Journal of Computer and Communications, 2018, 6, 78-90

http://www.scirp.org/journal/jcc
ISSN Online: 2327-5227
ISSN Print: 2327-5219

A Modified and Secured RSA Public Key

Cryptosystem Based on “n” Prime Numbers

Muhammad Ariful Islam1, Md. Ashraful Islam1, Nazrul Islam1*, Boishakhi Shabnam2
1
Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University,
Tangail, Bangladesh
2
Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

How to cite this paper: Islam, M.A., Islam, Abstract

Md.A., Islam, N. and Shabnam, B. (2018) A
Modified and Secured RSA Public Key Cryptography is the study that provides security service. It concerns with con-
Cryptosystem Based on “n” Prime Num- fidentiality, integrity, and authentication. Public key cryptography provides an
bers. Journal of Computer and Communi- enormous revolution in the field of the cryptosystem. It uses two different
cations, 6, 78-90.
keys where keys are related in such a way that, the public key can use to en-
https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2018.63006
crypt the message and private key can be used to decrypt the message. This
Received: February 4, 2018 paper proposed an enhanced and modified approach of RSA cryptosystem
Accepted: March 20, 2018 based on “n” distinct prime number. This existence of “n” prime number in-
Published: March 23, 2018 creases the difficulty of the factoring of the variable “N” which increases the
Copyright © 2018 by authors and
complexity of the algorithm. In this approach, two different public key and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. private key generated from the large factor of the variable “N” and perform a
This work is licensed under the Creative double encryption-decryption operation which affords more security. Expe-
Commons Attribution International riment on a set of a random number provided that the key generation time,
License (CC BY 4.0).
analysis of variable “N”, encryption and decryption will take a long time
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
compared to traditional RSA. Thus, this approach is more efficient, highly
Open Access
secured and not easily breakable.

Keywords
RSA Algorithm, Encryption, Decryption, Cryptosystem, Security, Public Key,
Private Key

1. Introduction
Security refers to the process of keeping information confidential by protecting
it from unauthorized users. According to security goal, confidentiality means to
keep a data secured. It must be hidden from unauthorized access. Integrity pro-
poses prevention of modifications. Availability means data being available to
*Corresponding author in the paper.

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 M. A. Islam et al.

authorized persons when needed the data. Confidentiality, integrity, and availa-
bility are three security goals [1]. Security goal can achieve using cryptography
which is a widely used method around the world.
Cryptography is a Greek word which means secret writing. It ensures secure
communication and prevents the public from reading private messages. The
cryptographic system is usually characterized by three main dimensions. They
are, the operations involved in the transformation of plain text to cipher text, the
number of secret keys used and the method of processing the plaintext [2].
Based on that property, cryptography is classified into two broad classifications.
One of them is symmetric key and another is asymmetric key. Symmetric key
cryptosystem uses the same key for encrypting and decrypting a message.
Asymmetric key cryptosystem uses two different keys, the Public key for en-
crypting the message and private key for decrypting the message.
The Public key cryptosystem is based on two related keys, one is a public key
and another is a private key. The sender generates a public key and encrypts the
message. Sender shares one key which is called a private key and receiver de-
crypts the message using that key. The encrypted message cannot be decrypted
by unwanted people, who know the public key only. In public key cryptography,
the private key is always link with mathematically to the public key. It is always
possible to attack public key system to generate a private key. This attack can be
opposed by creating problem to generate a private key from the public key. Some
public key algorithms designed such that deriving the private key from public key
need to factorize large number by the attacker. RSA is known for such type of al-
gorithm [3]. It takes two large prime number “p” and “q” and multiplies them to
get a big number “N”. The idea behind RSA is some mathematical operation
easier to do but the inverse is very difficult without any additional information.
This research presents a new modification of RSA algorithm which is Modified
RSA (MRSA) based on “n” distinct prime numbers with double encryption and
decryption process. The weakness of RSA algorithm is the use of two prime num-
bers, small encryption exponent and use the same key for encryption and signing.
This schema is based on “n” distinct prime numbers instead of two prime num-
bers which give an opportunity to select a big encryption exponent from large
product “N” to enhance the security. Numerous prime numbers and big encryp-
tion exponent increase the factoring time comparing to RSA algorithm. The
double encryption and decryption process make the algorithm stronger than RSA.
The rest of the paper is structured as follow. In Section 2, the proposed
scheme represents some related work. In Section 3, there is a discussion about
research methodology. The RSA algorithm and proposed model for RSA mod-
ification is described in Section 4 and 5. Section 6 represents implementation
and result. Conclusion and future work are discussed in Section 7.

