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MATHEMATICS
Study Material for Examination for the post of

School Lecturer Grade I RPSC

USEFUL FORMULAE &

IMPORTANT RESULTS

UMESH MATHUR
MATHUR CLASSES, JAIPUR
+91 94140 70088, +91 94139 70088
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 2
eq[; xq.ku[k.M]loZlfedk;sa vkSj lEcfU/kr ifj.kke (MAIN FACTORS, INDENITTIES AND RELATED RESULTS)

(1.1)  a  b 2 2
 a  2ab  b
2
(1.2)  a  b 2 2
 a  2ab  b
2

(1.3) a  b 2  (a  b )2 2
 2(a  b )
2
(1.4) 2
(a  b )  (a  b )  4ab
2

(2.1)  a  b 3 3 2
 a  3a b  3ab  b
2 3
;k a  b 3  a 3  b3  3ab( a  b)

(2.2) a 3  b3  ( a  b) 3  3ab( a  b)

(2.3) a  b 3 3 2
 a  3a b  3ab  b
2 3
;k a  b 3  a 3  b3  3ab( a  b)

(2.4) a 3  b3  ( a  b) 3  3ab( a  b)

(2.5) a  b 3  a  b 3 
 2 a  3ab
3 2
 a  b 3  a  b 3 
 2 3a b  b
2 3

1
(3.1) ;fn a k ;k a 2  ka  1  0 gks rc
a

1 1 1
a2   k2  2 a3  3
 k 3  3k vkSj a  k2  4
2 a
a a
1
(3.2) ;fn a k ;k a 2  ka  1  0 gks rc
a

1 1 1
a2   k2  2 a3  3
 k 3  3k vkSj a  k2  4
a 2
a a

1 1
(3.3) tc x  0 gks rc x  2 vkSj x  2  x 1,
x x

1 1
tc x  0 gks rc x 2 vkSj x  2  x  1
x x

(4.1) x 2  1   x  1 x  1 (5.1) a 2  b 2  (a  b )(a  b )

(4.2) 
x3  1   x  1 x 2  x  1  (5.2) a 3  b 3  (a  b )(a 2  ab  b 2 )

(4.3) x4  1   x  1  x 3
 x2  x 1  (5.3) a 4  b 4  (a  b )(a 3  a 2b  ab 2  b 3 )

(4.4) 
x5  1   x  1 x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1  (5.4) a 5  b 5  (a  b )(a 4  a 3b  a 2b 2  ab 3  b 4 )

(4.5) xn  1   x  1  x n 1
 x x 2  n n 3  ....  x 2  x  1 
(5.5) a n  bn  (a  b )(a n 1  a n 2b  ....  abn 2  bn 1 )

(5.6) 
x4  x 2 1  x 2  x 1 x 2  x 1   (5.7)  
a 4  a 2 b 2  b4  a 2  ab  b2 a 2  ab  b 2 
(6.1) 
x3  1   x  1 x 2  x  1  (7.1) a 3  b 3  (a  b )(a 2  ab  b 2 )

(6.2) 
x5  1   x  1 x 4  x 2  x 2  x  1  (7.2) a 5  b 5  (a  b )(a 4  a 3b  a 2b 2  ab 3  b 4 )

(6.3) x7  1  ( x  1) ( x6  x5  x 4  x3  x2  x  1)
2n 1 2n 2n 1 2n  2 2
(6.4) (x  1)  (x  1)(x x 2  ...  x  x  1)

2n 1 2n 1 2n 2n 1 2n  2 2 2n
(7.4) a b  ( a  b)( a a b a b  ...  b )

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 3

(8.1) a  b  c 2  a 2  b2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca

(8.2) ab  bc  ca 2  a 2b 2  b 2c 2  c 2a 2  2abc a  b  c 
(8.3) a 2  b 2  c 2  2 ab  bc  ca  , if a  b  c  0

(8.4) ab  bc  ca 2  a 2b 2  b 2c 2  c 2a 2 , if a  b  c  0

(8.5) a + b + c - ab - bc - ca  1/2  a  b   b  c   ( c  a )
2 2 2
 2 2 2

(8.6) a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca tc a b c
3 3 3 2 2 2
(9.1) a  b  c  3abc  ( a  b  c )( a  b  c  ab  bc  ca )

3 3 3 2 2
(9.2) a  b  c  3abc  ( a  b  c )( a  b   c  )( a  b   c )

(9.3) a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc tc a  b  c ;k a  b  c  0
10. ?kkrkad ds fu;e (Law of Indices )
;fn a vkSj b nks /kukRed okLrfod la[;k;sa gksa vkSj m vkSj n ifjes; la[;k,¡ rc a m  a.a.a.......a (m times)
(i) a m  a n  a m  n al  a m  a n  .......  a t  a l  m  n ......t
am
(ii) n
 a m n (iii) ( a m ) n  a m n
a
m
a am
(iv) (ab)  a b
m m m
(vi)    m
b b
1
(v) a  m  1 ,  a  0  vkSj am  (vii) a0  1
am am

 a
m
(viii) a m / n  (a m )1/ n  ( a1/ n ) m vFkkZr~ a m / n  a m 
n n

(ix) ;fn a m  a n gks rc m  n vFkkZr~ ;fn nks cjkcj la[;kvksa dk vk/kkj leku gks rks mudh ?kkrsa Hkh leku gksxa hA
(x) ;fn a m  bm gks rc a = b vFkkZr~ ;fn nks cjkcj la[;kvksa dh ?kkrsa leku gksa rks muds vk/kkj Hkh leku gksx
a sA
11. djf.k;ksa ds fu;e (Law of Surds)
ekuk m, n /kukRed iw.kkZad vkSj a, b /kukRed ifjes; la[;k gSa ]rc
n
 1n 
(i) ( a)  a
n n ;k a   a
 
1 1
n
a a a n
a n
(ii) n
a b  n n a b ;k a
1
n b
1
n   ab 
1
n (iii) n ;k  
n
b b b
1
n b

1 a 1
 m 
 
1 m
(iv) n
x  a
x a n
 ( x) n (v) n
a a
m m/ n ;k a n  a n 
 
1 1
 1n  m  1m  n
 a
1
(vi) mn
a  mn
a nm
a ;k a  mn
a 
   
1
 1  m

  
  
 
1 m n 1
(vii) n
a  p mn
(a ) p m

mn
a pm ;k a p n
  ap    a pm mn
  
 

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 4
12. djf.k;ksa ds dqN egRoiw.kZ tksM+s (Some very useful pair of Surds)

(i )   
2 1 
2 1 1  2 1 
1
2 1
vkSj 2 1 
1
2 1

(ii)  
 2  3 2  3 1   2 3 
1
2 3
vkSj 2 3 
1
2 3

  
1 1
(iii)  3 2 2 3 2 2 1  32 2  vkSj 32 2 
3 2 2 32 2

(iv) 
 5 2 6 5 2 6 1    52 6 
1
52 6
vkSj 5 2 6 
1
52 6

(v)  
 7  4 3 7  4 3 1   74 3 
1
74 3
vkSj 74 3 
1
74 3

(vi)  
 8  3 7 8  3 7 1   83 7 
1
83 7
vkSj 83 7 
1
83 7

(vii ) 
 9  4 5 9  4 5 1    94 5 
1
94 5
vkSj 94 5 
1
94 5

  vkSj 3  2 2   2  1    
2 2
13. (i) 3  2 2  2 1 ;k 32 2  2 1 vkSj 32 2  2 1

  vkSj 4  2 3   3  1    
2 2
(ii ) 42 3  3 1 ;k 42 3  3 1 vkSj 42 3  3 1

  vkSj 7  4 3   2  3     
2 2
(iii ) 74 3  2 3 ;k 74 3  2 3 vkSj 74 3  2 3

  vkSj 19  8 3   4  3  ;k   vkSj 19  8 3   4  3 
2 2
(iv ) 19  8 3  4  3 19  8 3  4  3

  vkSj 28  10 3   5  3  ;k    
2 2
(v ) 28  10 3  5  3 28  10 3  5  3 vkSj 28  10 3  5  3

  vkSj 5  2 6   3  2  ;k    
2 2
(vi ) 52 6  3 2 52 6  3 2 vkSj 52 6  3 2

  vkSj 8  2 15   5  3  ;k    
2 2
(vii ) 8  2 15  5 3 8  2 15  5 3 vkSj 8  2 15  5 3

14. ;fn a ,d /ku iw.kkZad blizdkj gks fd a  n(n  1) tgk¡ n Hkh ,d /ku iw.kkZad gS] rc

(i) a  a  a  ...  n  1 (ii) a  a  a  ...  n

2n 1
(iii) a a a a a....... a  ( a ) 2n ;gk¡ oxZ ewy okyk fpUg n ckj yxk;k x;k gSA

(iv) a a a a a.......  a , tc oxZewy okyk fpUg vuUr ckj yxk;k tk;sA

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 5
15. izkd`frd la[;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr Jsf.k;ksa ds ;ksxQy (Sum of Series Related with Natural Numbers)

(i) izFke n izkd`frd la[;kvksa ;k izFke n /ku iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksx

n
 k  1  2  3.......n 
b g
n n 1
k 1
2
(ii) izFke n le /ku iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksx
n

 2k  2  4  6  .......  2n  n  n  1 ;k
k 1
n2  n

(iii) izFke n fo"ke /ku iw.kkZsadksa dk ;ksx

n

 (2k  1)  1  3  5  .......  2n  1  n
k 1
2

(vi) izFke n izkd`frd la[;kvksa ds oxkZsa dk ;ksx

n
 k 2  12  2 2  32 .......n 2 
b gb
n n  1 2n  1 g
k 1
6
(vii) izFke n le izkd`frd la[;kvksa ds oxkZsa dk ;ksx
2n( n  1)(2n  1)
n

 (2k )
k 1
2
 22  42  62  .......  (2 n) 2 
3
(ix) izFke n fo"ke izkd`frd la[;kvksa ds oxkZsa dk ;ksx
n

 (2k  1)  12  32  52  .......  (2n  1) 2  n(4n  1)

2
2

k 1 3
(xi) ( m  1) ls izkjEHk djds n Øekxr izkd`frd la[;kvksa ds oxkZsa dk ;ksx
m  n 1

k
k m
2
 (m  1) 2  ( m  2) 2  ....  (m  n  1)2  (m  n  1) 2  m 2

(xii) izFke n izkd`frd la[;kvksa ds ?kuksa dk ;ksx

 n  n  1   n 
2 2
n

 k 3  13  23  33  .......  n3     k
2   k 1  
k 1 
(xiii) m + 1 ls 'kq: n Øekxr izkd`frd la[;kvksa ds /kuksa dk ;ksx
m  n 1

k
k m
3
 (m  1)3  ( m  2)3  ....  (m  n  1)3  (m  n  1)3  m3

(xiv) izFke n izkd`frd la[;kvksa dh pkSFkh ?kkrksa dk ;ksx

n
n(n  1)(2n  1)(3n 2  3n  1)

k 1
k 4  14  24  34  .......  n4 
30

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 6
16. f=dks.kferh; vuqikrksa esa ewy lEcU/k vkSj muds vU; :i
(Fundamental relations between the T.R.s and their other forms)
(i) cos 2   sin 2   1 ;k 1  cos 2   sin 2  ;k 1  sin 2   cos 2 
(ii) 1  tan 2   sec 2  ;k sec 2   1  tan 2  ;k sec 2   tan 2   1

1 1
sec   tan   ;k sec   tan  
sec   tan  sec   tan 
(iii) 1  cot 2   cosec 2  ;k cosec 2   1  cot 2  ;k cosec 2   cot 2   1
1 1
cosec   cot   ;k cosec   cot  
cosec   cot  cosec   cot 

1 1
(iv) sin  cosec   1 ;k sin   cosec  ;k cosec   sin 

1 1
(v) cos  sec   1 ;k cos   ;k sec  
sec  cos 

1 1
(vi) tan  cot   1 ;k cot   ;k tan  
tan  cot 

sin cos 
(vii) tan  ;k sin   tan  cos  (viii) cot   ;k sin  cot   cos 
cos  sin 

17. f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa ds egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke ( Important Results of Trigonometric Functions )

01. sin 4   cos 4   1  2 sin2  cos 2  02. sin6   cos 6   1  3 sin 2  cos 2 

03. sec 2  cosec2   sec 2   cosec2  04. sin 2  tan 2   tan 2   sin 2 
1
05. cot 2  cos 2   cot 2   cos 2  06.  sin  cos 
tan   cot 
1 + sin θ cos θ 1 + sinθ 1  sin  cos  1  sin 
07. = = secθ + tanθ = 08.   sec   tan  
cos θ 1 - sin θ 1 - sin θ cos  1  sin  1  sin 

1  cos  sin  1  cos  1  cos  sin  1  cos 

09.   co sec   cot   10.   cosec   cot 
sin  1  cos  1  cos  sin  1  cos  1  cos 

11 ;fn sin   sin 2   1 rc 12. ;fn cos   cos 2   1 rc

(i) cos 2   cos 4   1 (i) sin 2   sin 4   1
(ii) cos 4   2cos 6   cos8   1 (ii) sin 4   2sin 6   sin 8   1
(iii) cos12   3cos10   3cos8   cos 6   1 (iii) sin12   3sin10   3sin 8   sin 6   1
13. ;fn cos   sec   a gks rc
(i) cos 2   sec2   a 2  2 vkSj (i) cos   sec   a  3a
3 3 3

14. ;fn sin   cosec   a gks rc

(i) sin   cosec   a  2
2 2 2
vkSj (i) sin   co sec   a  3a
3 3 3

15. ;fn tan   cot   a gks rc

tan 2   cot 2  a 2  2 vkSj (i) tan   cot   a  3a
3 3 3
(i)

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 7

02. ;fn     gks rc
2
(i)     90o  sin   cos  (ii)     90o  cos  sin 
(iii)     90o  tan   cot  ;k tan  . tan   1 (iv)     90o  cot   tan  ;k cot  . cot   1
    90o  sin   sin   1     90o  cos 2   cos 2   1
2 2
(v) (vi)
18.f=dks.kferh Qyuksa ds vf/kdre o U;wu re eku
(Maximum and minimum values of trigonomertical functions)
(1)
(i) 1  sin x  1 (ii) b  b sin   b
(iii) a  b  a  b sin   a  b (iv) 0  sin 2   1
(v) 0  b sin 2   b (vi) a  a  b sin 2   a  b
(2)
(i) 1  cos  1 (ii) b  b cos   b
(iii) a  b  a  b sin   a  b (iv) 0  cos2   1
(v) 0  b cos 2   b (vi) a  a  b cos 2   a  b

