Journal of Science and Technology

ISSN: 2456-5660 Volume 8, Issue 05 (May -2023)

www.jst.org.in DOI:https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2023.v8.i05.pp33 - 47

Vibration Analysis in Industry 4.0: Machine Learning, Energy

Harvesting, and Bibliometric Analysis
Arshad Mehmood
Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Buraimi, Oman
[email protected]
To Cite this Article
Arshad Mehmood, “Vibration Analysis in Industry 4.0: Machine Learning, Energy Harvesting, and
Bibliometric Analysis” Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 08, Issue 05,-May 2023, pp01-21

Article Info
Received: 10-05-2023 Revised: 12-05-2023 Accepted: 15-05-2023 Published: 22-05-2023

Abstract: This research investigates the significance of bibliometric analysis, energy harvesting, and
machine learning and diagnostic techniques to machine vibration analysis within the context of Industry
4.0. The study highlights the importance of early detection of machine defects and issues in reducing the
likelihood of downtime and costly repairs and ensuring the optimal performance of industrial operations.
Energy harvesting systems, machine learning, and diagnostic procedures are only some of the
technologies used in the research of machine vibration analysis. Using these methods, it has been
demonstrated that vibration patterns in machines can be analyses and predicted, that mechanical vibration
energy can be converted into electrical energy, and that energy costs can be lowered. The study also
includes a bibliometric analysis of the literature based on VOSviewer. Linear vibration, non-linear
vibration, and vibration analysis are some of the topics it explores as it surveys the literature on vibration
analysis of machines. Future research directions are proposed, and new perspectives on the current status
of the field's study are provided. Practical implications for academics, professionals, and decision-makers
in engineering and technology domains are derived from the study's findings, which call attention to the
necessity for further study and improvement of machine vibration monitoring in Industry 4.0. This
research contributes to the existing literature by providing valuable insight into the potential impacts of
energy harvesting, machine learning, and bibliometric analysis on business processes.

Keywords: Linear Vibration, Industry 4.0, nonlinear vibration, Vibration analysis for machine
monitoring and diagnosis, Energy harvesting

1 Introduction:
Broadband tri-stable energy harvester uses piezoelectric components and a magnetic
field-induced triple-well potential to boost energy harvesting capability. The dynamic features
and enhanced responsiveness over bi-stable systems [1] have been verified by both theoretical
modelling and experimental study. Nonlinear dynamic features under low-frequency activation