2. Related Works
This section involves the work done by various researchers in the field of RSA

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M. A. Islam et al.

cryptosystem. The discussion is based on the Modification of RSA algorithm

through the recent past. M. Thangavel et al. [4] proposed a modified RSA key
generation algorithm which uses four primes instead of two primes and thereby
increasing the time needed to find these primes. While increasing the security,
the key generation time of the proposed algorithm is higher than original RSA.
According to [5], encryption and decryption are not only dependent on “N” but
also other new factors computed. The encryption and decryption technique is
very complex and several factors are introduced without clearly justified. H. M.
Sun et al. [6] came up with an algorithm which is known as dual RSA having two
aspects from RSA with decreasing the needs of the storage for keys. It has two
applications, first one is known as blind signature and other is known as security.
Segar’s [7] introduced a new idea to determine the private key without using the
factoring approach using Pell’s equation. Pell’s RSA increases the strength that
taking the private key “d” above the Wiener’s possible range [8].
A Modified RSA introduced in the paper [9] that usage of three prime num-
bers instead of two prime numbers. The encryption and decryption process is
the same as original RSA algorithm. Paper [10] ensures higher security by re-
ducing modulus and private exponent in modular exponentiation. The perfor-
mance of the decryption and signature generation are improved by this ap-
proach. A modification in encryption and decryption which involves magic rec-
tangle and randomness of ciphertext which is calculated from the plain text was
proposed in paper [11]. The main drawback of this approach is the need of addi-
tional time for constructing a magic rectangle. Chhabra and et al. [12] intro-
duced an approach that eliminated the requirement of transferring “N” making
it difficult for hackers to derive at the prime numbers used. Though the system
can be cracked with the value of “kp” and “d” unknown. Security is ensured by
using dual modulus based double encryption and decryption with the use of
Jordan function in the paper [13]. A new concept of adding a third prime num-
ber in the paper [14] increases the divisible time of modulo “N”. The speed of
encryption and decryption is increased compared to traditional RSA. Kong et al.
[15] came up with an attack on the Encinas-Masqu’e-Dios algorithm. This algo-
rithm uses two prime number “s”, “t” and “N” represents the multiplication of
these two prime numbers. The algorithm is insecure when the “public key” e sa-
tisfies the conditions e > s + t and e > N1/4. Rui’s paper [16] developed a method
which surpasses the original RSA algorithm in term of encryption and decryp-
tion speed. This algorithm is known as k-RSA algorithm combined kth power re-
sidue theory and RSA algorithm.
This research focuses on to modify RSA algorithm and enhance the security.
The schema is based on “n” prime numbers instead of two prime numbers with
double encryption and decryption process. Multiple prime numbers increase the
factoring time to get the private key. The encryption and decryption process is
considered a pair of a random number and their modular multiplicative inverse
to increase the security of RSA to a great extent.

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 M. A. Islam et al.

