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Class 1: Introducton to psychology Reìnorcers : - consequences : are contingent on behavior – Rehearsing : allows you to hold information for a short period of time until
Psychoacoustics: The scientific study of sound perception and audiology- -Reinforcement : Consequence that occurs after a behavior; increase the you decide what to do with it
how humans perceive various sounds chance that the behavir increases the chance that the behavior will occur – Storing : helps store or encode information in long-term memory
5 senses: Vision/ Smell/ Audition/Taste/ Touch again 3.LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING
Sound branding: sound of car ( cheaper or expensive) . -Punishment : Consequence that occur after a behavior, decreases the chance Putting information into long-term memory
Vision ( colour blind )Tongue/tastes / Smell ( in supermarket, bakery are that the behavior will occur again. – Encoding : transferring information from short- to long-term memory by
usually located near the fornt to put us in a good mood )/ Touch ( higher Fixed ratio schedule : means that a reinforcer occurs only after a fixed paying attention to it, repeating it, or forming new associations
levels of oxytocin when received more hugs ) number of responses are made by the suject. – Long-term memory :process of storing almost unlimited amounts of
CLASS 2: PERCEPTION Openrant conditioning : Shaping / Immediate reinforcement /Superstituos information over long periods of time
Sensations Venus perception behavior – Retrieving : process of selecting information from long-term memory and
Basic differences Goal of operant conditioning : increase or decrease the rate of sone response transferring it to short-term memory
Sensations :our first awareness of some outside stimulus ( differnet with classical conditioning : create a new response to a neutral Separate memory systems
-activates sensory receptors, which in turn produce electrical signals that are stimulus ) Primacy versus recency
transformed by the brain into meaningless bits of information Cognitive learning process : Attention - Memory -Imitation -Motivation . – Primacy effect :better recall or retention of information presented at the
Perceptions:the experience we have after our brain assembles and combines Application : - Behavior modifications : Treatment or therapy that changes or beginning of a task
thousands of individual sensations into a meaningful pattern or image modifies undesirable behaviors by using principles of learning based on – Recency effect :better recall or retention of information presented at the
Perception process: operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social cognitive learning end of a task
(Sight,sound,smell,taste,texture)sensory receptors -Autism : marker by poor development in social relationships – Primary-recency effect : better recall of information presented at the
attentioninterpretationresponse perception -Long period of time spent rêpating the same behavior and following ritual beginning and end of a task
Changing sensation into perception :Brain: association areas. Sensation that interfere w more normal function. Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
impulses are sent to the appropriate association area in the brain CLASS 4: MEMORY Declarative memory (or explicit memory)
Personalized perceptions: Each of us has a unique set of personal -Memory : ability to retain information over time through three processes: involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words,
experiences, emotions, and memories that are automatically added to our encoding, storing, and retrieving conversations, faces, or daily events
perceptions by other areas of the brain not copies but representations of the world that vary in accuracy and are aware of and can recall or retrieve these kinds of memories Semantic
Changing sensations into perception subject to error and bias memory :type of declarative memory that involves knowledge of facts,
-Stimulus change of energy in the environment (light waves, sound waves, – Encoding refers to making mental representations of information so that it concepts, words, definitions, and language rules . Episodic memory : type of
mechanical pressure, or chemicals) can be placed into memory declarative memory that involves knowledge of specific events, personal
-Transduction +changes physical energy into electrical signals+ electrical – Storing:process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite
signals are changed into impulses that travel into the brain mental storage for later recall restaurants, movies, songs, habits, or hobbies
- Brain: impulses from senses first go to different primary areas of the brain – Retrieving:process of getting or recalling information that has been placed Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
Perceptual thresholds: A point above which a stimulus is perceived and into short- or long-term storage Procedural or nondeclarative memory
below which it isn’t The threshold determines when we first become aware *3 types of memory involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive skills
of a stimulus -Sensory memory: Initial process that receives and holds environmental (learning to read), and emotional behaviors learned through classical
Subliminal perception information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to conditioning
