participant drop-out over time

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86. What is the effect of increasing the margin of error on the sample size
required for a survey?

a) It decreases the sample size.

b) It increases the sample size.
c) It has no effect on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size less predictable.

Answer: a) It decreases the sample size.

87. When calculating the sample size for a study with a known population
variance, which formula is commonly used?

a.

88. What is the main reason for conducting a sample size recalculation after the
pilot study?

a) To finalize the research questions

b) To adjust the study’s budget
c) To refine estimates of variability and effect size
d) To determine the number of researchers needed

Answer: c) To refine estimates of variability and effect size

89. If a study aims to compare multiple groups, what type of sample size formula
is typically used?

a) Single-group proportion formula

b) Two-group mean comparison formula
c) ANOVA sample size formula
d) Simple random sampling formula

Answer: c) ANOVA sample size formula

n=

n = Sample size per group

Zα/2 = Z-score corresponding to the desired significance level (α\alphaα), typically
1.96 for a 95% confidence level.
Zβ = Z-score corresponding to the desired power (1 - β\betaβ), where β is the
probability of Type II error. For example, 0.84 for 80% power.
k= Number of groups or levels

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= Effect size (Cohen's f2), where:

 f2 =
 R2 is the proportion of variance explained by the group effect

90. What is the primary impact of increasing the statistical power of a study on
the sample size?

a) It decreases the sample size.

b) It increases the sample size.
c) It has no effect on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size more variable.

Answer: b) It increases the sample size.

91. What does the term "effect size" refer to in the context of sample size
calculations?

a) The proportion of the sample that meets the study criteria

b) The magnitude of the difference or relationship being studied
c) The variability within the sample
d) The total number of participants needed

Answer: b) The magnitude of the difference or relationship being studied

92. When designing a study with multiple time points, what factor should be
considered in sample size calculations?

a) The cost of data collection

b) The effect size at each time point
c) The total duration of the study
d) The number of measurement points and potential dropouts

Answer: d) The number of measurement points and potential dropouts

93. In hypothesis testing, what does the term "alpha" represent?

a) The effect size

b) The probability of a Type II error
c) The probability of a Type I error
d) The sample size

Answer: c) The probability of a Type I error

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94. How does increasing the number of comparisons in a study affect the sample
size required?

a) It decreases the sample size.

b) It increases the sample size.
c) It has no effect on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size less predictable.

Answer: b) It increases the sample size.

95. What is a "design effect" in the context of sample size calculation for complex
survey designs?

a) A factor used to account for the increased variability due to clustering

b) A correction for finite population sizes
c) An adjustment for response rate
d) A method to determine sample size precision

Answer: a) A factor used to account for the increased variability due to clustering

96. Which formula adjustment is used for sample size calculation when the
response rate is expected to be less than 100%?

a) Finite population correction

b) Response rate adjustment
c) Design effect
d) Margin of error adjustment

Answer: b) Response rate adjustment

97. In a longitudinal study, how does an increase in participant drop-out rates

affect the initial sample size calculation?

a) The sample size should be decreased to account for drop-outs.

b) The sample size should be increased to account for potential drop-outs.
c) The sample size remains unchanged.
d) The sample size becomes less predictable.

Answer: b) The sample size should be increased to account for potential drop-outs.

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98. What is the purpose of using a "finite population correction" in sample size
calculations?

a) To adjust for the cost of data collection

b) To correct for the variability within a small population
c) To account for the effect of sampling from a finite population
d) To adjust for multiple testing issues

Answer: c) To account for the effect of sampling from a finite population

99. In a case-control study, what is a common approach to determine the sample

size?

a) Estimating the required sample size based on the expected prevalence of the condition
b) Using a proportion formula for cross-sectional studies
c) Applying the formula for comparing means
d) Estimating the sample size based on the total population size

Answer: a) Estimating the required sample size based on the expected prevalence of the
condition

100. If a study uses a two-sample t-test to compare means, which factors

influence the required sample size?

a) Effect size, standard deviation, and significance level

b) Response rate, sample size, and margin of error
c) Population size, confidence level, and measurement type
d) The number of groups, variability, and data collection methods

Answer: a) Effect size, standard deviation, and significance level

101. When calculating sample size for a proportion with an unknown population
proportion, what value is typically used for ppp?

a) 0.1 b) 0.5 c) 0.25 d) 0.75

Answer: b) 0.5

102. What adjustment is commonly used in the sample size formula to account
for multiple measurements on the same participants?

a) Design effect
b) Finite population correction
c) Intra-class correlation coefficient
d) Margin of error

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Answer: c) Intra-class correlation coefficient

104. In which of the following cases would you typically use a sample size
formula for detecting differences between proportions?

a) Comparing the means of two independent groups

b) Estimating the average height of a population
c) Comparing the success rates of two treatments
d) Measuring the variability within a single sample

Answer: c) Comparing the success rates of two treatments

105. If a study aims for a high level of statistical power and a smaller effect size,
what impact does this have on the sample size?

a) It decreases the sample size.

b) It increases the sample size.
c) It has no impact on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size less predictable.

Answer: b) It increases the sample size.

106. In research, what is the effect of a higher statistical significance level (alpha)
on the sample size?

a) The sample size increases.

b) The sample size decreases.
c) The sample size remains the same.
d) The sample size becomes less predictable.

Answer: b) The sample size decreases.

107. What should be done if a study with an initial sample size calculation
encounters unexpected high variability in the data?

a) Decrease the sample size

b) Increase the sample size
c) Adjust the confidence level
d) Change the sampling method

Answer: b) Increase the sample size

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108. In a study comparing the means of two independent samples, what impact
does a smaller standard deviation have on the required sample size?

a) It increases the sample size.

b) It decreases the sample size.
c) It has no effect on the sample size.
d) It makes the sample size more variable.

Answer: b) It decreases the sample size.

109. What is the typical value of the z-score for a 90% confidence level?

a) 1.64 b) 1.96 c) 2.58 d) 1.00

Answer: a) 1.64

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