3. Research Methodology
A modify RSA algorithm is proposed using “n” distinct prime numbers. A pair of
a random number and their modular multiplicative inverse is used to increase the
security of the RSA algorithm. Key generation, encryption and decryption time of
Modified RSA (MRSA) algorithm to break the system is significantly higher. An
observation has been performed using JAVA programming language. Modified
RSA (MRSA) is implemented using JAVA Big Integer library functions for simu-
lation purpose [17]. It is possible for the user to enter a prime number or set the
bit length of prime numbers to generate automatically using the secure random
function. Big Integer library provides various functions such as modular arith-
metic, GCD calculation, primality testing, prime generation, bit manipulation
and some other operations. Various bit length prime numbers are generated by
using the prime generator function of Java Big Integer library to calculate key
generation, encryption and decryption time. The Modified RSA (MRSA) model
performs a comparison for key generation, encryption and decryption time be-
tween RSA and Modified RSA (MRSA) based on these calculated times for spe-
cific bit length.

4. RSA Cryptosystem
RSA is a public key algorithm based on the assumption that some mathematical
operation easier to do in one direction but the inverse is very difficult. The idea
behind RSA is that it is easier to multiply but difficult to factor the large number.
Multiplication can be computed in polynomial time whereas factoring time can
grow exponentially proportional to the size of the number.
RSA KEY GENERATION
RSA_key_gen()
Input:
Two prime numbers p and q
Output:
Public key exponent: {e, N}
Private Key exponent: {d, N}
Procedure:
N ← p∗q

Compute Euler phi value of N

Φ ( N ) ← ( p − 1) ∗ ( q − 1)

Find a random variable e, satisfying 1 < e < Φ ( N ) and gcd ( e, Φ ( N ) ) =

1
Compute a random number d, such that d ∗ e ≡ 1mod Φ ( N )
RSA ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION
The encryption is done with the help of public key exponent and the decryp-
tion is done with the help of private key exponent.
RSA_Encryption()
Input:

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M. A. Islam et al.

Plain text message, M (<N)

Public key exponent: {e, N}
Output:
Cipher text, X
Procedure:

(
X ← M e mod N )
RSA_Decryption()
Input:
Ciphertext message, X
Private key exponent: {d, N}
Output:
Decrypted plain text, Y
Procedure:

(
Y ← X d mod N )
5. Proposed Model
The proposed Modified RSA (MRSA) scheme focuses on mitigating the major
issues of RSA system. Most cases the major issue is, it is breakable because of
easily computation of keys based on “N”. Since it is the only product of two
prime numbers, “N” can be easily traceable [18]. Once the value of “N” is ob-
tained, a hacker can find the keys and break the system. The major modifications
which make the system efficient and secure are discussed in the below section.
MRSA KEY GENERATION
The proposed model involves “n” distinct prime numbers. In this paper, all
calculation and performance analysis is performed using four large prime num-
bers. The public and private key exponent consists of three components. “N” is
the product of four prime numbers “w”, “x”, “y”, and “z”. The public key expo-
nent consists of three components (e, f, N) where “e” and “f” are randomly taken.
It further adds more complexity along with the factoring of “N”. Since only the
value of “N” is kept as a public and private component, an attacker with the
knowledge of “N” cannot determine the value of four prime numbers which are
the basis for finding the value of “N” and subsequently “e” and “f”. The private
key exponent consists of three components (d, g, N). For security purpose, the
bit length of all four-chosen prime is of the same length as in case of traditional
RSA. The algorithm is presented below.
MRSA_key_gen()
Input:
Four prime numbers w, x, y, and z
Output:
Public key exponent: {e, f, N}
Private Key exponent: {d, g, N}
Procedure:

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 M. A. Islam et al.

N ← w∗ x ∗ y ∗ z

Compute Euler phi value of N

Φ ( N ) ← ( w − 1) ∗ ( x − 1) ∗ ( y − 1) ∗ ( z − 1)