(3) a sin x  b cos x dk eku x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy;s  a 2  b 2 vkSj a 2  b 2 ds e/; jgrk gSA

vFkkZr~  a 2  b 2  a sin x  b cos x  a 2  b 2 vkSj c  a 2  b 2  a sin x  b cos x  c  c  a 2  b 2

1
(4)  tc a > 0 gks rc a   2 gksrk gS blfy,
a
(i) sin 2 x  cosec 2 x  2
(ii) cos 2 x  sec 2 x  2 vkSj
(iii) tan 2 x  cot 2 x  2
(5)  (a sin   b cosec )2  0  (i) a 2 sin 2   b2 cos ec2  2ab

 (a sin   b cosec  ) 2  c  0  c  (ii) a 2 sin 2   b2 cos ec 2  c  2ab  c

 (a cos   b sec  ) 2  0  (iii) a 2 sec2   b 2 cos 2   2ab

 (a cos   b sec  )2  c  0  c  (iv) a 2 sec2   b2 cos 2   c  2ab  c

 (a tan   b cot  ) 2  0  (v) a 2 tan 2   b2 cot 2   2ab

 (a tan   b cot  )2  c  0  c  (vi) a 2 tan 2   b2 cot 2   c  2ab  c

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 8
18. O;qRiUu dks.kksa ds f=dks. kferh; vuqi kr (Table expressing Trigonometric ratios of allied angles)

T.R. s sin cos tan cot sec cosec

Angle

 sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cos ec


  or 90o   cos  sin  cot  tan  cos ec sec 
2

  or 90o   cos  sin  cot  tan  cos ec sec 
2

   or 180 o   sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cos ec

   or 180 o   sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cos ec

3
  or 270o   cos  sin  cot  tan  cos ec sec 
2
3
  or 270o   cos  sin  cot  tan  cos ec sec 
2
2   or 360o   sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cos ec

2   or 360o   sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cos ec

2n   or n. 360o   sin  cos  tan  cot  sec cos ec

O;kid :i esa fy[kus ij

    sin , tc n le gks
(i) sin  n     * 
 2  cos , tc n fo"ke gks


;gk¡ *   gksxk tc n  izFke ;k f}rh; ikn esa gks vkSj * =
2 gksxk tcfd n

2
 r`rh; ;k prqFkZ ikn esa gksA


blh izdkj * ;gk¡ dks.k n  dh ikn ds vuqlkj gh f=dks.kferh; Qyu dk fpUg fy;k tk;sxkA
2
   cos , tc nle gks
(ii) cos  n     * 
 2  sin , tc n fo"ke gk

   tan, tc n le gks
(iii) tan  n     * 
 2  cot , tc n fo"ke gks

    cot , tc n le gks
(iv) cot  n    * 
 2  tan , tc nfo"ke gks

    sec , tc n le gks
(v) sec  n    * 
 2  cosec , tc n fo"ke gks

   cosec , tc n le gks
(vi) cosec  n    * 
 2   sec , tc n fo"ke gks

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 9
egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke ( Important Results )
(vii) ;fn n  Z rks sin n  0, cos n  (1)n , tan n  0 ,
sin( n    )  ( 1) n sin  , cos( n    )  ( 1) n cos  vkSj tan( n    )  tan 

 ( 1) cos  , tc n fo"ke gks

( n 1) / 2
 
(viii) sin  n     
 2   ( 1)
( n /2
sin  , tc n le gks

 ( 1) sin  , tc n fo"ke gks

( n 1) /2
 
(ix) cos  n     
 2   ( 1)
( n /2
cos  , tc n le gks

f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa ds izk ar o ifjlj (Domain and Range of Trigonometric functions)

f=dks.kferh; vuqikrksa ds ekuksa esa ifjorZu vkSj buds vkjs[kksa dh lgk;rk ls f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa ds izkar o ifjlj vklkuh ls fy[ks
tk ldrs gSaA ;s fuEu gksaxsA
Trigonometric function Domain Range

R [- 1, 1]
sin x

R [-1, 1]
cos x
RS
R  ( 2 n  1)

, n Z
UV
tan x T 2 W R

cot x
l
R  n, n  Z q R

RS
R  ( 2 n  1)

, n Z
UV
sec x T 2 W R-(-1, 1)

cosec x l
R  n, n  Z q R-(-1, 1)

vkorhZ Qyu (Periodic Function)

Qyu ftuds ekuksa esa] ,d fuf'pr varjky ds ckn iqujko`fÙk gksrh gS] vkorhZ Qyu dgykrs gSaA ftl y?kqÙek varjky ds ckn iqujko`fÙk
gksrh gS og Qyu dk vkorZ dgykrk gSA lHkh f=dks.kferh; Qyu vkorhZ Qyu gksrs gSaA
T  x
;fn Qyu f ( x) dk vkorZ T gks rc f (ax) dk vkorZ vkSj f  a  dk vkorZ aT gksrk gSA
a  
f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa ds vkorZu kad (Periods of Trigonometric functions)
Qyu y  sin x ds xzkQ ls Li"V gS fd dks.k x dk eku tc 2 ls 4 rd cnyrk gS rks sin x ds ekuksa easa ogh ifjorZu gksrs
gSa tks fd x dk eku 0 ls 2 rd cnyus esa gksrs gSaA blds lkFk gh mu nks dks.kksa ds sine dk eku leku gS ftlesa 2 dk vUrj
gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd Qyu y  sin x ds eku 2 ds vUrjky ds ckn cnyrs gSaA vr% Qyu y  sin x dk vkorZukad
2 gSA blh izdkj vU; f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa ds vkorZukad fuEu gksaxsA

Qyu x
sin x cos x tan x cot x sec x cosec x sin 2 x | sin x | sin 2 x sin
Function 2
vkorZ
2 2   2 2    4
Period

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 10
nks dks.kksa ds ;ksx o varj okys f=dks.kferh; lw= (Trigonometric formulae for sum and difference of two angles)
(01) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (02) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
(03) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (04) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
tan A  tan B
(05) tan(A + B) =
1  tan A tan B

tan A  tan B   
(06) tan (A – B) = , tgk¡ A  n  2 , B  n  2 vkSj A  B  m  2 ; m, n Z
1  tan A tan B

cot A cot B  1
(07) cot(A + B) =
cot A  cot B

cot A cot B  1
(08) cot (A – B) = , tgk¡ A  n, B  n vkSj A  B  n; n Z
cot B  cot A

dqN mi;ksxh ,oa egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke (Some Useful and important Results)
sin( A  B)
(09) tan A  tan B 
cos A cos B

(10) tan A  tan B 

sin( A  B)
cos A cos B
, tgk¡ b
A , B  2n  1g 2 , n  Z
sin(A  B)
(11) cot A  cot B 
sin A sin B
sin(B  A)
(12) cot A  cot B  , tgk¡ A  n , B  n , n  Z
sin A sin B

   
(13) sin A  cos A  2 sin   A   2 cos   A 
4  4 

     3 
(14) sin A  cos A  2 sin  A     2 cos   A  ;k 2 cos  A  
 4 4   4 

(15) sin  A  B  sin  A  B   sin2 A  sin 2 B ;k cos 2 B  cos 2 A

(16) cos  A  B  cos  A  B   cos 2 A  sin 2 B ;k cos B  sin A

2 2

cos  sin 1  tan



 tan  
FG IJ cos  sin 1  tan

 FG
 tan  
IJ
(17)
cos  sin 1  tan 4 H K (18)
cos  sin 1  tan 4 H K
xq.kk dks ;ksx ;k vUrj esa cnyus okys lw= (Formula converting product into sum or difference)
(01) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin(A – B) (02) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin(A – B)
(03) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) (04) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A+ B)
;ksx o vUrj dks xq.kk esa cnyus okys lw= (Formulae converting sum and difference into product)
FG C  D IJ cosFG C  D IJ
(05) sin C + sin D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K
F C  DI F C  DI
(06) sin C – sin D = 2 cos GH 2 JK sin GH 2 JK

F C  DI F C  DI
(07) cos C + cos D = 2 cos GH 2 JK cosGH 2 JK

F C  DI F D  C I
(08) cos C – cos D = 2sin GH 2 JK sin GH 2 JK

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 11
nqxus vkSj frxqus dks.k okys lw= ,oa ifj.kke (Formulae and results of double and triple angles)
2 tan 
(01) sin 2  2 sin  cos  =
1  tan 2 
(02) cos 2  cos 2   sin 2 
 2 cos 2   1
 1  2 sin 2 
1  tan2 
=
1  tan2 
1  cos 2
(03) cos 2  
2
1  cos 2
sin 2  
2
2 tan 
(04) tan 2  , tgk¡   2n  1  /4
1  tan 2 
(05) sin 3  3 sin   4 sin 3  , sin 3   3 sin   sin 3  /4
cos3  4 cos3   3 cos  , cos   cos3  3 cos   /4
3
(06)
3 tan   tan 3 
(07) tan 3  , where   n   /6
1  3 tan 2 

(08)    
sin  sin 60o   sin 60o    1/ 4  sin 3

(09) cos  cos 60 o    cos 60 o     1 / 4  cos 3

(10) tan  tan 60 o    tan 60 o     tan 3

vk/ks dks.k okys lw= ,oa ifj.kke (Formulae and results for half angles)
2 tan  A /2 
(01) sin A  2 sin  A / 2  cos  A /2  
1  tan 2  A /2 
(02) cos A  cos   A /2   sin 2  A /2 
A 1  cos A
 2 cos   A /2   1 ,  1  cos A  2 cos 2  A / 2  ;k cos 
2 2
A 1  cos A
 1  2 sin   A /2  ,  1  cos A  2 sin 2  A /2  ;k sin 
2 2
1  tan2  A /2

1  tan2  A /2 

2 tan  A / 2 
tan A 
(03)
1  tan 2  A /2 

(04) sin A  3 sin  A /3   4 sin 3  A /3 

(05) cos A  4 cos 3  A /3   3 cos  A /3 

3 tan  A /3   tan 3  A /3 
tan A 
(06) 1  3 tan 2  A /3 

 1  cos 
(07) tan  ,   (2n  1) ,n Z
2 1  cos 

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 12

 1  cos 
(08) cot  ,   2n,n Z
2 1  cos 

  1  sin 
(09) tan     ,    2n  )  (  /2 
4 2  1  sin 

  1  sin 
(10) tan     ,    2n  )  (  / 2 
4 2  1  sin 

 1  cos
(11) tan  , where   2n, n Z
2 sin
 1  cos
(12) cot  ,   2n, n Z
2 sin
sin2
(13)  tan  ,
1  cos 2
sin2
(14)  cot  ,
1  cos 2
cos2
(15)  tan( /4   ),
1  sin2
cos2
(16)  tan( /4   ),
1  sin2
1  sin 2  cos 2
(17)  cot 
1  sin 2  cos 2
1  sin 2  cos 2
(18)  tan 
1  sin 2  cos 2
1  sin   cos 
(19)  cot  /2 
1  sin   cos 
1  sin   cos 
(20)  tan  /2 
1  sin   cos 

rhu dks.kksa ds ;ksx okys f=dks.kferh; Qyu (Trigonometric functions for sum of three angle)

01. sin (A+B+C) = sin A cos B cos C + sin B cos C cos A + sin C cos A cos B – sin A sin B sin C
;k sin (A+B+C)= cos A cos B cos C (tan A + tan B + tanC – tan A tan B tan C)
02. cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C – sin A sin B cos C– sin B sin C cos A – sin C sin A cos B
;k cos (A+B+C) = cos A cos B cos C (1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A)
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan Atan B tanC
03. tan  A  B  C  
1  tan Atan B  tan B tanC  tanC tan A
cot Acot B cot C  cot A  cot  B  cot C
04. cot  A  B  C  
cot Acot B  cot B cot C  cot C cot A  1

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 13
dqN mi;ksxh ifj.kke (Some useful results)
sin 2n 
01. cos . cos 2. cos22  .... cos 2n – 1   ,   n
2n sin 
02. (a) tan a + 2 cot 2a = cot a
(b) tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 cot 4a = cot a
(c) tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8 cot 8a = cot a

03. (a) 2  2cos 2  2cos ,

(b) 2  2  2 cos 4   2cos ,

(c) 2  2  2  2cos 8   2 cos 

dks.kksa A, B, C ds xq.ktksa vkSj mi xq.ktksa ds lkbu ,oa dkslkbu dks lekfgr djus okys izfrcaf/kr loZlfedk;sa
(Conditional Identities involving sines and cosines of the angles)
;fn A + B + C =  gks rc
(01) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(02) sin 2A + sin 2B – sin 2C = 4 cos A cos B sin C
(03) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = –1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C
(04) cos 2A + cos 2B – cos 2C = 1 – 4 sin A sin B cos C
(06) sin (B + C – A) + sin (C + A – B) + sin (A + B – C) = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(06) sin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos  A / 2  cos  B / 2  cos C / 2 

(07) sin A  sin B  sin C  4 sin  A / 2  sin  B / 2  cos C / 2 

(08) cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4 sin  A / 2  sin  B / 2  sin C / 2 

(09) cos A  cos B  cosC   1  4 cos  A / 2  cos  B / 2  sin C / 2 

(10) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
(11) sin2 A + sin2 B – sin2 C = 2 sin A sin B cos C
(12) cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 – 2 cos A cos B cos C
(13) cos2 A + cos2 B – cos2 C = 1 – 2 sin A sin B cos C
A B C A B C
(14) sin2  sin2  sin2  1  2sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(15) sin2  sin2  sin2  1  2cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(16) cos2  cos2  cos2  2  2sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(17) cos2  cos2  cos2  2  cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
VsUtSUV ,oa dksVsUtSUV dks lekfgr djus okyh izfrcaf/kr loZlfedk;sa
(Conditional Identities involving tangent and cotangent of the angles)

(18) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

(19) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
(20) tan  A / 2  tan  B / 2   tan  B / 2  tan C / 2   tan C / 2  tan  A / 2   1

(21) cot  A / 2   cot  B / 2   cot C / 2   cot  A / 2  .cot  B / 2  .cot C / 2 

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 14
dqN mi;ksx h dks.kksa ds f=dks.kferh; vuqikr (Trigonometric ratios of some useful angles)
 sin  cos  tan 
 3 1 6 2 3 1 6 2 3 1
150    2 3
12 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 1
5 3 1 6 2 3 1 6 2 3 1
750    2 3
12 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 1
 5 1 10  2 5 5 1 25  10 5
180  
10 4 4 5 5
 10  2 5 5 1
360  5 2 5
5 4 4
3 5 1 10  2 5 52 25  10 5
540  
10 4 4 5 5
2 10  2 5 5 1
720  52 5
5 4 4
 1
0
 4 2 6 4 2  6 2 3 4 6
7  
 2 24 2 2 2 2   3 2  
2 1

 1  2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
0

 22     2 1
 2 8 2 2 4 2 2 4

 1  3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
0

 67     2 1
 2 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

F 1I
cot G 7 J
o
 2  3  4  6  ( 3  2)( 2  1)
H 2K
(xi) fdlh f=Hkqt  ABC esa bldh Hkqtkvksa vkSj dks.kksa esa lEcU/k fuEu lw=ksa ls fn;k tkrk gS
a b c
lkbu lw=  
sin A sin B sin C

dkslkbu lw= a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A ] b 2  c 2  a 2  2ca cos B vkSj c2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

vkSj iz{ksi lw= a  b cos C  c cos B , b  c cos A  a cos C vkSj c  a cos B  b cos A .