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ISSN: 2456-5660 Volume 8, Issue 05 (May -2023)
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of magnetically connected piezoelectric energy harvesters with changing external magnetic field
angles were investigated. For electromechanical interactions, it produces a nonlinear dynamic
equation. [2]. Bi-stable energy harvesters, when activated by low-frequency base movements,
generate vibrations consisting of both stationary rapid and slow components. Nonlinear potential
barriers boost collected power by transforming slow oscillations into rapid ones, and the slow-
fast response decomposition [3] makes this process more transparent. We suggest four different
case studies that make use of the nonlinearity of geometric stiffness in structural design to
provide benefits in a variety of contexts, such as achieving high-static stiffness while maintaining
low dynamic stiffness [4]. In order to overcome the difficulties that linear resonant systems have
in catching low-frequency vibrations [5], nonlinear energy harvesting devices built at the elastic
stability limit perform better in coloured noise settings. Energy harvesting devices that rely on
linear vibration can only work within a narrow frequency range. Expanding the resonant
response and enhancing energy collection [6] are two ways in which performance may be
enhanced in essentially nonlinear systems with a large nonlinear connection. This hypothesis for
bi-stable vibration isolators (BVIs) emphasises the bi-stable vibration isolation process. The use
of bi-stable structures for vibration isolation is on the rise, and they are already widely used in
vibrational energy harvesting. The isolation mechanism may be determined by calculating the
nonlinear restoring force and potential energy [7]. The use of piezoelectric buckled beams for the
collection of energy from random vibrations is explored. In its buckled state, the axially loaded
beam shows increased power production throughout a broad resistive load range, with increases
of up to tenfold compared to the unbuckled condition. The idea has promise for converting
mechanical energy into electrical power in situations where there are vibrations in the
environment [8]. Using generalised harmonic transformation and similar non-linearization
techniques, we developed a semi-analytical solution for the random response in nonlinear
vibration energy harvesters when stimulated by Gaussian white noise. Power production and
mean-square response may thus be more easily assessed [9]. Nonlinear vibration energy
harvesting systems subjected to exponentially correlated Gaussian coloured noise have had their
probabilistic responses studied using a quasi-conservative stochastic averaging technique [1].
The method utilises a transformation and residual phase combination to study the workings of
the nonlinear vibration electromechanical coupling system and improve the efficiency of energy
harvesting. [10]. For energy harvesting systems that are nonlinear and are sensitive to Gaussian
white noise [1], a stochastic averaging technique has been devised. The influence of the external
circuit on the mechanical system is modelled as quasi-linear stiffness and damping components
in the generalised harmonic transformation. Improve energy harvesting performance by
analysing mean-square electric voltage and mean output power with this method [11].
Broadband energy harvesting for weak excitations has been proposed using nonlinear tristable
harvesters [1]. High-energy voltage output requires large-amplitude oscillations because the
harvesters are extremely sensitive to ambient vibrations. An investigation on the enhancement of
nonlinear tristable energy harvesters [2] uses harmonic balance analysis. Using the Jacobian
matrix and the harmonic balancing approach, they gave theoretical explanations and stability

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ISSN: 2456-5660 Volume 8, Issue 05 (May -2023)
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analyses. The study also looked at how sensitive dynamic characteristics were to changes in
system parameters, uncovering that performance may be greatly improved by numerical
simulations [7]. Finally, the harmonic balance analysis of nonlinear tristable energy harvesters is
a valuable technique for developing and evaluating these systems [12] because it provides
helpful information for enhancing energy harvesting performance in low-level excitations. The
magnetic circuit travels in relation to the ME transducer when the harvester is triggered, creating
a magnetic field and electrical energy [5]. Wireless sensors and other low-power devices may be
able to run on this technology [13]. Energy harvesting potential is demonstrated by presenting
and validating a topology modification strategy for adjusting nonlinear vibration of planar
springs [14]. Broadband and frequency-doubling capabilities are provided by revolving
pendulums in a magnetoelectric vibration energy harvester. The 970.2 W load power is the result
of an analysis of the model's nonlinear vibration, frequency, and electrical output [15]. A new 2D
broadband vibration energy harvester concept uses a magnetoelectric (ME) transducer that can
operate across a broad range of vibration frequencies and in two dimensions. The cantilever rod
with a circular cross-section gathers energy from environmental vibrations via nonlinear
magnetic force behaviour, expanding the frequency bandwidth [16]. The magnetoelectric
generator uses the vibrations created by magnetic levitation to produce electricity. To improve
power output and frequency response, it makes use of magnetostrictive material, which has a
high energy density and a robust magneto-mechanical coupling effect [2]. The harvester is able
to produce high voltage and power at low frequencies thanks to this [5]. The generator's potential
for collecting vibration energy is demonstrated by its high current density, low impedance,
waterproofness, and scalability [17]. This study presents a vibro-impact oscillator with three
degrees of freedom as the basis for a triboelectric energy harvester [1]. We develop dynamic and
theoretical models for the harvester's oscillator. The impacts of nonlinear dynamical response on
performance [18] are investigated by analysing the dynamic response and electrical output for
different mass ratios and mass spacings. A device with a 460% boost in bandwidth below 80Hz
[19] demonstrates how this technique enhances energy harvesting from low-frequency sources
while simultaneously improving bandwidth. Nonlinear Energy Sink (NES) prototypes are being
built and tested in conjunction with electromagnetic energy harvesters [2]. The NES is a passive
vibration absorber that is nonlinearly connected, allowing it to take in energy across a broad
spectrum of frequencies [1]. While NES is more efficient than regular Tuned Mass Dampers
(TMD) and has no natural frequency of its own, it is nonetheless vulnerable to small changes in
design parameters or starting conditions [20]. Using piezoelectric energy harvesters, researchers
have analysed and optimised the factors that affect the dynamic response of linear and nonlinear
vibration absorbers. The optimisation strategy makes use of a genetic algorithm and response
surface approach [21] to enhance the functionality of the absorber and the energy harvester.
Increased efficiency may be achieved via the use of nonlinear vibration energy harvesting and
suppression technologies by expanding the frequency bandwidth and output power while
reducing the transmission rate and transfer energy. Constraints in the structure, noise that isn't
sinusoidal, and a lack of progress in the field all pose problems. Improving performance is