Find a random variable e, satisfying 1 < e < Φ ( N ) and gcd ( e, Φ ( N ) ) =

1
Find another random variable f, satisfying 1 < f < Φ ( N ) and
gcd ( f , Φ ( N ) ) =
1
Compute a random number d, such that d ∗ e ≡ 1mod Φ ( N )
Compute another random number g, such that f ∗ g ≡ 1mod Φ ( N )
MRSA ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION
The encryption is done with the help of public key exponent and the decryp-
tion is done with the help of private key exponent. The encryption and decryp-
tion are not only related to “N” which consists of four large prime numbers
making it difficult to factor but also four random components “e”, “f”, “d”, “g”
are involved to make it even more difficult to break the system.
MRSA_Encryption()
Input:
Plain text message, M (<N)
Public key exponent: {e, f, N}
Output:
Cipher text, X
Procedure:

( )
f
X ← M e mod N mod N

MRSA_Decryption()
Input:
Ciphertext message, X
Private key exponent: {d, g, N}
Output:
Decrypted plain text, Y
Procedure:

( )
d
Y ← X g mod N mod N

Figure 1 present flow chart representation of Modified RSA (MRSA) algo-

rithm. Four distinct prime number is taken as input to calculate N and Φ(N). A
Pair of the random number (e, f) is selected from the range 1 < e < Φ(N) as the
public key exponent. The modular multiplicative inverse of those random num-
bers (d, g) is calculated to use as the private key exponent. Encryption and de-
cryption is done by using those private key and public key exponents.
Let us discuss an example problem using the proposed Modified RSA (MRSA)
algorithm.
MRSA example
• Take four distinct prime numbers= =
w 53, =
x 41, =
y 43, z 47 .

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M. A. Islam et al.

Figure 1. Flow chart of Modified RSA (MRSA) Algorithm.

• Compute N = w ∗ x ∗ y ∗ z .
• N = 53 ∗ 41 ∗ 43 ∗ 47 = 4391633 .
• Compute Euler phi value of N
Φ(N ) = ( w − 1) ∗ ( x − 1) ∗ ( y − 1) ∗ ( z − 1)
Φ ( N )= ( 53 − 1) ∗ ( 41 − 1) ∗ ( 43 − 1) ∗ ( 47 − 1) = 4018560

• Find a random number e, satisfying 1 < e < Φ ( N ) and gcd ( e, Φ ( N ) ) =

1.
e = 41
• Compute a random number d, such that, d ∗ e ≡ 1mod Φ ( N ) .
d = 294041
• Find a random number f, satisfying 1 < f < Φ ( N ) and gcd ( f , Φ ( N ) ) =
1.
f = 97

• Compute a random number g, such that, g ∗ f ≡ 1mod Φ ( N ) .

g = 455713

• Input message, M = 12321

(=
M mod N ) mod N 1081588
f
• Encryption, X
= e

(=X mod N ) mod N 12321

d
• Decryption, Y
= g

6. Implementation and Result

The algorithm is implemented in JAVA 8 running on an Intel (R) Core (TM)
i5-3230M CPU @ 2.60 GHz machine and 4.00 GB RAM. The algorithm (RSA
and MRSA) have different important parameter affecting its level of security and

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 M. A. Islam et al.

speed. Increasing the modulus length invoke complexity of decomposing it into

factor. Thus, also increase the length of the private key and hence difficult to
detect the key. The RSA and Modified RSA (MRSA) parameter changes depend
on time and others remain fixed to study the relative emphasis.

6.1. Performance Analysis

The proposed Modified RSA (MRSA) algorithm is examined on varying bit sizes
of input.
Performance of original RSA algorithm by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman [3]
are depicted in Table 1. Also the performance of Modified RSA (MRSA) scheme
in terms of key generation, encryption time and decryption is shown in Table 2.
Comparing the above tables, it can be concluded that the time of key genera-
tion of Modified RSA (MRSA) is higher than that of RSA. The higher key gener-
ation time of Modified RSA (MRSA) can be seen as an advantage by the fact that
the time to break the system is high because of the extra complexity added.
Figure 2 depicts the encryption time comparison between RSA and proposed
Modified RSA (MRSA) scheme. It illustrates that, for the lower bit length of
prime numbers, two algorithms consume the almost identical amount of time.
But with the increase of bit length, the difference between curves rises rapidly.