;gk¡ a, f=Hkqt ABC esa dks.k A ds lkeus dh Hkqtk BC dh yEckbZ gS] b dks.k B ds lkeus CA dh Hkqtk dh yEckbZ vkSj c dks.k
C ds lkeus dh Hkqtk AB dh yEckbZ gSA
f=dks.kferh; lehdj.kksa dk O;kid gy (General solutions of trigonometrical equations)
(i) ;fn sin   0 gks rc   n, nz


(ii) ;fn cos   0 gks rc   (2n  1) , n  z
2
(iii) ;fn tan   0 gks rc   n, n  z


(iv) ;fn sin   1 gks rc   2n  , n  z
2

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 15

(v) ;fn sin   1 gks rc   2n   , n  z
2

(vi) ;fn cos   1 gks rc   2n , n  z

(vii) ;fn cos   1 gks rc   (2n  1), n  z
vU; eq[ ; lehdj.k (other main equations)
(viii) ;fn sin   sin  gks rc   n  ( 1)n , n  z
(ix) ;fn cos   cos  gks rc   2n  , n  z
(x) ;fn tan   tan  gks rc   n  , n Z
(xi) ;fn cot   cot  gks rc   n  , n  z
(xii) ;fn sec   sec  gks rc   2n  , n  z
(xiii) ;fn cosec   cosec  gks rc   n  ( 1) n , n  z
(xiv) ;fn sin 2   sin 2  gks rc   n   , n  z
(xv) ;fn cos2   cos2  gks rc   n   , n  z
(xvi) ;fn tan 2   tan 2  gks rc   n   , n  z
(xvii) ;fn sin   sin  vkSj cos   cos  gks rc   2n   , n  z
(xviii) ;fn cos   cos  vkSj tan   tan  gks rc   2n   , n  z
(xix) ;fn tan   tan  vkSj sin   sin  gks rc   2n   , n  z
(xx) ;fn a cos   b sin   c    2n    
a b c
tgk¡ cos   , sin   , cos  
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a  b2
2

f=Hkqt ds v/kZ dks.kksa ds f=dks.kferh; vuqikr (T.R. of half of the angles of a triangle)

A ( s  b)( s  c) B ( s  c)( s  a) C ( s  a)( s  b)

(i) sin  , sin  , sin 
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A s ( s  a) B s( s  b) s( s  c )
(ii) cos  , cos  , cos C 
2 bc 2 ac ab

A ( s  b) ( s  c ) B ( s  c) ( s  a ) C ( s  a) ( s  b)
(iii) tan  , tan  , tan 
2 s(s  a) 2 s ( s  b) 2 s( s  c )

VsUtsaV fu;e (Tangent Rule)

 B C  bc A
(i) tan   cot
 2  bc 2

C  A c a B
(ii) tan   cot
 2  c  a 2

 A B  a b C
(iii) tan   cot
 2  a b 2
;s fu;e usfi;j dh vuq:irk (Nepier's Analogy) Hkh dgykrs gSaA

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 16
izfrykse o`Ùkh; Qyu ds eq[; ekuksa dh lkj.kh (Table of principal values for inverse circular functions)

x0 x0
 
  sin 1 x   0  sin 1 x 
2 2
 
 cos1 x   0  cos1 x 
2 2
 1 1 
  tan x  0 0  tan x 
2 2
 
 cot 1 x   0  cot 1 x 
2 2
 
 sec1 x   0  sec1 x 
2 2
 
  cosec 1x  0 0  cosec 1x 
2 2
izfrykse o`Ùkh; Qyuksa ds izkar o ifjlj (Properties and formulae of inverse circular functions)

Qyu izkra ifjlj

  
sin 1 x [-1, 1]  2 , 2 
 
cos 1 x [ 1, 1] [0, ]
  
tan 1 x ( , )  , 
 2 2
cot 1 x ( , ) [0, ]
   
sec 1 x ( ,  1]  [1,  ) 0, 2    2 , 
   
    
cosec 1 x ( ,  1]  [1, )  , 0    0, 
 2   2

izfrykse o`Ùkh; Qyuksa ds xq.k/keZ ,oa lw= (Properties and formulae of inverse circular functions)
1. (i) sin 1 (sin ), sin(sin 1 x)  x
(ii) cos1 (cos ), cos(cos 1 x )  x
(iii) tan 1 (tan ), tan(cos1 x)  x
(iv) cot 1 (cot ), cot(cot 1 x )  x
(v) sec 1 (sec ), sec(sec 1 x)  x
(vi) cosec 1 (cosec ), cosec(cosec 1 x)  x
fVIi.kh% ;gk¡ x vkSj  ds eku lkj.kh esa fn;s vuqlkj gSaA
2. (i) sin 1 (  x )   sin 1 x,  1  x  1
(ii) cos 1 ( x)    cos1 x,  1  x  1
(iii) tan 1 ( x)   tan 1 x, x  R
(iv) cot 1 ( x)    cot 1 x, x  R
(v) sec 1 (  x)    sec 1 x, x   1 ;k x  1
(vi) cosec1 ( x)  cosec1x, x   1 ;k x  1

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 17
1 1
3. (i) sin 1    cosec 1 x ;k sin 1 x  cosec 1  
x  x

1 1
(ii) cos 1    sec 1 x ;k cos 1 x  sec1  
x  x

1 1
(iii) tan 1    cot 1 x ;k tan 1 x  cot 1   , x  0
 x  x

1 1
(iv) tan 1      cot 1 x ;k tan 1 x    cot 1   , x  0
 x x
 
4. (i) sin 1 x  cos 1 x  , 1  x  1 (ii) tan 1 x  cot 1 x  ,   x  
2 2

(iii) sec 1 x  cosec 1 x  , x   1 ;k x  1
2

5. (i) 
sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 
;fn 1  x. y  1, x 2  y 2  1 ;k ;fn xy  0, x 2  y 2  1

   sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  ;fn 0  x, y 1, x 2  y 2  1

 

(ii) sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 [ x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 ]

;fn 1  x, y  1, x 2  y 2  1 ;k ;fn xy  0, x 2  y 2  1

   sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  ;fn 1  x  0, 0  y  1, x 2  y 2  1
 

(iii) cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos 1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  ;fn 1  x, y  1, x  y  0

 

 2  cos 1  xy  1  x 2  y 1  y 2  ;fn 1  x, y 1, x  y  0

 

(iv) cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  ;fn 1  x, y 1, x  y

 

 x y 
(v) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   , ;fn xy  1
 1  xy 

 x y 
   tan 1   , ;fn x  0, y  0, xy  1
 1  xy 

 x y 
   tan 1   , ;fn x  0, y  0, xy  1
 1  xy 

 x y 
(vi) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   ;fn xy  1
 1  xy 

 x y 
   tan 1   ];fn x  0, y  0, xy  1
 1  xy 

 x y 
   tan 1   ];fn x  0, y  0, xy  1
 1  xy 

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 18
1 1
6. (i) 2sin 1 x  sin 1 (2 x 1  x 2 ) ] ;fn  2  x  2

1
=   sin 1 (2 x 1  x 2 ) ];fn  x 1
2
1
   sin 1 (2 x 1  x 2 ) ] ;fn 1  x   2

(ii) 2cos1 x  cos1 (2 x 2  1) , ;fn 0  x  1

   cos1 (2 x 2  1) , ;fn 1  x  0

 2x 
(iii) 2 tan 1 x  tan 1   , ;fn 1  x, 1
 1  x2 

 2x 
   tan 1   , ;fn x  1
 1  x2 

 2x 
   tan 1   , ;fn x  1
 1  x2 

 2x 
(iv) 2 tan 1 x  sin 1   , ;fn 1  x  1
 1  x2 

 2x 
   sin 1   , ;fn x  1
 1  x2 

 2x 
   sin 1   , ;fn x  1
 1  x2 

 1  x2 
(v) 2 tan 1 x  cos 1   , ;fn 0  x  
1 x
2


 1  x2 
  cos1   , ;fn   x  0
1 x
2

1 1
7. (i) 3sin 1 x  sin 1 (3 x  4 x  ) , ;fn  x
2 2

(ii)  
3cos 1 x  cos 1 4 x 3  3x , ;fn
1
2
 x 1

 3x  x 3  1 1
(iii) 3tan 1 x  tan 1  2  , ;fn x
 1  3x  3 3

 x  y  z  xyz 
8. (i) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 z  tan 1  
 1  xy  yz  zx 

 s1  s2  s5 ...... 
(ii) tan 1 x1  tan 1 x2  ....  tan 1 xn  tan 1  
 1  s2  s4  s6  ...... 
tgk¡ sk , s1 , s2 ,.....sn esa ls k dks ,d lkFk ysdj fd;s xq.kuksa ds ;ksx dks O;Dr djrk gSA

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 19
egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke (Important Results)
a  a   b 
tan 1    sin 1  1
  cos  
(i)
b  2 2
 a b  a b
2 2
 

a  b2  a2   a 
sin 1    cos1    tan 1  
(ii) b    2 2

b
  b a 

a  b2  a2   b2  a2 
(iii) cos 1    sin 1    tan 1  
b  b   a 
   

 1  x2  1  1
(iv) tan 1    tan 1 x
 x  2
 

 1  x2  1   1
(v) tan 1     tan 1 x
 x  2 2
 

ax ax ax 1 x

(vi) tan 1  sin 1  cos 1  cos 1   ,( x  a)
ax 2a 2a 2 a

 a sin x  b cos x  1 b
(vii) tan 1    x  tan
 a cos x  b sin x  a

 a cos x  b sin x  1  a 
(viii) tan 1    tan    x
 b cos x  a sin x  b

 1  x 2  1  x2   1
(ix) tan 1     cos 1 x
 1  x2  1  x 2  4 2
 
 1 x  1 x   1
(x) tan 1  1
   cos x
 1  x  1  x  4 2

 3a 2 x  x 3  1  x 
(xi) tan 1    3 tan  
2 
 a( a  3x )  a
2

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 20

f}?kkr lehdj.k vkSj O;atd(Quadratic Equations and Expressions)

ifjp; (Introduction)
(i) O;atd (Expression) - pj x dks lekfgr djus okys dFku O;atd dgykrsa gSa tSls &
1
3 x  7, x 2  3x  5, x  , bx 2  cx  d
x
(ii) lehdj.k (Equation) - nks O;atdksa dks ' = ' fpUg ls tksM+us ij izkIr dFku ;k fdlh O;atd dks 'kwU; ds cjkcj j[kus
ij izkIr dFku] tks fd pj x ds fuf'pr ekuksa ds fy;s lR; gks] ,d lehdj.k dgykrk gSA tSls &
x  3  0, x 2  3 x  5  2 x 2  1, x3 x  7  x 2  1, ax 2  bx  c  0
(iii) loZlfedk (Identity) - og dFku tks nks O;atdksa dks = ds fpUg ls tksM+us ij izkIr gksrk gS vkSj pj x ds lHkh ekuksa ds
fy;s lR; gksrk gS loZlfedk dgykrk gSA loZlfedk esa x dh izR;sd ?kkr dk xq.kkad 'kwU; gksrk gSA
tSls & x2  a 2  ( x  a )( x  a ) ,d loZlfedk gSA Li"Vr;k ;g x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy;s lR; gSA iqu%
x2  a 2  ( x  a)( x  a)  x 2  a 2  x 2  ax  ax  a 2
;k (1  1) x2  ( a  a) x  ( a 2  a 2 )  0
;k 0.x 2  0.x  0  0
(iv) lehdj.k dh ?kkr (Degree of an eqautin) - fdlh lehdj.k dks iw.kkZdh; ifjes; :i (rational integral form) esa
fy[kus
ij mlesa tks vf/kder ?kkr dk in gks] mlh in dh ?kkr lehdj.k dh ?kkr (degree) dgykrh gSA fofHkUu ?kkrksa dks lehdj.k
fuEu izdkj gS &
(v) js[kh; lehdj.k (Linear Equation) - ,d ?kkr dh lehdj.k js[kh; lehdj.k dgykrh gSA tSls &
3 x  4  0, ax  b  0, a  0
(vi) f}/kkr lehdj.k (Quadratic Equation) - og lehdj.k ftlesa vf/kdre nks ?kkr dk in gks f}?kkr lehdj.k dgykrh
gSA tSls & 3 x2  5  0, 2 x 2  3x  4  0, ax2  bx  c  0, a 
(vii) ?kuh; lehdj.k (Cubic Equation) - og lehdj.k ftlesa vf/kdre rhu ?kkr dk in gks ?kuh; lehdj.k dgykrh gSA
tSls & 2 x3  3x2  4 x  1  0, x 3  x  1  0, ax 3  bx 2  cx  d  0, a  0
f}?kkr lehdj.k dk O;kid :i (General form of a quadratic Equation)
lehdj.k ax  bx  c  0, a  0
2