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dependent on a number of elements, including implementation, configuration, and an efficient
design. Capturing energy from vibrations and using it to power sensors is essential [22]. Search
engine results suggest that energy from weak (3 m/s2) and infrequent (20 Hz) environmental
vibrations can be salvaged using a nonlinear multi-stable piezomagnetoelastic harvester array.
Nonlinear piezomagnetoelastic harvesters are proposed for use in the proposed harvester array,
with one kind featuring a tri-stable configuration and the other a mono-stable one. The proposed
array is sensitive to wideband vibrations of low intensity and low frequency [5-8]. The proposed
harvester array can effectively absorb energy from low-amplitude vibrations despite its compact
size. Applications where low-intensity and low-frequency vibrations are present, such as those
encountered in the automotive and aerospace industries, might benefit from the suggested
harvester array [23]. A web search for a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with variable
frequency and bandwidth utilising several nonlinear techniques does not yield precise results.
However, work has been done on nonlinear piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters, such as the
proposed compact nonlinear multi-stable piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester array [9], that
can generate power from low-frequency and low-intensity vibrations. One tri-stable and one
mono-stable nonlinear piezomagnetoelastic harvester type are proposed for the harvester array
[24]. The proposed harvester array can effectively absorb energy from low-amplitude vibrations
despite its compact size. No research were found in the search results [25], [26] although it is
possible that these energy harvesters can be programmed for frequency and bandwidth using
other methods.

2 Bibliometric Data and Method

A bibliometric analysis is the process of analysing scientific documents and literary data on a
large scale in order to determine facts about a specific study field or issue. This entails gathering,
organising, and analysing data from scientific publications in order to detect trends, patterns, and linkages
among various study topics, authors, institutions, and nations [27]. The study obtained and analysed
published papers from Scopus over a 14-year period using bibliographic mapping. This mapping
technique entailed analysing publications in order to uncover patterns and linkages among various study
fields, authors, organisations, and nations. The researchers gained a better understanding of the present
state of knowledge, research trends, and emerging ideas in a certain study field or topic by analysing the
papers. Through this approach, the researchers were able to identify study gaps and opportunities for
further exploration. Scopus, an extensive database of scientific publications, gave the researchers access
to a wide range of peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and other scholarly material [28].

The extracted findings were saved in a comma-separated value format (.csv) file that matched the format
of the gathered article. The file contained both the complete records of the extracted articles as well as
their cited references. Figure 1 depicts a flowchart of the bibliometric analysis and methodological
procedure. TITLE-ABS-KEY (''Linear vibration" AND ''Industry 4.0" OR ''Vibration analysis for
machine monitoring and diagnostics" AND "Energy harvesting") is used for each item selected, and only
articles based on keywords found in the Scopus database are used. As a consequence, 236 articles were
discovered, and filters were used to extract relevant papers for data collection and evaluation using
appropriate bibliometric factors [29].