Table 1. Performance of RSA.

Length of w, x Analyzing time for RSA algorithm

(in bits) Key generation time (in ms) Encryption time (in ms) Decryption time (in ms)

100 76.63 0.16 0.25

128 90.46 0.17 0.28

256 94.96 0.35 0.96

512 177.47 0.56 5.2

1024 570.90 1.69 26.18

2048 4201.47 3.32 130.83

4096 54,368 11.17 1116.24

Table 2. Performance of Modified RSA (MRSA).

Length of w, x, Analyzing time for Modified RSA (MRSA) algorithm

and z (in bits) Key generation time (in ms) Encryption time (in ms) Decryption time (in ms)

100 244 0.28 1.59

128 252.33 0.66 2.89

256 257.8 1.46 14.26

512 386.8 3.00 87.94

1024 1268.6 7.79 446.32

2048 7098.6 21.90 2472.70

4096 161,913 56.87 19,983.37

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M. A. Islam et al.

Figure 2. Encryption time comparison.

Figure 3. Decryption time comparison.

For example, input primes of bit length 2048, encryption time in Modified RSA
(MRSA) is 21.9 ms and RSA takes 3.32 ms.
Figure 3 shows the decryption time comparison between RSA and proposed
Modified RSA (MRSA) scheme. It demonstrates the almost identical amount of
time consumed by RSA and Modified RSA (MRSA) for the lower bit length of
prime numbers. With the increase of bit length, the difference between curves
elevates rapidly. For example, input primes of bit length 4096, decryption time
in Modified RSA (MRSA) is 19,983.37 ms and original RSA takes 1116.24 ms
From the above graphs, it can be easily seen that encryption and decryption
times are higher than RSA. The increase in time is adaptable because it increases
the security to a great extent in the proposed Modified RSA (MRSA) method.

6.2. Complexity Analysis

Comparison between complexity analysis of RSA algorithm and Modified RSA
(MRSA) algorithm is discussing in below.

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 M. A. Islam et al.

6.2.1. Complexity of RSA Algorithm

Complexity for Random selected two prime numbers:
• The complexity of MILLER-RABIN gives the above-mentioned complexities
(
for finding a prime number is O s ∗ ( log 2 p ) ∗ ln p [19].
2
)
• Similarly, the complexity of the second number is O s ∗ ( log 2q ) ∗ ln q . ( 2
)
Complexity for calculation of N:
• The complexity of computation of N is O ( log 2 p ∗ log 2q ) .
Complexity of Computing Euler phi value of N
• By MODULAR-EXPONENTIATION, the complexity for the second part is
(N) −1. The complexity of compute Euler phi value of N is [19]:
(
O ( log 2 ( p − 1) ∗ ( q − 1) ) ∗ ( ( p − 1) ∗ ( q − 1) − 1) .
2
)
Complexity for random variables e:
• The complexity of finding the random variable e is
( )
O log 2 ( p − 1) ∗ ( q − 1) + gcd ( e, ( p − 1) ∗ ( q − 1) ) , as it is known that e and (N)
are coprime to each other so gcd ( e, ( p − 1) ∗ ( q − 1) ) =
1 , and so complexity
(
is O ( log 2 ( log 2 p − 1) ∗ ( log 2q − 1) ) + 1 .
2
)
6.2.2. Complexity of Modified RSA (MRSA) Algorithm
The complexity will increase based on the number of the prime numbers con-
ceded for the proposed algorithm.
Complexity for Random Selected prime numbers:
• Complexities for finding first prime number is O s ∗ ( log 2 w ) ∗ ln w .
4
( )
• Similarly, the complexity of the second number is O s ∗ ( log 2 x ) ∗ ln x .
4
( )
• The complexity of the third number is O s ∗ ( log 2 y ) ∗ ln y .
4
( )
• Similarly, the complexity of the fourth number is O s ∗ ( log 2 z ) ∗ ln z . ( 4
)
Complexity for calculation of N:
• The complexity of computation of n is O ( log 2 w ∗ log 2 x ∗ log 2 y ∗ log 2 z ) .
Complexity of Computing Euler phi value of N
• Complexity of compute Euler phi value of N is:
(
O ( log 2 ( w − 1) ∗ ( x − 1) ∗ ( y − 1) ∗ ( z − 1) ) ∗ ( ( w − 1) ∗ ( x − 1 ) ∗ ( y − 1) ∗ ( z − 1) − 1) .
4
)
Complexity for random variables e and f:
• The complexity of finding the random variable e is
( )
O log 2 ( w − 1) ∗ ( x − 1) ∗ ( y − 1) ∗ ( z − 1) + gcd ( e, ( w − 1) ∗ ( x − 1) ∗ ( y − 1) ∗ ( z − 1) ) , as
it is known that e and (N) are coprime to each other so
gcd ( e, ( w − 1) ∗ ( x − 1) ∗ ( y − 1) ∗ ( z − 1) ) =
1 , and so complexity is
(
O ( log 2 ( log 2 w − 1) ∗ ( log 2 x − 1) ∗ ( log 2 y − 1) ∗ ( log 2 z − 1) ) + 1 .
4
)
• Similarly, Complexity of finding the random variable f is
(
O ( log 2 ( log 2 w − 1) ∗ ( log 2 x − 1) ∗ ( log 2 y − 1) ∗ ( log 2 z − 1) ) + 1 .
4
)
Comparing the above complexity it depicts that Modified RSA (MRSA) is
more complex than RSA algorithm. The complexity will increase depending on
the number of primes considered for the algorithm.