-Subliminal message several seconds. can’t recall or retrieve procedural memories
+Brief auditory or visual message presented below the absolute threshold -Short-term memory – Also called working memory; refers to another 4.ENCODING: TRANSFERING
+ Means a less than 50% chance that the message will be perceived process that can hold only a limited amount of information an average of • Encoding :Acquiring information or storing it in memory by changing it
-Self-fulfilling prophecies:Involve having strong beliefs about changing seven items, from 2 to 30 seconds – into neural or memory codes
some behavior and then acting, unknowingly, to change that behavior - Long-term memory – Process of storing almost unlimited amounts of – Two kinds of encoding :Automatic encoding – transfer of information from
*subliminal marketing: Marketing with subliminal messages aims to information over long periods of time short- to long-term memory without effort or awareness (personal events,
encourage the purchase of the product through subtle effects *Memory processes interesting facts, skills/habits)
* Rules of organization – Sensory memory- short-term – long-term +Effortful encoding – transfer of information from short- to long-term
-figure grounds:in organizing stimuli, we tend to automatically distinguish 1.SENSORY MEMORY:RECORDING memory by working hard to rehearse the information or by making
between a figure and a ground: The figure, with more detail, stands out - Iconic memory – Form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual associations . Rehearsing and encoding
against the background, which has less detail. information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your – Maintenance rehearsal and Elaborative rehearsal
-similarity:in organizing stimuli, we group together elements that appear attention, the information disappears – Icon means image • Levels of processing
similar. -Echoic memory – Form of sensory memory that holds auditory information –Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded
-closure: we tend to fill in any missing parts of a figure and see the figure as for 1 to 2 seconds – Holds speech sounds long enough to know that .Information encoded at a shallow level results in poor recall and Deeper and
complete sequences of certain sounds form words deepest processing: encode by making new association
-proximity: We group together objects that are physically close to one -Functions of sensory memory – Prevents being overwhelmed – Gives 5.REASON FOR FOGETTING
another decision time – Provides stability, playback, and recognition 5.1.REPRESSED MEMORIES :
-simplicity: stimuli are organized in the simplest way possible 2.SHORT-TERM MEMORY: WORKING 5.2 POOR ENCODING:
-continuity: we tend to favor smooth or continuous paths when interpreting a – Process of holding a limited amount of information (an average of seven 5.3 INTERFERENCE:
series of points or lines. items) for a limited period of time (2 to 30 seconds) – Short duration can be 5.4 AMNESIA
*illusion: An illusion is a perceptual experience in which you perceive an lengthened by repeating or rehearsing the information 5.5 DISTORION
image as being so strangely distorted that, in reality, it cannot and does not • Two features Limited duration/ Maintenance rehearsal 6. IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY:Mnemonic (ni-MON-ick) retrieval cues
exist. Functions of short-tem memory by forming vivid associations or images, which improve recall
CLASS 3 Learning – Attending selectively attend to relevant information and disregard 6.1: Retrieval Cues/ Method of Loci: (LOW-sigh)/ Chunking: /Attention
Three kinds of learning : Classical conditioning / Operant conditioning / everything else Span:
Cognitive learing 7.UNUSUAL MEMORIES

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8. Learning Styles Incentives : Incentives are goals that can be either oẹctives or thoughts that behaviors.Rain phobia: is an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense,
-Visual: reading and/or watching/ Auditory: listening/ Physical: practicing, we learn to value and that we are motivated to obtain. Cognitive factors excessive, and irrational fear that is out of all proportion to the danger
activities ( yếu tố nhận thức ) Extrinsic motivation ( động lực bên ngoài ) involves elicited by the rain.Conscious versus unconscious forces: Conscious
CLASS 5 : Intelligent + Emotion engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs thought, Unconscious forces, Unconscious motivation Techniques to
Intellegent or help us obtain incentives or external rewards. ( Học giỏi mẹ sẽ thưởng discover the unconscious: Free association, Dream interpretation, Freudian
Multiple intellegent theory: verbal intelligence / musical intelligence …) Intrinsic motivation ( động lực bên trong ) involves engaging in slips
/logical mathematical intelligence / spatial intelligence / body movement certain activities or behavior because the behavior themselves are personally Anxiety: Uncomfortable feeling that results from inner conflicts between the
intelligence (to understand oneself) / intelligence to understand others rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or primitive desires of the id and the moral goals of the superego: id, superego
Nature- nurture question : ask how nature ( hereditary or genetic factors ) pectations. (Học giỏi thành bs cứu người ) Human motivation : motivated conflict, ego caught in the middle.