pj esa x easa O;kid f}?kkr lehdj.k dgykrh gSA ;gk¡ a, b, c rhuksa vpj (constant) gSa tks Øe'k% x2 dk xq.kkad x dk xq.kkad vkSj
vpj in dgykrs gSaA
f}?kkr lehdj.k ds izdkj (Types of quadratic equation)
(i) viw.kZ f}?kkr lehdj.k (Incomplete quadratic equation) - ,slh f}?kkr lehdj.k ftlesa O;kid f}/kkr lehdj.k
ds lkjs in mifLFkr u gksa viw.kZ f}?kkr lehdj.k dgykrh gSA tSls & 3 x2  7  0, x2  4 x  0
(ii) fo'kq) f}?kkr lehdj.k (Pure quadratic equation) - og f}?kkr lehdj.k ftlesa ,d ?kkr okyk in u gks fo'kq)
f}?kkr lehdj.k dgykrk gSA tSls & x2  5  0, 3x 2  8  0, ax2  c  0
(iii) iw.kZ f}?kkr lehdj.k (Complete quadratic equation) - og f}?kkr lehdj.k ftlesa O;kid f}?kkr lehdj.k ds
lHkh in mifLFkr gksa iw.kZ lehdj.k dgykrh gSA tSls & x 2  3 x  2  0, x 2  x  1  0
lehdj.k ds ewy (Roots of an equation)
x ds os eku tks nh lehdj.k dks larq"V djrs gSa ml lehdj.k ds ewy dgykrs gSaA tSls &
lehdj.k x 2  4  0, x  2, 2 ls larq"V gksrh gS] vr% bl lehdj.k ds ewy 2 vkSj –2 gSaA
fVIi.kh & lehdj.k fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fdlh n ?kkr dh lehdj.k ds n ewy ¼okLrfod ;k lfEeJ½ gksrs gSaA blfy;s ,d f}?kkr
lehdj.k ds Bhd nks ewy gksaxsA ;fn dksbZ f}?kkr lehdj.k x ds nks ls vf/kd ekuksa ls larq"V gksrh gS rks og lehdj.k ,d loZlfedk
gksxhA bl fLFkfr esa lHkh inksa ds xq.kkad vyx&vyx 'kwU; gksaxsA

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 21
lehdj.k dk gy (Solution of an equation)
,d lehdj.k ds lkjs ewyksa dk leqPp; ml lehdj.k dk gy dgykrk gS tSls & lehdj.k x2  3 x  2  0 dk ,d ewy 1 vkSj
nwljk ewy 2 gSa tcfd gy {1, 2} gSA
gy Kkr djus fof/k;ka (Methods of findin a solution)
f}?kkr lehdj.k dks fuEu fof/k;ksa ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gS &
(i) xq.ku[k.M fof/k ls (ii) iw.kZ oxZ cukdj
(iii) xzkQh; fof/k ls (iv) fujh{k.k }kjk
(i) xq. ku[k.M fof/k (Factor method) -
bl fof/k esa ge nh lehdj.k ds f}?kkr O;atd dks js[kh; xq.ku[k.Mksa esa fofHkDr djds gy djrs gSaA
(ii) iw.kZ oxZ cukus okyh fof/k (Method of compliting the square) -
bl fof/k esa ge f}?kkr lehdj.k ds O;atd esa miq;Zdr jkf'k tksM+ o ?kVk dj iw.kZ oxZ cukrs gSa vkSj rc ml lehdj.k dk gy
fudkyrs gSaA
O;kid f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 a  0
b  b2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
lehdj.k ax2  bx  c  0 ds ewy vkSj gksaxsA
2a 2a
;fn bu ewyksa dks ladsr a,  ls O;Dr djsa rc
b  b 2  4ac b  b2  4ac b x x.qkkd
a
a    ;k a  2
2a 2a a x dk xq.kkd a

(b  b2  4ac) (b  b 2  4ac c vpj in

vkSj a,   ;k    2
4a 2 a x dk x.qkkda
fVIi.kh & ;g fof/k vkpk;Z Jh /kjkpk;Z fof/k Hkh dgykrh gSA
(iii) xzk Qh; fof/k (Graphic Method) -
ekuk nh lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 gSA ;fn ge Qyu y  ax 2  bx  c dk xzkQ cukos rks bldk oØ x-v{k dks ftu
fcUnqvksa ij dkVsxk ogk¡ y = 0 gksxkA bl izdkj oØ o x-v{k ds izfrPNsn fcUnqvksa ds Hkqt gh lehdj.k ax2  bx  c  0 ds ewy
gksaxsA
fVIi.kh & bl fof/k esa xzkQ [khapus dh O;kogkfjd dfBukbZ ds dkj.k ge bl fof/k dks lkekU;r;k iz;ksx esa ugha ykrsA
(iv) fujh{k.k }kjk gy (Solution by Inspection)
(a) ;fn fdlh f}?kkr lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds xq.kkadksa dk ;ksx 0 gks vFkkZr~ a  b  c  0 gks rc bl lehdj.k dk
,d ewy 1 vkSj nwljk ewy c / a gksxk
c
(b) ;fn a  b  c  0 gks] rks lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds ewy –1 vkSj  gksaxsA
a
Explanation-  a  b  c  0 (fn;k gSA)
 lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 , x  1 ls larq"V gksxh blfy;s bldk ,d ewy 1 gksxkA
c
;fn nwljk ewy  gks rks  .1    
c c
vr% vHkh"V gy 1, a
RS UV gksxkA
a a T W
dqN egRoiw.kZ çes; (Some important theorms)
(i) xq. ku[k.M ize s; (Factor theorem)-
;fn  lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 dk ,d ewy gks rks ( x   ) O;atd ax 2  bx  c dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gksxkA
(ii) xq. ku[k.M izes; dk foykse (Converse of factor theorem)
;fn ( x   ) O;atd ax 2  bx  c dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gks rks  lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 dk ,d ewy gksxk
(iii) ;fn  ,  lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds ewy gksa rks ax 2  bx  c  a ( x  ) ( x  )

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 22
ewyksa dh izd`fr (Nature of the roots)
b  b2  4ac
lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 ds ewy gSA ;gk¡ O;atd b 2  4ac nh lehdj.k dk foospd ;k fofofDrdj
2a

b  D
(discriminate) dgykrk gSA ekuk D  b 2  4ac gS] rc mijksDr lehdj.k ds ewy gksaxsA
2a
vc ge fuEu fLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djrs gSa &
b  D b  D
fLFkfr 1 & tc D > 0 gks rc ewy vkSj vFkkZr okLrfod o vleku (real and distinct) gksx
a sA
2a 2a
b  d b  d
mi fLFkfr (sub case) (i) - ;fn D /kukRed o iw.kZ oxZ gksa] ekuk D  d 2 gS] rc ewy vkSj
2a 2a
vFkkZr okLrfod ifjes; o vleku (real rational and distinct) gksaxsA ;gk¡ a, b, c ifjes; gksus pkfg;sA vU;Fkk foospd iw.kZ oxZ gksus
ij Hkh ewy vifjes; gks ldrs gSaA
Ex. lehdj.k x 3  2 2 x  1  0 dk foospd  36  40  4 iw.kZ oxZ gS ysfdu ewy ifjes; ugha gSA D;ksafd xq.kkad ifjes; ugh AgSa
Ex. lehdj.k x 2  6ix  10  0 dk foospd iw.kZ oxZ gSA ysfdu blds ewy 1  3i,1  3i dkYifud gSA vFkkZr lehdj.k ds ewy
ifjes; ugha gS tcfd foospd iw.kZ oxZ gSA D;ksafd xq.kkad ifjes; ugh gSAa
b  D b  D
mi fLFkfr (Sub case) (iii) - ;fn D /kukRed gks ysfdu iw.kZ oxZ u gks rks ewy ,
2a 2a
vFkkZr okLrfod vifjes; vkSj vleku gksaxsA
b  0 b  0
fLFkfr II - ;fn D = 0 gks rks ewy , vFkkZr okLrfod o leku (real and equal) gksaxsA
2a 2a
 b   e b   e
fLFkfr III - ;fn D _.kkRed] ekuk D  e, e  0 gks rc ewy ,
2a 2a
vFkkZr dkYifud vkSj vleku (imaginary and distinct) gksaxsA
;qXeksa esa ewy (Roots in pairs)
(i) ;fn ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k dk ,d ewy vifjes; (irrational) gks rks nwljk ewy Hkh vifjes; gksxk c'krsZ fd lehdj.k ds
xq.kkad ifjes; gksaA ;fn nksuksa ewy vifjes; la[;kvksa dk ;qXe (pair of conjugate irrational numbers) cuk;saxsA vFkkZr~ ,d ewy
p  q gks rks nwljk ewy p  q gksxk
(a) ifjes; xq.kkad okyh f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewyksa esa ,d ifjes; o nwljk vifjes; ugha gks ldrkA
(b) ;fn fdlh f}/kkr lehdj.k ds xq.kkad vifjes; gksa rks ewy la;qXeh vifjes; la[;kvksa dk ;qXe ugha cuk;sx a sA
(ii) ;fn fdlh f}?kkr lehdj.k dk ,d ewy dkYifud (imaginary) gks rks nwljk ewy Hkh dkYifud gksxk c'krsZ fd lehdj.k
ds xq.kkad okLrfod gksaA vkSj nkuksa ewy la;qXeh dkYifud ¼lfEeJ½ la[;kvksa dk ;qXe (pair of conjugate imaginary (complex)
numbers) cuk;sxA vFkkZr~ ;fn ,d ewy a  i  gks rks nwljk ewy a  i  gksxkA
(a) fdlh okLrfod xq.kkad okyh lehdj.k ds nks ewyksa esa ,d dkYifud vkSj nwljk okLrfod ugha gks ldrkA
(b) ;fn fdlh f}?kkr lehdj.k ds xq.kkad okLrfod ugha gSa rks ewy la;qXeh dkYifud la[;kvksa dk ;qXe ugha cuk;sx a sA
fo'ks" k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ewyksa ds y{k.k (Characteristics of the roots under particular conditions)
lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 esa ;fn
(i) c = 0 gks vFkkZr~ vpj in 'kwU; gks rc ax 2  bx  0  x  0,  b / a
,d ewy 'kwU; gksxkA
c
b = 0 gks vFkkZr~ x dk in u gks rc ax  c  0  x   
2
(ii)
a
nksuksa ewy cjkcj vkSj foijhr fpUgksa ds gksaxsA ;gk¡ ewy okLrfod ;k dkYifud dSls Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
5 5
tSls& lehdj.k x 2  4  0 ds ewy 2i ,  2i vkSj lehdj.k 2 x 2  5  0 ds ewy , gSaA
2 2

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 23
(iii) b = c = 0 vFkkZr~ ax  0 gks rc nksuksa ewy 'kwU; gksasxsA
2

(iv) ac0 rc ewy ijLij O;qRØe (reciprocal) gksaxsA

(v) a + c = 0 rc ewy ijLij O;qRØe (reciprocal) o foijhr fpUgksa ds gksaxsA
(vi) a = 0 rc ,d ewy vuar gksxkA
(vii) a = b = 0 rc nksuksa ewy vuar gksaxsA
(viii) a = c = 0 vFkkZr~ bx  0 gks rc ,d ewy vuar o nwljk 'kwU; gksxkA
(ix) a = b = c = 0 rc lehdj.k ,d loZlfedk cu tk;sxh vkSj x ds lHkh ekuksa ls larq"V gksxhA

ewyksa ds fpUg (Sign of the roots) -

b c
lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds ewy ,  gksa] rks      vkSj  
a a
bu ewyksa ds fpUgksa dh fofHké fLFkfr;k¡ fuEu gksxh%&
(i) nksuksa ewy /kukRed gksaxs (Both roots will be positive)
;fn a  0, b  0, c  0 ;k a  0, b  0, c  0
(ii) nksuksa ewy _.kkRed gksaxs (Both roots will be negative)
;fn a  0, b  0, c  0 ;k a  0, b  0, c  0
(iii) cM+k ewy /kukRed o NksVk ewy _.kkRed gksxk (Greater root be positive and smaller be negative)
;fn a  0, b  0, c  0 ;k a  0, b  0, c  0
(iv) cM+k ewy _.kkRed rFkk NksVk ewy /kukRed gksxk (Greater root be negative and smaller be positive)
;fn a  0, b  0, c  0 ;k a  0, b  0, c  0
ewyksa ds lefer Qyu (Symmetric functions of the roots)
fdlh lehdj.k ds ewyksa ds lefer Qyu buds oks O;atd gSa ftuesa ;fn nksuksa ewyksa dks ijLij cny ns rks O;atd ds :i esa dksbZ
ifjorZu ugha gksA
;fn lehdj.k ax2  bx  c  0 ds ewy gks rks buds dqN lefer Qyu fuEu gksaxs &
 2   2 ,  3  3 ,(  ) 2 ,  2  2 ,  /    /  vkfn
lefer Qyuksa dk eku (Value of Symmetric functions)
lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds ewyksa ,  ds lefer Qyu dk eku Kkr djus ds fy;s igys ml Qyu dks   
vkSj  ds inksa esa O;ä djrs gSa fQj      b / a vkSj   c / a j[kdj ml Qyu dk eku Kkr djrs gSaA
lefer Qyuksa dk eku Kkr djus esa mi;kssxh lw= &
(i)  2   2  (  ) 2  2
(ii)  3   3  (  ) 3  3(  )
(iii)  4   4  ( 2   2 ) 2  2 2  2  [(  ) 2  2]2  2() 2
(iv) (  ) 2  (  ) 2  4

(v) |   |  (   ) 2  4

(vi) ( 2   2 )  (   ) (  ) 2  4

(vii)  3   3  {(   ) 2  } (  ) 2  4

(viii)  4   4  {(   ) (  ) 2  4 } {(   ) 2  2}

1 1 
(ix)  
  

  (   ) 2  2
(x)  
  