6.3. Security Analysis

A wide variety of attacks are possible on RSA which includes brute force attack,

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M. A. Islam et al.

timing attack etc. [20]. The time needed to break an RSA system is equivalent to
the time needed for finding the prime numbers used.
This introduces the requirement of factoring the product “N”. Elliptic Curve
factorization Method (ECM) [18] and General Number Field Sieves (GNFS) [21]
is used commonly for factoring “N”. These are the fastest known factoring me-
thods. Even though an attacker can factorize “N” by using those methods but it
is still not sufficient enough in the computation of two arbitrary component “e”
and “f”. Above factorization technique can be used to find “w”, “x”, “y”, “z” but
“e” and “f” can only be found by an exhaustive brute force attack. In other
words,
Ωsystem = Ω w, x , y , z + Ω brute force

Here,
Ωsystem = Time needed to break the system
Ωw,x,y,z = Time needed to find w, x, y, z using GNFS or ECM
Ωbrute force = Time needed for brute force attack for finding e, f
The important observation is, Modified RSA (MRSA) involves four primes
“w”, “x”, “y”, “z” and two random numbers “e”, “f” for encryption whereas the
original RSA involves only two prime numbers “w”, “x” and only one random
number “e” for encryption. So, the time needed to break Modified RSA (MRSA)
algorithm will be greater than the time needed to break the original RSA at least
by a factor of 2. And this will make the proposed Modified RSA (MRSA) algo-
rithm more secure than the original RSA algorithm.

7. Conclusion and Future Work

The security of RSA depends on factoring the large number. This research works
based on “n” distinct prime numbers instead of two prime numbers and it in-
creases the attacking time to find the large prime number. The key generation of
Modified RSA (MRSA) depends on large factor value “N” thus it needs higher
key generation time. The higher the key generation time increases the time need
to break the system which makes the system stronger. The double encryption
and decryption procedure of Modified RSA (MRSA) is simple compared to the
RSA algorithm thus it is not overhead on the system. Encryption and decryption
also take more time than RSA algorithm. The accomplishment of the algorithm
is measured with reference to time taken for brute force attack. Limitation of this
proposed schema is it will not work properly unless “n” distinct prime numbers
are considered. To enhance the security of RSA algorithm by adding some extra
factors in encryption and decryption process can be a good future work.

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