interacts w nurture ( environmental factors) in the development of person’s because certain behaviors trigger the brain’s reward/ pleasure center. Which Defense mechanisms
intellectual, emotional, personal and social abilities. you have learned to value. Motivated by cognitive or intrinsic factor, such as • Freudian processes that operate at unconscious levels and that use self-
Numerical reasoning test : Interpret numerical data u will be required to wanting to satisfy your personal belief, reach certain goals, or fulfill your deception or untrue explanations to protect the ego from being overwhelmed
analyse and draw conclusion Verbal reasoning test : Ability to understand expectation.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs : by anxiety . Two ways to reduce anxiety: take realistic steps to reduce
and comprehend written passages ( true or false) Logical reasoning test : level 1 : physiological needs : Food, water, sex, and sleep. anxiety, use defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety
which test candidate’s problem solving ability Situational judgement test : level 2 : Safety needs Protection from harm • Rationalization, Denial, Repression, Projection, Reaction formation,
your behavior and attitudes to work-related scenario levels 3 : Love and belonging needs : affiliation w others and acceptance by Displacement, Sublimation
Emotion 4 component of emotion others HUMANISTIC THEORIES (CONT’D)
level 4 : Esteem need Achievement, competency, gaining approval and Emphasize our capacity for personal growth, development of our potential,
recognition and freedom to choose our destiny
Interpret or appraise some stimulus in term of your well-being/ Experience a level 5 : Self-actualization : Fulfillment of one’s unique potential . • Three characteristics of humanistic theories :Phenomenological perspective
subjective feeling, such as fear or happiness / Experience physiological Achievement : /Holistic view/Self-actualization
responses, such as changes in heart rate or breathing / Show observable need for achievement : • Maslow: Hierarchy of needs: arranged in ascending order, biological needs
behaviors, such as screaming, crying (or laughing?) Peripheral theories : at the bottom and social and personal needs at the top
Stimulus trigger => Your brain interpret => Different psychological changes • Maslow’s hierarchy: must satisfy biological safety needs before using
produces different emotions => u may or not show observable High need for achievement : shown by people who are motivated to avoid
failure by choosing easy, non challenging tasks where failure is more energy to fulfill your personal and social needs, devote time and energy to
responses .Thoughts cause emotions : Universal facial expression : reach true potential, called self-actualization
Universal emotional expressions are specific inherited facial patterns or unlikely to occur ( người kiên trì làm nhiệm vụ lâu hơn hoặc thực hiện tốt
hơn hoặc thực hiện tốt hơn nhiệm vụ. ) • Self-actualization: refers to the development and fulfillment of one’s unique
expressions that signal specific feelings or emotional states, such as a smile human
signaling a happy state. Cultural diversity : Display rule/ perceiving Potential, Characteristics of self-actualized individuals, perceive reality
emotions Happiness : usually indicated by smiling and laughing, can result Fear of failure : (nỗi sợ thất bại ) shown by people who are motivated to accurately, independent and autonomous, prefer to have a deep, loving
from memotary pleasures, such as funny commercial, short-term joys ..Role avoid failure by choosing easy, non challenging tasks where failure is more relationship with only a few people, focus on accomplishing their goals,
of DOPAMINE and SEROTONIN in happiness : serotonin is known as the unlikely to occur ( tránh thất bại bằng cách chọn công việc dễ hơn) report peak experiences (moments of great joy and satisfaction)
„confidence molecule‟ as it brings about confidence and self-esteem Raised Definition of projective tests
levels of serotonin : Self confidence/ feeling of self-significance/ relaxation / • Psychological assessment: use of various tools, such as psychological tests