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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 24
fn;s ewyksa okyh f}?kkr lehdj.k (Quadratic equation with given roots)
 vkSj  ewyksa okyh lehdj.k ( x  )( x  )  0
;k x2  (  ) x    0
;k x2 – ¼ewyksa dk ;ksx½ x + ewyksa dk xq.kuQy = 0

mPp ?kkr dh lehdj.k ds ewyksa o xq.kkadksa esa lEcU/k

(Relation between the roots and coefficientof Equation of Higher degree)
(i) ?kuh; lehdj.k ftlds ewy  , ,  gS] ( x  a ) ( x  ) ( x  y )  0
vFkok x 3  (     ) x 2  (     ) x    0 gksxkA
bl çdkj ;fn lehdj.k ax 3  bx 2  cx  d  0 ds ewy  , ,  gS] rks
ax 3  bx 2  cx  d  a ( x  ) ( x  ) ( x   )
b x 2 dk x.qkkd
a
vkSj          3
a x dk x.qkkd a ,
c x dk xq.kkd
a
          3
a x dk x.qkkd a
d vpj in
   3
a x dk xq.kkd
a
(ii) ;fn lehdj.k ax 4  bx 3  cx 2  dx  e  0 ds ewy  , ,  ,  rc
ax 4  bx 3  cx 2  dx  e  a(x  ) (x  ) (x   ) (x   )
b x 3 dk xq.kkd
a
rFkk           4
a x dk x.qkkd a
c x 3 dk x.qkkad
                
a x 4 dk xq.kkda
d x dk xq.kkd
a
            4
a x dk xq.kkd a
e vpj in
   4
a x dk xq.kkd
a
(iii) ;fn lehdj.k a0 x n  a1 x n 1  a2 x n  2  ......  an 1 x  an  0 ds ewy  1 ,  2 ,  3 , ........,  n gS rc

a x x n  a1 x n 1  a2 x n 1  a2 x n 2 ..... an 1 x  an  a0 ( x   1 ) ( x   2 ) ( x   3 ) ...... ( x   n )
a1 x n 1 dk x.qkkad
rFkk               n    n
a0 x dk xq.kkd a
an vpj in
      n   1   1 n
n n

a0 x dk x.qkkd
a
x n r dk x.qkkd a
rFkk 1 2  3 .... r   1
r

x dk x.qkkd
n
a

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 25
,d lehdj.k ds ewyksa ds inksa esa nwljh lehdj.k (Equation in terms of the roots of another equation)
;fn lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds ewy ,  gksa] rks
(i) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy f ( ) , f () gSa] a[ f 1 ( f ())]2  b[ f 1 ( f ())]  c  0 vFkkZr~ a  2  b  c  0 gksxhA
(ii) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy ,   gSa] a (  x ) 2  b(  x )  c  0 vFkkZr~ ax 2  bx  c  0 gksxhA
1 1 1 FG IJ 2
b
FG 1 IJ  c  0 vFkkZr~ cx
(iii) og lehdj.k ftlesa ewy , gksa a
  x H K H xK 2
 bx  a  0 gksxhA

1
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k esa x ds LFkku ij j[kus ij çkIr gksxhA
x
1 1
(iv) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy  ,  gksa] a 
1
b 
1FG IJ 2
FG IJ
 c  0 vFkkZr~ cx 2  bx  a  0 gksxhA
  x x H K H K
1
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k esa x dks – ls çfrLFkkfir djus ij çkIr gksxhA
x
2
 x x
(v) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy k , k gks] a    b    c  0 gksxhA vFkkZr~ ax2  bkx  ck 2  0 fj
k k 
 
(vi) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy vkSj gksa] a ( kx ) 2  b( kx )  c  0 vFkkZr~ ak 2 x 2  bkx  c  0 gksxhA
k k
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k esa x dks kx ls çfrLFkkfir djds çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
k k k FG IJ 2
b
FG k IJ  c  0 vFkkZr~ cx
(vii) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy , gks] a
  x H K H xK 2
 bkx  ak 2  0 gksxhA

k
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k esa x dks ls çfrLFkkfir djus ij çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
x
(viii) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy   k vkSj   k gksa] a ( x  k ) 2  b( x  k )  c  0 gksxh
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k es x dks x  k ls çfrLFkkfir djus ij çkIr gksxhA
(ix) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy   k ,   k gksa] a ( x  k ) 2  b( x  k )  c  0 gksxh
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k esa x dks x  k ls çfrLFkkfir djus ij çkIr gksxhA
(x) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy  2 ,  2 gksa] a ( x ) 2  b( x )  c  0 i.e. a 2 x 2  (b 2  2ac) x  c 2  0 gksxhA
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k esa x dks x ls çfrLFkkfir djus ij çkIr gksxhA
1 1 FG 1 IJ 2

b
FG 1 IJ  c  0 vFkkZr~ c x
(xi) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy  2 , 2 gksa] a H xK H xK 2 2
 (b 2  2ac) x  a 2  0 gksxh]

1
;g lehdj.k ewy lehdj.k esa x dks ls çfrLFkkfir djus ij çkIr gksxhA
x

e x j  be x jc  0 vFkkZr~ a x
2
(xii) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy  3 ,  3 gksa] a 3 3 3 2
 (b 3  3abc) x  c 3  0 gksxhA

(xiii) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy log  , log  gksa] a ( e x ) 2  b(e x )  c  0 vFkkZr~ ae 2 x  be x  c  0 gksxhA
(xiv) og lehdj.k ftlds ewy e  , e gksa] a (log x ) 2  b(log x )  c  0 gksxhA

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 26
,d lehdj.k ds ewyksa ds e/; fo'ks"k laca/kksa ds fy;s çfrca/k
(Condition for special relations between the roots of an equation)
b c
ekuk nh f}?kkr lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds ewy ,  gSa rc       vkSj  .  
a a
(i) ;fn nksuksa ewy foijhr fpUgksa ( ac  0 ) ds gksa (Contition when roots are of opposite signs is ac  0 )
c
  . < 0   0 A bl fLFkfr esa a vkSj c ds fpUg foijhr gksaxs vFkkZr~ ac  0
a
(ii) ;fn ewy ,d&nwljs ds O;qRØe gksa
(Condition that the roots of the equation are reciprocal to each other is a = c )
 .   1
c
  1 vFkok c  a A bl fLFkfr esa lehdj.k esa x 2 dk xq.kkad o vpj in leku gksaxs] ;kfu lehdj.k ax 2  bx  a  0
a
:i dk gksxkA
1
Note– ftl lehdj.k ds ewy  vkSj gSa og lehdj.k O;qRØe lehdj.k (reciprocal equation) dgykrh gSA

1
bl çdkj dh lehdj.k esa x ds LFkku ij j[kus ij vifjoÆrr jgrh gSA
x
(iii) ;fn ewyksa esa p : q dk vuqikr gks (Condition when the ratio between the roots is p : q is)
b2 ( p  q) 2
 ;k ac( p  q ) 2  pqb 2
ac pq
(iv) ;fn ,d ewy nwljs dk n xquk gks (Condition when one root is n times the other is)
(1  n) 2 b 2
rc çfrca/k  gksxkA
n ac
(v) ;fn ewyksa dk varj 1 gksa (Condition when difference of the roots be 1 is )
rc çfrca/k b 2  a 2  4ac ;k D  a 2 gksxkA
(vi) ;fn ,d ewy nwljs dh n oha ?kkr gks (Condition when one root is nth of the other is)
rc çfrca/k (a n c)1/ n1  (ac n ) 1/ n 1  b  0 gksxkA
(vii) ;fn f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewy iqujkoÙkZ gks (Condition that a quadratic equation has repeated roots)
bg
f}?kkr lehdj.k f ( x)  0 tgk¡ f x  ax 2  bx  c, a  0 ds iqujko`Ùk ewy  gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn f ( )  0 rFkk
b
f '()  0 gSA ;gk¡ lehdj.k f ( x )  0 ds iqujko`Ùk ewy  gS rc f ( x )  a ( x   ) 2 rFkk    tSlk fp= esa n'kkZ;k x;k
2a
gSA

f ( x )  a ( x  ) 2 , a  0 f ( x )  a ( x  ) 2 , a  0
 f ()  0, f '( )  0 f ()  0, f '( )  0

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 27
nks lehdj.kksa ds ewyksa ds e/; fofHké laca/kksa ds fy;s çfrca/k
(Conditions for various relations between the roots of two equations)
ekuk nh gqbZ nks f}?kkr lehdj.k a1 x 2  b1 x  c1  0 vkSj a2 x 2  b2 x  c1  0
b c b c ca c a
;fn ,d ewy mHk;fu"B gks rc & c a  c a  a b  a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
(i)
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

;k ( c1a2  c2 a1 )  ( a1b2  a2b1 ) (b1c2  b2c1 )

2

a1 b1 c1
;fn nksuksa ewy mHk;fu"B gksa rc çfrca/k  
(ii) a2 b2 c2 gksxkA
a1 b1 c1
(iii) ;fn ,d ds ewy nwljh ds ewyksa ds O;qRØe gksa rc izfrca/k c  b  a gksxkA
2 2 2

b12 a1c1
(iv) ;fn ,d ds ewyksa dk vuqikr nwljh ds ewyksa ds vuqikr ds leku gks rc izfrca/k b2  a c gksxkA
2 2 2

a1 nb1 c
;fn lehdj.k ,d ds ewy nwljh ds ewyksa ds n xqus gksa rc izfrca/k a  b  n c gksxkA
2 1
(v)
2 2 2

a12 b12  4a1c1

(vi) ;fn nksuksa lehdj.kksa ds ewyksa dk varj leku gks rc a 2  b2  4a c
2 2 2 1

fo'ks "k fVIi.kh (Special Note) :-

(1) ;fn okLrfod xq.kkadksa okyh nks f}?kkr lehdj.kksa esa] ,d dkYifud ¼lfEeJ½ ewy mHk;fu"B gks rks muesa nksuksa ewy mHk;fu"B
gksaxs vFkkZr~ nksuksa lehdj.k leku gksasxsA bl çdkj nksuksa lehdj.kksa esa laxr inksa ds xq.kkad lekuqikrh gksxa sA nwljs 'kCnksa esa
okLrfod xq.kkadksa okyh dksbZ Hkh nks f}?kkr lehdj.kksa esa dsoy ,d dkYifud ewy   i mHk;fu"B gSA
(2) ;fn ifjes; xq.kkadksa okyh nks f}?kkr lehdj.kksa esa ,d vifjes; ewy    mHk;fu"B gks rks muesa nksuksa ewy mHk;fu"B gksaxsA
vFkkZr~ nksuksa lehdj.k leku gksasxhA bl çdkj nksuksa lehdj.kksa esa laxr inksa ds xq.kkad lekuqikrh gksaxsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ifjes;
xq.kkadksa okyh dksbZ Hkh nks lehdj.kksa esa ,d vifjes; ewy    mHk;fu"B ugha gks ldrkA
a b c
;fn ,d ds ewy nwljh ds ewyksa ds O;qRØe gks rc çfrca/k c  b  a gksxkA
1 1 1
(iii)
2 2 2

b12 a1c1
(vi) ;fn ,d ds ewyksa dk vuqikr nwljh ds ewyksa ds vuqikr ds leku gksa rc çfrca/k b 2  a c gksxkA
2 2 2

ax 2  bx  c ds /kukRed@ _.kkRed gks u s ds fy;s çfrcU/k (Condition when ax 2  bx  c be positive/

negative )
ekuk f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c; a , b, c  R vkSj a  0 rc
(i) (ax 2  bx  c)  0, x  R  a  0 vkSj b 2  4ac  0
(ii) (ax 2  bx  c)  0, x  R  a  0 vkSj b 2  4ac  0
O;atd ax 2  bx  c dk fpUg (Sign of expression ax 2  bx  c )
x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy;s O;atd ax  bx  c dk fpUg lnSo ' a ' ds fpUg ds leku gksxk flok; ml fLFkfr ds tcfd laxr
2

lehdj.k ax 2  bx  c  0 ds ewy okLrfod vkSj vleku gksa vkSj x dk eku mu ewyksa ds e/; gksA
egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke (Important Results)
;fn a < b gks rc
(i) ( x  a)( x  b)  0  a  x  b
(ii) ( x  a)( x  b)  0  x  a ;k x  b
bu ifj.kkeksa dksa O;atd ax 2  bx  c, x  R ds fpUg dh foospuk ls vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
O;atd ax 2  bx  c dk U;wure o vf/kdre eku (Minimum and maximum value of ax 2  bx  c )
4ac  b 2 4ac  b 2
 ax 2  bx  c   vFkkZr~ a /kukRed gksus ij ax  bx  c dk U;wure eku
2
tc a  0 gks rc gksxk vkSj
4a 4a
vf/kdre eku fo|eku ugha gksxkA
4ac  b 2 4ac  b 2
tc a  0 gks rc   ax 2  bx  c  vFkkZr~ a _.kkRed gksus ij ax 2  bx  c dk vf/kdre eku
4a 4a
gksxk vkSj U;wure eku fo|eku ugha gksxkA
For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 28
lekarj] xq.kksÙkj ,oa gjkRed Jsf<+;k
(Arithmetic,Geometric and Harmonic Progression)

ifjp; (INTRODUCTION)
(i) vuqØ e (Sequence) - ,d vuqØe ,slk Qyu gksrk gS ftldk izkar (domain) izkd`frd la[;kvksa dk leqPp;
gksA ftl vuqØe dk ifjlj (range) okLrfod la[;kvksa dk mi leqPp; gks og okLrfod vuqØe dgykrh gSA
(ii) Js.kh (Series) - tc fdlh vuqØe ds in + ;k – fpUg }kjk tqMs+ gksa rks izkIr O;atd ,d Js.kh dgykrk gSA
(iii) Jsf<+;k (Progression) - ;g dksbZ vko';d ugha gS fd vuqØe ds in lnSo ,d fu;e dk vuqlj.k djsa ;k
mudk n ok¡ in lnSo n dk ,d Li"V Qyu gksA tc vuqØe ds in dk fuf'pr fu;e dk vuqlj.k djsa vFkkZr
izR;sd in ¼izFke in ds vfrfjDr½ vius iwoZ in ls fdlh fu;e }kjk izkIr gks rc laxr Js.kh ,d Js<+h dgykrh
gSA bl izdkj Js<+h (progression), Js.kh (series) dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr gSA
lekarj Js<+h (Arithmetic Progression)
(i) ;fn fdlh Js.kh ds fdlh in dk iwoZ in ls varj leku jgs rks ml Js<+h dks lekarj Js<+h dgrs gSaA ;g leku
varj Js.kh dk lkoZ varj (common difference) dgykrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ,d ,slh Js<+h ftldk izR;sd in] izFke in ds vfrfjDr] vius ls iwoZ esa ,d fuf'pr jkf'k tksM+us
ij izkIr fd;k tk lds lekarj Js<+h dgykrh gS vkSj ;g fuf'pr jkf'k ml lekarj Js<+h dk lkoZvarj dgykrh
gSA tSls &
lekarj Js<+h lkoZ varj
(A) 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ...... 3
(B) 17 + 15 + 13 + 11 + .... –2
5 7
(C) 1+ + + 3 + ..... 2/3
3 3
(D) a  a  d   a  2d   .... d

