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Adc & Dac

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24 views30 pages

Adc & Dac

Uploaded by

zahidul.me.200108129
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Engineering

Course code: ME 3203

Md. Hasibul Hasan Himel


Lecturer
Department of MPE, AUST
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION A/D CONVERTER

Department of MPE, AUST


SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION A/D CONVERTER

Department of MPE, AUST


A/D FLASH CONVERTER

Department of MPE, AUST


A/D FLASH CONVERTER

❑ Adding more resolution is a simple matter of adding more resistors, comparators, and latches. The
combinational logic code converter would also be different.

❑ Unlike with the successive approximation converter, adding resolution does not increase the time
required for a conversion.
Advantages
✓ Simplest in terms of operational theory
✓ Most efficient in terms of speed, very fast limited only in terms of comparator and gate
propagation delays

Disadvantages
✓ Lower resolution
✓ For each additional output bit, the number of comparators is doubled (2𝑛−1 )
✓ Expensive

Department of MPE, AUST


DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONTROLLER (DAC)

Department of MPE, AUST


R-2R Ladder DAC

Department of MPE, AUST


R-2R Ladder DAC

Department of MPE, AUST


R-2R Ladder DAC

Department of MPE, AUST


R-2R Ladder DAC

Department of MPE, AUST


R-2R Ladder DAC

Department of MPE, AUST


R-2R Ladder DAC

Department of MPE, AUST


Inverting Operational Amplifier

Applying KCL at inverting node of Op-Amp

Department of MPE, AUST


R-2R Ladder DAC

Department of MPE, AUST


Advantages of R-2R ladder DAC:

• Uses only two values of resistors


• Easy and accurate fabrication
• Easily scalable to any desired number of bits
• Output impedance is R, regardless of the number of bits (can be observed using Thevenin's
equivalent circuit)

Disadvantages of R-2R ladder DAC:

• It has a slower conversion rate.

Department of MPE, AUST


State Space Modelling

## Obtain a state-space representation of the system shown in Figure.

Department of MPE, AUST


State Space Modelling

The system equations are

Department of MPE, AUST


State Space Modelling

The output variables for this system are y1 and y2. Define state variables as

Department of MPE, AUST


State Space Modelling

Then we obtain the following equations:

Department of MPE, AUST


State Space Modelling

Hence, the state equation is

and the output equation is

Department of MPE, AUST


State Space Modelling

The system equations are

Department of MPE, AUST


Department of MPE, AUST
Department of MPE, AUST
and the output equation is

Department of MPE, AUST


State-Space Representation of n th-Order Systems of Linear Differential
Equations in which the Forcing Function Involves Derivative Terms.

➢ Consider the differential equation system that involves derivatives of the forcing
function, such as

The main problem in defining the state variables for this case lies in the derivative terms
of the input u. The state variables must be such that they will eliminate the derivatives of
u in the state equation.

Department of MPE, AUST


One way to obtain a state equation and output equation for this case is to define the following
n variables as a set of n state variables:

Department of MPE, AUST


Department of MPE, AUST
State Equations

Department of MPE, AUST


Department of MPE, AUST
Department of MPE, AUST

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