Self- handicapping : refers to doing things that contribute to failure and then
sedation Absence of Sen : Feeling of being depressed or lonely/ less mood / or interviews to measure various characteristics, traits, or abilities in order to
using these very things, knowingly or unknowingly, as excuses for failing to
depression/ lack of will understand behaviors and predict future performances or behaviors
achieve some goal. Example : Ví dụ, thay vì học cho một kỳ thi, một học
sinh đi xem phim và sau đó làm bài thi kém. Anh ta bào chữa cho điểm kém • Personality tests: used to measure observable traits and behaviors as well as
Dopamine is known to be a reward molecule : Like scoring a goal / hitting a của mình bằng cách nói rằng anh ta không học, đó là một ví dụ về sự tự unobservable ones, used to identify personality problems and psychological
target / accomplishing a task . In the brain, it feeds the reward pathways khuyết tật.Underachievement : Underachievers have the ability but not the disorders; predict how a person might behave in the future
motivation. Score high in the ability test, but poor result in reality. ( rùa và SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY :
thỏ ) Acquired needs theory : Need for achievement / Need for afiliation / Cognitive-personal factors: cognitive factors, personal factors
Hight levels of Do: Loss of consciousness with reality/ lack of emotion/ Need for Power Maintaining a quality workforce : Comppensation and Environmental factors: Include our social, political, and cultural influences,
additive behaviour/Suspicious personality / possible paranoia and benefits : Salary or hourly wages / Employees can select a set benefits within as well as our particular learning experiences.
delusions.Dopamine is known to be released naturally on: showing kindness a certain dollar amount Merit pay : Awards a pay increase in proportion to Behaviors :
to others -thoughts of loving, kindness individual performance contribution Labor management relations : Process FOUR COGNITIVE FACTORS: Language ability, Observational learning,
of negotiating administering and interperting a labor contract. ( include : Purposeful behavior, Self-analysis
wages/ work hours / hiring/ seniority/ work rules/ other conditions of LOCUS OF CONTROL: Internal locus of control, External locus of control
Class 6 : Motivation
employment/ Grievances) People with an internal locus of control are generally higher achievers, cope
Motivation the various physiological and psychological factors that cause
better with chronic illness, and report less stress, anxiety, and depression than
us to act in a specific way at a particular.
those with an external locus of control.
When you are motivated, you usually show three characteristics: Class 7 : Personality: TRAIT THEORY: - Trait: relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave
1. You are energized to do or engage in some activity. • Personality: Refers to a combination of long-lasting and distinctive in a particular way
2. You direct your energies toward reaching a specific goal. behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that typify how we react and OCEAN : ( Openess- Conscintiousness- Extraversion- Agreeableness-
3. You have differing intensities of feelings about reaching that goal adapt to other people and situations Neuroticism)
Brain : Reward/ pleasure center : Doping and an olympic crisis of • Theory of personality: Organized attempt to describe and explain how
idealism. Eating/ developing romantic attachments/engaging in sex personalities develop and why they differ.
Gambling/ using recreational drugs (cocaine) looking at photos of attractive FREUD’S PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
people/ listening to great music • Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality => emphasizes the
activate the brain’s reward/pleasure center (left figure) and result in happy importance of early childhood experiences, unconscious or repressed
and pleasurable feelings thoughts that we can’t voluntarily access, and the conflicts between
conscious and unconscious forces that influence our feelings, thoughts, and

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