(ii) O;kid lekarj Js<+h (General Arithmatic Progression)

Js<+h a  a  d   a  2d   ..... O;kid lekarj Js<+h dgykrh gSA ;gk¡ a Js<+h dk izFke in vkSj d bldk
lkoZvarj gSA
lekarj Js<+h a  a  d   a  2d   ....... dk n ok¡ in (n th term of an A.P.)
(i) lekarj Js<+h dk n ok¡ in ;k O;kid in (general term) fuEu gksxk &

Tn  a  n  1d
(ii) ,d lekarj Js<+h dk var ls n ok¡ in (nth term of an A.P. from the end)
ekuk m inksa okyh ,d lekarj Js<+h dk izFke in a vkSj lkoZvra j d gSA rc var ls n ok¡ in izkjEHk ls ( m  n  1) ok¡
in gksxkA blfy;s var ls n ok¡ in
Tm n 1  a  ( m  n  1  1)d
Tn e   a  ( m  n )d

;fn lekarj Js<+h dk vafre in fn;k gks vkSj var ls n ok¡ in Kkr djuk gks rks vafre in dks çFke in rFkk – d lkoZvra j
ysdj n ok¡ in Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl çdkj ;fn lekarj Js<+h
a  a  d   a  2d   .........
dk vafre in l gks rc bldk var ls n ok¡ in
Tn e   l  ( n  1)  d 
lekarj Js.kh ds n inksa dk ;ksx (Sum to n terms of an A.P.)
lekarj Js<+h a  a  d   a  2d   ......... ds n inksa dk ;ksx
n n
Sn  2a  n  1 d  ;k Sn  a  Tn  ;gk¡ Tn l-Js- dk n ok¡ in gSA
2 2

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 29
(iii) Sn ds inksa esa n ok¡ in (nth term in terms of Sn)
 Sn = T1 + T2 + ...... + Tn–1 + Tn
;k S n  S n1  Tn  Tn  Sn  Sn 1
(iv) n dk eku Kkr djuk (To find value of n)
;fn ,d lekarj Js<+h dk çFke in a , lkoZvra j d vkSj n inksa dk ;ksx S gks rc n Kkr djuk%
n
 S 2a  n  1 d 
2
;k 2 S  2an  n 2 d  nd ;k n 2 d  n2a  d   2 S  0
;g n esa ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gS] ftlls n ds nks eku çkIr gksaxsA ;fn ;s nksuksa eku /kukRed iw.kk±d gSa rks ;s nksuksa lgh gksxa s vkSj
ge bu nksuksa ds lgh gksus dk mi;qZä fo'ys"k.k vklkuh ls ns ldsaxsA ;fn n _.kkRed iw.kkZad ;k fHkékRed la[;k vkrk gS rks
os n ds eku ugha gksaxs ysfdu _.kkRed eku okyh dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ge bldk rdZlaxr fo'ys"k.k ns ldrs gSAa
lekUrj ek/; (ARITHMETIC MEANS)
tc rhu jkf'k;k¡ a, b, c lekarj Js<+h esa gksa rks e/; okyh jkf'k] 'ks"k nks jkf'k;ksa ds e/; lekarj ek/; dgykrh gSA lekarj ek/; dks
ge la{ksi esa l-ek- ;k A.M. ls O;ä djrs gSaA
a b
bl çdkj a vkSj b ds e/; lekarj ek/; gksrk gSSA ;g nksuksa jkf'k;ksa a vkSj b dk vkSlr (average) Hkh dgykrk gSA
2
a1  a2  a3  .......  an
blh çdkj n jkf'k;ksa a1 , a2 ,......an ds e/; lekarj ek/; gksrk gSA
n

;fn a, a1 , a2 , a3 ,.....an , b lekUrj Js<+h esa a1 , a2 , a3 ,.....an gS rc a rFkk b ds e/; n lekarj ek/; gksxsaA

nks la[;kvksa a rFkk b ds e/; n lekUrj ek/; (n ARITHMETIC MEANS BETWEEN a and b)
ba
;fn nks la[;kvksa a vkSj b ds e/; n l-ek- çfo"V djrs gS rc k ok¡ l-ek- a+kd gksxk tgk¡ d  vFkkZr~
n 1
;fn A A A ......., A ds a vkSj b ds e/; n l-ek- gaS rc
1, 2 , 3, n
ba ba ba ba
A1  a    , A2  a  2   , A3  a  3   , ..... vkSj An  a  n  
 n 1   n 1   n 1   n 1 

bl çdkj Ak  a  k
FG b  a IJ ,tgk¡ k = 1,2,3,.......,n.
H n  1K
ba
;fn a vkSj b ds e/; n l- ek- izfo"V djk;s tk;s rc r okW l- ek- a  rd gksxk tgk¡ d -
n 1
a vkSj b ds e/; n lekUrj ek/;ksa dk ;ksx
 ab
A1  A2  A3  .....  An  n  
 2 
nks la[;kvksa ds e/; lekarj ek/;ksa ds dqN ifj.kke
(Some results of arithmetic means between two numbers)

(i) nks la[;kvksa ds e/; Øe'k% m l-ek- vkSj n l-ek- çfo"V fd;s tk;sa rks muds ;ksx dk vuqikr m : n gksrk gS vFkkZr~
a vkSj b ds e/; m l - ek - dk ;ksx m

a vkSj b ds e/; n l - ek - dk ;kx
s n
(ii) ;fn ,d l-Js- ds p osa vkSj q osa inksa dk l-ek- muds r osa vkSj s osa inksa ds l-ek- ds cjkcj gksa rc p + q = r + s

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 30
lekUrj Js<+h ds inksa dk ekuuk (Supposition of terms in an A.P.)
lekarj Js<+h dh ,slh leL;kvksa esa ftuesa inksa dh la[;k fufgr (involve) gks gesa lekarj Js<+h ds inksa dks ekuuk iM+rk gSA
tc Js<+h ds fuf'pr inksa dk ;ksx ns j[kk gks rks ge inksa dks a vkSj d ds inksa esa bl çdkj ekurs gS fd ;ksx d ls Lora= jgs] blls
gesa a dk eku çkIr gks tkrk gSA vr% bu inksa dks mudh la[;k ds vuqlkj fuEu çdkj ekuuk lqfo/kktud jgrk gS&
(i) tc in la[;k fo"ke gks (When number of terms is odd)
bl fLFkfr esa ge e/; in a rFkk lkoZ varj d ysrs gSaA bl çdkj fdlh lekarj Js<+h ds
rhu in % a – d, a, a + d vkSj
ik¡p in % a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
fo"ke (2n+1) in % a –nd, a -(n–1)d,.... a–2d, a–d, a, a + d, a + 2d,....a +(n-1)d, a +nd ysx a sA
(ii) tc in la[;k le gks (When number of terms is even)
bl fLFkfr esa nks inksa a – d, a + d dks e/; in rFkk lkoZ varj 2d ysrs gSaA bl çdkj fdlh lekarj Js<h+ ds
pkj in % a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d vkSj
N % in % a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d
le (2n) in % a -(2n–1)d,...a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d,...,a +(2n-1)d ysx a sA
l- Js- ds egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke ,oa xq.k/keZ (Important Results and Properties of A.P.)%&
1- ,d l- Js- a  ba  d g  ba  2 d g ...... dk vUr ls n ok¡ in
big tc vfUre in fn;k gks T (e)  l  bn  1gbd g
n

biig tc l- Js- esa m in fn;s gks T (e)  T n  a  bm  ngd

( m n 1)

2- ;fn fdlh l- Js- ds n inksa dk ;ksx Sn gks rc Tn  Sn  Sn1 ] d  S2  2 S1 ] d  Sn  2 Sn1  Sn 2 ;gk¡ Tn ] n okW
in gS vkSj d l- Js- dk lkoZ vUrj gS
3- ;fn a, b, c l- Js- esa gks vkSj k ,d v'kwU; fLFkjkad gks rc

big a ± k , b ± k , c ± k Hkh l- Js- esa gksxsaA ii bg a. k , b. k , c. k Hkh l- Js- esa gksxsaA biiig a b c
, ,
k k k
Hkh l- Js- esa gksxAsa

4- a 2 , b 2 , c2 l- Js- esa gksxsa ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn big b 1 c , c 1 a , a 1 b l- Js- esa gks A biig a
,
b
,
c
b c c a a b
l- Js- esa gks A
5- ,d ifjfer l- Js- esa izkjEHk rFkk var ls leku nwjh okys inksa dk ;ksxQy vpj gksrk gS rFkk ;g izFke vkSj vafre in
¼ n okW ½ ds ;ksxQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ tr  t nr 1  t1  t n ,  r  1, 2, 3... n
6- l- Js- d izR;sd in ] igys in ds vfrfjDr] blls leku nwjh ij fLFkr inksa ds ;ksx dk vk/kk gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
tr m  tr m
tr  r  2,3,4,............
2
7- ;fn ,d l- Js- ds fuf'pr varjky ij in fy;s tk;s rks os Hkh ,d l- Js- esa gksaxsaA vFkkZr~ t p , t p  m , t p2m Hkh l- Js-
esa gksxsa p , m  N
8- ;fn tn , tn 1,tn 2 ,d l- Js- ds Øe ls rhu in gks rc 2t n1  tn  tn 2
9- ,d vuqØe ,d l- Js- gksxh ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn bldk n okW in n esa js[kh; O;atd gks vFkkZr an  An  B gksA ;gk¡
A vkSj B vpj gSA bl fLFkfr esa n dk xq.kkad A l- Js- dk lkoZ vUrj gksrk gSA
10- ,d vuqØe ,d l- Js- gksxh ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn blds izFke n inksa dk ;ksx An 2  Bn :i dk gks tgk¡ A vkSj B vpj
gSA bl fLFkfr esa l- Js- dk lkoZ vUrj n2 ds xq.kkad dk nqxquk vFkkZr 2 A gksrk gSA
11- ;fn a1, a2 , a3 ......... vkSj b1,b2 , b3 ......... nks l-Js- gks rks a1  b1, a2  b2, a3  b3 ......... Hkh lekarj Js<h gksxhA
12- ;fn nks lekUrj Jsf<;ksa esa izFke mHk;fu"B in a gks rFkk bu nksuksa Jsf<;ksa ds lkoZ vUrjksa d1 vkSj d2 dk y?kqRre lekorZ
d gks rc bu nksuks Jsf<;ksa ds mHk;fu"B in a, a + d, a + 2d ....... vkfn gksaxsaA vr% ;s Hkh l- Js- esa gksaxsaA
1 1 1 1 n
13- ;fn v'kwU; la[;k;sa a1 , a2 , a3 ....an .... lekUrj Js<+h esa gS rc a a  a a  a a ........  a a  a a
1 2 2 3 3 4 n n 1 1 n 1

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 31

xq.kksÙkj Js.kh (GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION)

;fn fdlh Js.kh ds fdlh Hkh in dk iwoZ in ls vuqikr lnSo leku jgrk gks rks og Js.kh xq.kksÙkj Js.kh dgykrh gS] ftls la{ksi
esa xq-Js- (G.P.) ls O;ä djrs gSa vkSj leku vuqikr xq-Js- dk lkoZ vuqikr (common ratio) dgykrk gSA lkoZ vuqikr lnSo
v'kwU; gksrk gSA tSls&
xq.kksŸkj Js< h lkoZ vuqikr
(i) 3 + 6 + 12 + 24 + .... 2
(ii) 1  3  3  3 3  ...... 3
1 1 1 1
(iii) 1     ...... 
4 16 64 4
1 1 1 1
(iv) 1     ......
2 4 8 2
(v) a  ar  ar 2  ar 3  ..... r
;gk¡ Js.kh a  ar  ar 2  ar 3  .... O;kid xq.kksÙkj Js.kh dgykrh gSA blesa a çFke in vkSj r lkoZ vuqikr gSA bl Js.kh ds çFke
f}rh;] r`rh; vkSj n osa inksa dks Øe'k% T1, T2, T3 vkSj Tn ls O;ä djrs gSaA ;fn fdlh xq-Js- dk çFke in vkSj lkoZvuqikr irk
gks rks ge lEiw.kZ xq-Js- Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
xq.kksÙkj Js<+h dk n ok¡ in (nth term of geometric progression)
xq.kksÙkj Js.kh a  ar  ar 2  ar 3  ....... dk n ok¡ in ;k O;kid in
Tn  ar n 1
xq.kksÙkj Js<+h dk var ls n ok¡ in (nth term of a G.P.from the end)
xq.kksÙkj Js.kh dk O;kid eku a  ar  ar 2  ar 3  ....... gS tgk¡ r lkoZvuqikr gSA

tc xq.kksÙkj Js.kh dk vfUre in l vkSj lkoZ vuqikr r gS rc vUr ls n ok¡ in Tn ( e)  l FG 1IJ n 1

(i)
H rK
(ii) m inksa okyh ,d ifjfer xq.kksÙkj Js.kh ftldk çFke in a vkSj lkoZ vuqikr r gS] dk var ls n ok¡ in] çkjEHk ls
(m–n+1) ok¡ in gksxk] blfy;s vHkh"V in Tn (e)  T( m n1)  ar m n

xq.kksÙkj Js<+h ds n inksa dk ;ksx (Sum of n terms of a G.P.)

R|aF r  1I ,
n

xq.kksÙkj Js.kh a  ar  ar  ar  ....... ds n inksa dk ;ksx Sn S

| GH r  1 JK r 1

||aFG 1  r IJ ,
2 3
n
r 1
T H 1 r K
R| lr  a , r 1
;fn Tn  l gks rc ar n 1  l  ar n  lr vr% Sn  S r 1
|T a1  lrr , r 1

vuar xq.kksÙkj Js<+h (Infinite geometric progression)

;fn fdlh xq.kksÙkj Js.kh ds inksa dh la[;k vuUr gks vFkkZr~ gj in ds ckn vxyk in vk jgk gks rc ,slh Js.kh vuar xq-Js-
dgykrh gSA
vuar xq.kksÙkj Js<+h dk ;ksx (Sum of infinite terms of a G.P.)
a
ekuk nh vuar xq.kksÙkj Js.kh a  ar  ar 2  ar 3  ....... gS rc S   , tc|r| 1
1r

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 32
xq.kksÙkj ek/; (Geometric mean)
;fn rhu jkf'k;k¡ a, b, c xq.kksÙkj Js.kh esa gks rks b, a vkSj c ds e/; xq.kksÙkj ek/; dgykrh gSA xq.kksÙkj ek/; dks la{ksi esa
xq-ek- (G.M.) ls O;ä djrs gSaA ;fn jkf'k;ksa a vkSj b ds e/; n xq.kksÙkj ek/; gS rks a,a1 , a3 ,...,an , b Hkh G.P esa gksx a sA
b c
;fn a,b,c G.P. esa gS rc   b 2  ac  b  ac
a b
bl çdkj a rFkk b ds e/; xq.kksÙkj ek/;  ab gSA
fVIi.kh %
(i) ;fn a vkSj b nksuksa /kukRed gksa rc xq-ek- Hkh /kukRed gksxk vkSj ;fn a vkSj b _.kkRed gks rks xq-ek- Hkh _.kkRed gksxkA
(ii) ;fn a vkSj b ds fpUg foijhr gks rc mudk xq.kksÙkj ek/; fo|eku ugha gksxkA

a vkSj b ds e/; n, xq.kksÙkj ek/;ksa dk xq.kuQy (n Geometric means between a and b)

F bI
1

gksxk tgk¡ r  G J
n 1
a vkSj b ds e/; n, xq.kksÙkj ek/; G1 , G2 , G3 ......... Gn gksa rks k ok¡ xq.kksÙkj ek/; ar k
H aK
vFkkZr~ a vkSj b ds e/; n xq.kksÙkj ek/; G1,G2,G3, ......., Gn gS rc

FG IJ FG IJ FG IJ FG IJ
1 2 3 n
b n 1 b n 1 b n 1 b n 1
G a ,G  a ,G  a , .........., Gn  a
1 a HK 2 a HK 3 HK
a HK
a
.

F bI
k

 aG J
n 1
bl çdkj Gk
H aK ,tgk¡ k = 1,2,3,...,n.

vr% nks jkf'k;ksa ds e/; n xq.kksÙkj ek/;ksa dk xq.kk muds e/; ,d ek= xq.kksÙkj ek/; dh n oh ?kkr ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
e ab j
n
vr% G1 .G2 .G3 .........Gn 
xq.kksÙkj Js<+h ds inksa dks ekuuk (Supposition of terms in geometric progression)
xq.kkÙkj Js.kh dh cgqr lh leL;kvksa esa gesa inksa dks ekuuk iM+rk gSA fo'ks"kdj rc tcfd gesa xq- Js- ds fuf'pr inksa dk xq.kuQy
fn;k gks] ge inksa dks a vkSj r ds inksa esa bl izdkj ekurs gSa fd mudk xqa.kuQy lkoZ vuqikr r ls Lora= jgs] blls gesa a dk eku
izkIr gks tkrk gSA vr% bu inksa dks budh la[;k ds vuqlkj fuEu izdkj ekuuk lqfo/kktud jgrk gS &
(i) tc in la[;k fo"ke gks (When number of terms is odd)
bl fLFkfr esa ge e/; in a vkSj lkoZ vuqikr r ysrs gSa bl izdkj fdlh xq.kksÙkj Js<+h ds
a a 2
rhu in a , a, ar vkSj ikap in 2 , r , a, ar, ar ysaxsA
r r

(ii) tc in la[;k le gks (When number of terms is even)

a
bl fLFkfr esa nks inksa , ar dks e/; in rFkk r 2 dks lkoZ vuqikr ysrs gSaA bl izdkj fdlh xq.kksÙkj Js<+h ds
r
a a
pkj in , , ar, ar 3 vkSj
3
r r
a a a
N% in , , , ar, ar 3 , ar 5 ysaxs
r5 r 3 r
a

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 33
xq.kksŸkj Js<h ds egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke ,oa xq.k/keZ (IMPORTANT RESULTS AND PROPERTIES OF G.P.)
1- rhu v'kwU; la[;k,sa a, b, c xq- Js- esa gksaxh ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn b 2  ac -
2- ;fn an , an 1 , an  2 xq- Js- dh rhu Øekxr la[;k,sa gks rc ( an 1 ) 2  an .an  2 -
3- xq- Js- dk vUr ls n okW in

big tc xq- Js- esa Tn (e)  ar m n biig Tn (e)  l

FG 1IJ n 1
m in gks tc xq- Js- esa l vfUre in gks H rK
4- xq- Js- ds n inksa dk ;ksx
R|aF r n  1I , r  1
| GH r  1 JK R| lr  a , r 1
i S  S
b g n | F 1 rn I biig ;fn Tn  l rc ar n 1  l  ar n  lr rc Sn  S r 1
|TaGH 1  r JK , r  1 |T a1 lrr , r 1

biiig xq- Js- ds vuUr inksa dk ;ksx S 

a
1 r
, when r  1

5- a vkSj b ds e/; ,d xq- ek- ab gksrk gS

6- ;fn a vkSj b ds e/; n xq- ek- G1 , G2 , G3 ......... Gn gks rc G1. G2 . G3 ......... Gn  e ab j
n

7- ;fn ,d xq- Js- ds izR;sd in esa fdlh v'kwU; la[;k ls xq.kk ;k Hkkx djs rks ifj.kkeh la[;k,sa Hkh xq-Js- esa gkszx
a h vksj
budk lkoZ vuqikr Hkh nh xq-Js- ds cjkcj gksxkA vFkkZr ;fn a, b, c xq-Js- esa gks vkSj k ,d v'kwU; la[;k gks rc
big a / k ,b / k , c / k Hkh xq-Js- esa gkasxh biig ak , bk , ck Hkh xq-Js- esa gksaxh
8- ;fn ,d xq-Js- ds izR;sd in ij leku ?kkr yxk nh tk;s rks izkIr la[;k,sa Hkh ,d xq-Js- esa gksxhA
9- ,d xq-Js- ds inksa ds O;qRØe Hkh ,d xq-Js- cukrs gSA
10- ,d ifjfer xq-Js- esa izkjEHk vkSj var ls leku nwjh okys inks dk xq.kuQy vpj gksrk gSA vkSj ;g izFke vkSj vafre inksa
ds xq.kuQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
11- xq-Js- dk izR;sd in] izFke in ds vfrfjDr] blls leku nwjh ij fLFkr gks inksa ds xq.kuQy ds oxZewy ds cjkcj gksrk gS
vFkkZr an  an r . an  r
12- ;fn ,d xq-Js- ds fuf'pr varjky ij in fy;s tk;s rks os Hkh ,d xq-Js- esa gksazxsaA
q / 2b
b
13- ;fn ,d xq-Js- esa b p  qg okW in a vkSj b p  qg okW in b gks rc p okW in ab vkSj q ok¡ in a  
a
gksxkA
14- ;fn ,d xq-Js- dk p okW] q okW vkSj r okW in Øe'k% a, b, c gks rc a q  r . b r  p . c p  q  1 -
15- ;fn a1 , a2 , a3 ,.........., an ,...... ,d xq-Js- dh v'kwU; v_.kkRed la[;k;sa gkas rc log a1 , log a2 ,.......,log an ,...... l-Js- esa
gksxh vkSj bldk foykse Hkh lR; gksxkA
a1 a2 a3 a
16- ;fn a1 , a2 , a3 ,........, an vkSj b1 , b2 , b3 ,........, bn nks xq-Js- gks rks a1b1 , a2b2 , a3b3 ,........, anbn a vkSj , , ,........., n
b1 b2 b3 bn
Hkh xq-Js- esa gksaxhA
ppp ..... p p
17- ;fn p ,d /kukRed okLrfod la[;k gks rc p  pp  ppp  ....   10 n  1  9 n  10 
n ckj 81 

lekUrjh; xq.kksRrj Js.kh ds n inksa dk ;ksx (sum of n term of a Airthmetic Geometric Progression)&
lekUrjh; xq.kksŸkj Js.kh a  ( a  d )r  (a  2d ) r 2  (a  3d ) r 3  ....  ( a  kd )r k ...
R| a e1  r j ma  bn  1gdrr
n 1 n
big ds n inksa dk ;ksx Sn  S|1  r  dr b1  r g  1  r
2
, when r  1
T
biig ;fn r 1 rc lekUrjh; xq.kksRrj Js.kh ds vuUr inksa dk ;ksx S 
a

dr
1  r (1  r ) 2
gksrk gSA

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 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 34
gjkRed Js<+h (Harmonic Progression)

;fn ,d Js<+h ds inksa ds Øekuqlkj O;qRØe (reciprocals) lekarj Js<+h esa gks rks og Js<+h gjkRed Js<+h dgykrh gSA bls la{ksi esa
g-Js- (H.P.) ls O;Dr djrs gSaA tSls
gjkRed Js<+h lekUrj Js<+h
1 1 1
(i) 1     .... 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 +....
4 7 10

1 1 1
(ii) 1    ..... 1  2  5  8.....
2 5 8
1 1 1
(iii)    .... a  ( a  d )  (a  2d )  .....
a a  d a  2d
O;kid gjkRed Js< +h (General H.P.)
1 1 1 1
Js<+h     .... O;kid g- Js- dgykrh gSA ;gk¡ a bl Js<+h ds laxr lekUrj Js<+h dk izFke in vkSj f
a a  d a  2d a  3d

1
ml l- Js- dk lokZ varj gSA bl gjkRed Js<+h dk n ok¡ in Tn  gksxkA
a  (n  1)d
fVIi.kh & gjkRed Js<+h ds n inksa ds ;ksx dk dksbZ lw= ugha gSA bl Js<+h ds iz'uksa dks gy djus ds fy;s igys Js<h+ dh laxr lekarj
Js<+h Kkr djrs gSa fQj l- Js- ds xq.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
gjkRed ek/; (Harmonic Mean)
;fn la[;k;sa a, b, c gjkRed Js<+h esa gks rks b, a vkSj c ds e/; gjkRed ek/; dgykrk gSA bls la{ksi esa g- ek- (H.M.) ls O;Dr
djrs gaSaA
2ab
bl izdkj nks la[;kvksa a vkSj b ds e/; gjkRed ek/; gksxkA
a b
nks la[;kvksa ds e/; n gjkRed ek/; (n, H.M. between two numbers)
ekuk nks la[;kvksa a vkSj b ds e/; n g- ek- izfo"V djus gSaA iqu% ekuk ;s g- ek- H1 , H 2 ,....H n gSaA blfy;s la[;k,sa
1 1
1 1 1 1 1  a b
, , ,..... , lekarj Js<+h esa gksxhA budk lkoZvr
a j b a vFkkZr~
a H1 H 2 Hn b d  ab( n  1) gksxkA
n 1
(i) bl izdkj ;fn a vkSj b ds e/; n g-ek- H 1 , H 2 ,.......... H n gks rc

b g , H2 =
ab n  1 b g H = abbn  1g H  abbn  1g
ab n  1 b g
ab n  1
H1 =
nb  a bn  1gb  2a , bn  2gb  3a - bn  1  r gb  ra , -----------------]
3 r Hn =
b  na

3ab 3ab
(ii) ;fn a vkSj b ds e/; nks gjkRed ek/; H1 vkSj H2 gksa rks H1  , H2 
2b  a b  2a
(iii) blh izdkj ;fn a vkSj b ds e/; rhu gjkRed ek/; H1, H2 vkSj H3 gksa rc
4ab 4ab 4ab
H1  , H2  vkSj H 3 
3b  a 2b  2a b  3a

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 35
gjkRed Js<h ds egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke ,oa xq.k/keZ (IMPORTANT RESULTS AND PROPERTIES OF H.P.)
1- ;fn a, b, c g-Js-esa gks rc big ac  b2 biig a  c  2b biiig a n  cn  2bn ] n  N
2- ;fn a , b , c, d g-Js- esa gkas rc big ad bc biig ad  bc biiig ac  bd  b 2  c 2
3- ;fn g-Js- dk m okW in n vkSj n okW in m gks rc

big bm  ng okW in mn
m n
ii bg mn okW in 1 gksxk vkSj biiig p okW in mn
p
4- ;fn g-Js- dk p okW in qr vkSj q okW in pr gks rc r okW in pq gksxkA
5- ;fn g-Js- esa p okW] q okW] vkSj r okW in Øe'k% a , b, c gks rc b g b g b
bc q  r  ca r  p  ab p  q  0 g
ek/;ksa ds ckjs esa dqN ifj.kke %&
6- ;fn nks /kukRed okLrfod la[;kvksa a vkSj b ds e/; l-ek- ] xq-ek- vkSj g-ek- Øe'k% A, G, H gks rc
big AH  G 2
vkSj biig A  G  H
7- ;fn nks la[;kvksa a vkSj b ds e/; l-ek- A vkSj xq-ek- G gks rks a  A  A2  G 2 , b  A  A2  G 2

8- ;fn nks la[;kvksa a vkSj b ds l-ek- vkSj xq-ek- dk vuqikr m:n gks rks a : b  m  m2  n 2 : m  m2  n 2

a n 1  b n 1
9- nks la[;kvksa a vkSj b ds e/; l-ek- ] xq-ek- vkSj g-ek- gksxk ;fn n Øe'k% 0,  1 / 2 and  1 gksA
a n  bn
10- nks la[;kvksa ds e/; nks l-ek- A1 , A2 vkSj nks xq-ek- G1 , G2 vkSj nks g-ek- H1 , H2 gksa rks
A1 H1 A1  A2 G G
big 
A2 H2 biig A H 1 2  H1 A2  G1. G2 biiig  1 2
H1  H 2 H1 H2

11- ;fn y, z ds e/; x l-ek- gks ] z , x ds e/; y xq-ek- gks rc x o y ds e/; g-ek- z gksxkA
l-Js-] xq-Js- vkSj g-Js- ds egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke %&
12- ;fn fdlh l-Js-@xq-Js-@ g-Js- esa inksa dh la[;k fo"ke gks rks mudk e/; in Js<h ds izFke vksj vafre in dk l-ek-@xq-ek-
@g-ek- gksrk gSA
13- ;fn fdlh l-Js-@xq-Js-@ g-Js- esa inksa dh la[;k le gks rks mudk e/; in Js<h ds izFke vksj vafre in dk l-ek-@xq-ek-@g-
ek- gksrk gSA
14- ;fn a, b, c l-Js- esa b, c, a xq-Js- esa c, a, b g-Js- esa gkasxhA
15- a, b, c l-Js-] xq-Js- o g-Js- rhuksa esa gksaxh ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn a  b  c
16- ;fn a , b, c l-Js-] o g-Js- nksuks esas gks rks ;s xq-Js- esa Hkh gksaxhA
17- ;fn a, b, c l-Js- esa] b, c, d xq- Js- esa vkSj c, d , e g-Js- esa rks a , c, e xq-Js- esa gksaxhA
a b a a a
18- rhu jkf'k;kW a , b, c l-Js-] xq-Js- vkSj g-Js- esa gksxh ;fn bc
Øe'k% ,
a b
vkSj c
gksaA
19- ;fn x, 4, z l-Js- esa] x, 2, z xq-Js- esa gks rks x, 1, z g-Js- esa gksaxsA
20- ;fn a, b, c l-Js- esa b, c, d g-Js- esa gks rks ad  bc
21- ;fn ,d l-Js- ds p osa ] q osa ] r osa vkSj s osa in xq-Js- esa gks rks p  q , q  r , r  s xq-Js- esa gksaxsaA
22- ,d xq-Js- ds l osa] m osa vkSj n osa in Hkh xq-Js- esa gks rks l , m, n l-Js- esa gksxsaA
23- ;fn a 2 , b 2 , c 2 l-Js- esa gks rks b  c, c  a, a  b g-Js- eas gksxsA
24- ;fn a , b, c xq-Js- esa gks rks log a m, logb m, log c m g-Js- esa gksaxsaA
25- ;fn a , b, c xq-Js- esa vkSj a x  b y  cz gks rks x , y , z g-Js- esa gksxsaA
26- ;fn a1 , a2 , a3 .......... an xq-Js- esa gksa rks log a1 , log a2 , log a3 ..........log an l-Js- esa gksaxsaA
27- ;fn a , b, c l-Js- esa x, y, z xq-Js- essa gks rks x b  c y c a z a b  1 -

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
 SYLLABUS FOR EXAMINATION FOR THE POST OF
SCHOOL LECTURER (GRADE-I) - Paper - II MATHEMATICS

Part – I (Senior Secondary Standard)

1 Sets, Relations and Functions :Different kinds of sets and their basic properties, Relations, types of relations,
Different types of real valued functions.
2 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability : Limit, continuity and differentiability of algebraic functions, trigonometric
functions, exponential functions and logarithmic functions.
3 Complex and Vector Algebra : Complex numbers and their algebraic properties, polar representation, square root of
a complex number, Vectors and scalars, types of vectors and their algebraic properties, scalar and vector product of two
vectors, scalar triple product.
4 Differential calculus : Derivatives of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial
and trigonometric functions. Derivatives of implicit and explicit functions. Increasing and decreasing functions. Concept
of second order derivative.
5 Integral calculus : Integration of functions by the method of substitution, partial fraction and by parts. Basic properties
of definite integrals and their uses to evaluate them.
6 Differential equations : Order and degree of a differential equation, solution of differential equations of first order
and first degree.
7 Permutations and combinations : Derivation of formulae, their connections and simple applications.
Binomial theorem : Binomial theorem for positive integral indices, general and middle terms in binomial expansion.
8 Matrices : Various types of matrices, their basic operations and properties. Invertible matrices and their inverse.
Determinant : Determinant of a square matrix and their properties. Solution of system of linear equations in two or three
variables using inverse of a matrix.
9 Two dimensional geometry : Straight line, standard equations and simple properties of circle, parabola, ellipse,
hyperbola.
10 Applications of derivatives and integrals : Tangent and normals, maxima and minima of functions of one variable.
Area under simple curves, area between the simple curves.
11 Statistics : Mean, Mode, Median for grouped data, measure of dispersion. Probability and their elementary laws,
conditional probability.
Part – II (Graduation Standard)
1 Group Theory : Groups and their simple properties, order of an element, order of a group, permutation groups, cyclic
groups and their properties, subgroups and their basic algebraic properties, cosets and their properties.
2 Normal subgroup and Rings : Normal subgroups and quotient groups, theorems on homomorphism and isomorphism.
Rings, ideals, integral domain and fields.
3 Theory of equations : Relation between the roots and coefficients of general polynomial equation in one variable.
Transformation of equations. Descartes’ rule of signs, solution of cubic equations by Cardon’s method, Biquadratic
equations by Ferari’s method.
4 Calculus : Partial derivatives, curvature, asymptotes, envelopes and evolutes, maxima and minima of functions upto
two variables, Beta and Gamma functions, double and triple integrals.
5 Advanced Calculus : Mean value theorems (Rolle’s, Lagrange’s, Taylor’s theorems), sequence and series with
convergence properties.
6 Complex Analysis : Continuity and differentiability of complex functions, Analytic functions, Cauchy – Riemman
equation, Harmonic functions. Conformal mappings.
7 Ordinary and Partial differential equations : Linear differential equations of first order and higher degree, Clairaut’s
form, Linear differential equations of constant coefficients, ordinary homogeneous differential equations, Linear differential
equations of second order with variable coefficients. Partial differential equations of first order, solution by Lagrange’s
method.
8 Vector calculus : Gradient, divergence and curl, identities related to them. Line, surface and volume integrals.
Applications of Gauss, Stoke’s and Green’s theorems.
9 Three dimensional geometry : Direction ratios and cosines, straight line, plane, sphere, cone and cylinder.
10 Statics : Equilibrium of co-planner forces, moments, friction, virtual work catenary.
11 Dynamics : Velocities and acceleration along radial and transverse directions and along tangential and normal directions,
simple harmonic motion, Rectilinear motion under variable laws, Hook’s law and problems, projectiles.
 Study Material for School Lecturer (I Grade) Mathematics Useful Formulae & ImportantResults 37
Part – III (Post Graduation Standard)
1 Linear Algebra and Metric Space : Vector spaces, linear dependence and independence, bases, dimensions, linear
transformations, matrix representation, algebra of matrices, characteristic roots and vectors, determinants,
Cayley – Hamilton theorem.
Metric Spaces : Bounded and unbounded metric spaces. Open and closed sets in a metric space, Cantor’s ternary set,
closure, bases, product spaces.
2 Integral transforms and special functions : Hyper-geometric functions, Legendre’s polynomials, Bessel’s functions.
Recurrence relations and orthogonal properties.
Laplace transform, inverse Laplace transform. Fourier sine and cosine transforms. Convolution theorem.
3 Differential Geometry and Tensors : Curves in spaces, Curvature, Torsion, Skew curvature, Serret - Frenet formulae.
Helices Osculating circle and sphere.
Types of tensors and their algebraic properties. Christoffel’s symbols, covariant and contravariant differentiation, Geodesics.
4 Numerical Analysis : Newton’s formula for forward and backward interpolation for equal intervals, Divided difference,
Newton’s Lagrange’s, Starling’s and Bessel’s interpolation formulae.
5 Optimization Technique’s : Convex set and its properties. Solution of a L.P.P. by using Simplex methods. Duality,
Assignment, Transportation and Game theory.

Part – IV (Educational Psychology, Pedagogy, Teaching Learning Material, Use of computers and Information
Technology in Teaching Learning)
1. Importance of Psychology in Teaching-Learning :
* Learner, * Teacher, * Teaching-learning process, * School effectiveness.
2. Development of Learner :
• Cognitive, Physical, Social, Emotional and Moral development patterns and characteristics among adolescent learner.
3. Teaching – Learning :
• Concept, Behavioural, Cognitive and constructivist principles of learning and its implication for senior secondary
students.
• Learning characteristics of adolescent and its implication for teaching.
4. Managing Adolescent Learner : • Concept of mental health and adjustment problems.
• Emotional Intelligence and its implication for mental health of adolescent.
• Use of guidance techniques for nurturing mental health of adolescent.
5. Instructional Strategies for Adolescent Learner : • Communication skills and its use.
•Preparation and use of teaching-learning material during teaching.
• Different teaching approaches:
Teaching models- Advance organizer, Scientific enquiry, Information, processing, cooperative learning.
• Constructivist principles based Teaching.
6. ICT Pedagogy Integration :
• Concept of ICT. • Concept of hardware and software.
• System approach to instruction. • Computer assisted learning.
• Computer aided instruction. • Factors facilitating ICT pedagogy integration.

*****
Scheme of Examination
Subject Concerned
S. No. Subject No. of Questions Total Marks
1 Knowledge of Subject Concerned : Senior Secondary Level 55 110
2 Knowledge of Subject Concerned : Graduation Level 55 110
3 Knowledge of Subject Concerned : Post Graduation Level 10 20
4 Educational Psychology, Pedagogy, Teaching Learning Material, Use of Computers and Information
Technology in Teaching Learning 30 60
Total 150 300
Note : 1 All the question in the Paper shall be Multiple Choice Type Question.
2 Negative marking shall be applicable in the evaluation of answers. For every wrong answer one-third of the marks prescribed for
that particular question shall be deducted. Explanation : Wrong answer shall mean an incorrect answer or multiple answer. 3 Duration
of the paper shall be 3 Hours.

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS Mathur Classes Jaipur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
About the Faculty
UMESH MATHUR
. GOLD MEDAL in M.Sc. Mathematics.
M.S.J.College, Bharatpur. (Rajasthan University).
Author
. Exhaustive Study Material for QUANTITATIVE APTITUTE
(English and Hindi Medium)
Very Much Useful for SSC (CGL Tier I & II, XII Level and All Examinations),
Bank PO & Clerk,C SAT(IAS), RAS, C MAT, CAT, CDS, NDA, CLAT, NTSE etc.
. Study Material for Sr. Teacher (Grade II RPSC) xf.kr
. Study Material for School Lecturer (Grade I RPSC) xf.kr
. Exhaustive Study Material for IIT JEE MATHEMATICS.
. Tips and Fundas for IIT JEE MATHEMATICS. Pub.: P.C.P., Jaipur.
. MATHEMATICS for AIEEE, Publication : C.B.C., Jaipur.
A “mentor” of complete MATHEMATICS teaches the subject in such a manner that student feel comfortable and
confident in the subject. He has marvellous ability to make complex problems look simple and easy. He has earned
remarkable reputation on the basis of deep rooted knowledge of the subject, various tips, tricks and shortcut
methods for objective type questions.He has strong ability to communicate the basic facts and fundamentals to
his students in a lucid manner. Many students got selected in IIT-JEE, AIEEE and other Engineering Entrance Examinations
and also in various examinations of SSC, RPSC and UPSC under his guidance. He has been also associated with the
reputed institutes for IIT-JEE, AIEEE ,B.Sc. and institutes for SSC, RPSC, UPSC etc..
He is easily approchable and always willing enough to give a helping hand for students. Not only can he improve the
subject but also leave a lasting impact on the personality of his students.
lEiw. kZ xf.kr ds “izf'k{kd””ftuds v/;kiu dh fof/k ,sl h gS fd fo|kFkhZ fo"k; esa Lo;a dks vk'oLr vkSj lq [ kn fLFkfr esa eglwl djrs
gSaA ;s xf.kr dh tfVy leL;kvksa dks lk/kkj.k vkSj ljy rjhdksa ls gy djus dh vk'p;Ztud izfrHkk ds /kuh gaSA fo"k; dh xgu vkSj
=qfV jfgr tkudkjh ds lkFk oLrqfu"B iz'uks a dks gy djus ds fy;s fofHkUu fVIl] fVª Dl vkSj 'kkVZdV rjhdksa ds vk/kkj ij bUgks aus xf.kr
fo"k; ds v/;kiu ds {ks= es a viuk fo'ks" k LFkku cuk j[kk gSA buesa fo"k; ds ew yHkwr rF;ksa vkSj fl/nkrkSsa dks ljy vkSj Li"V rjhds ls vius
fo|kfFkZ; ksa esa lEiszf"kr djus dh vlk/kkj.k ;ksX;rk gSA buds ekxZn'kZu vkSj v/;kiu ls vusdksa fo|kFkhZ IIT-JEE, AIEEE lfgr vU;
bathuh;fjax izos'k ijh{kkvkas ,oa RPSC dh Ist Grade, IInd Grade ijh{kkvks esa p;fur gks pq ds gaSA SSC, UPSC dh ijh{kkvksa esa Hkh
buds cgq r ls fo|kfFkZ;ks a dk vPNh jSad ds lkFk p;u gqvk gSA ;s IIT-JEE, AIEEE, B.Sc. vkSj SSC, RPSC, UPSC vkfn ds izfrf"Br
laLFkkvksa ls Hkh tqM+s jgs gSaA
;s fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fgrksa ds fy;s lnSo rRij jgrs gSa vkSj feyulkj izo`fr ds gSaA ;s u dsoy fo"k; dks lq/ kkjus dh {kerk j[krs gaS cfYd fo|kFkhZ
ds O;fDrRo ij Hkh LFkk;h izHkko NksM+rs gaSA

Expert and Result Oriented Coaching in

MATHEMATICS for
I & II Grade Teachers (RPSC)
B.Sc.(I, II, III Year), M.Sc.(Entrance RU), JAM (IIT )
SSC (CGL Tier I & II, XII Level and All Examinations)
With Unparallel and Exhaustive Study Material Containing Useful Tips,
Tricks, Shortcut methods and important Results for Objective Questions.
oLrqfu"B iz'uksa ds fy;s ykHknk;d fVIl] fVªDl] 'kkVZdV rjhds ,oa
egRoiw.kZ ifj.kkeksa lfgr cstksM+ ,oa lexz v/;;u lkexzh