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3. Results and discussion
3.1 Annual trends of scientific publications
Figure 2 displays that 37.3% of all articles are in the discipline of engineering, physics, and
astronomy, whereas 19.1% are in the subject of biology. The areas of material science and computer
science also made substantial contributions. Figure 3 provides a concise overview of the total number of
papers published to date and the amount of documents issued in each year between 2009 and 2023. The
numbers show that the annual publication rate is rising, with a total of 223 papers expected to be released
by the year 2023. Both 2018 and 2017 had 27 new papers published, but 2009 and 2010 saw only two
new documents published each. The total number of papers published up to a specific year is known as
the cumulative number of documents, and it has been steadily increasing throughout time. Increased study
and development in the topics covered by these books is indicative of a long-term interest in the
discipline. The information provides a snapshot of the field's development during the time span studied,
revealing both broad trends and more specific patterns in the volume of literature generated.
2.
Scopus
Database
3.
1. Data VOSviewer
retrieval (version 1.6.18)
Biliometric Data Analysis
analysis

4. Data processing, Network

5. Results extraction, Mapping, Anlysis
and and Visulization
Discussion

Fig. 1 Steps involved in data assessment and bibliometric analysis Fig. 2 Subject areas

Fig. 3. Level of development of research on energy harvesting

3.2 Analysis of influential authors and Co-authorship mapping

The number of citations received and the number of citations given are indicators of the
importance of writers and their pioneering research in a certain academic field [30]. The authors hail from

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a wide range of institutions throughout the world, including China's State Key Laboratory for
Manufacturing Systems Engineering as well as those in Japan, Poland, and the United States. Inman D.J.
has the most publications (11) followed by Cao J. (9) and Dai X. (8) in terms of output. There were five
publications by Chen L.-Q., six by Ding H., and seven by Lin J. Inman D.J. has the highest number of
citations (807), followed by Cao J. (812) and Lin J. (756). The average number of citations per document
for Lin J. is 108, followed by Cao J. (90.22) and Inman D.J. (73.36). The highest cumulative h-index
scores, which measure the number of publications having at least h citations, belonged to scholars D.J.
Inman and Chen L.-Q. While Litak G. and Lin J. have only 31 and 12, respectively, Erturk A. has a high
h-index of 59. since a whole, the information in this table is rather helpful, since it sheds light on the
impact and output of a number of influential authors across many different areas.

Table 1: Leading author of the topic

Author Institution Country Document Total Average Total
citation citation h
index
State key laboratory for manufacturing China 90.22 40
Cao j. systems engineering 9 812
Shanghai institute of applied China 34 44
Chen l.-q. mathematics and mechanics 5 170
The key laboratory for optoelectronic China 28.75 25
Dai x. technology & systems 8 230
Shanghai institute of applied China 29.16 21
Ding h. mathematics and mechanics 6 175
Department of materials and human Japan 22.4 59
Erturk a. environmental sciences 5 112
Harne r.l. Department of mechanical engineering USA 6 99 16.5 30
Inman d.j. Department of aerospace engineering USA 11 807 73.36 66
The key laboratory for optoelectronic China 29.25 9
Li p. technology & systems 8 234
State key laboratory for manufacturing China 108 12
Lin j. systems engineering 7 756
Litak g. Department of Automation, Lublin Poland 10.4 31
University of Technology 5 52

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Fig. 4. Overlay Visualization of Co-authorship analysis Fig. 5. Network Visualization of publications by source

3.3 The network visualization of sources

The most credible authors will publish their findings with appropriate referencing. Scientists can
quickly and readily determine which journals and databases are the most suitable for publishing their
findings [31], [32]. For a variety of publications in the fields of mechanical engineering, materials
science, and physics, the table below displays the number of documents, the number of citations, and the
overall link strength. Most articles (22 total) may be found in Proceedings of SPIE - The International
Society for Optical Engineering, followed by the Journal of Sound and Vibration (12 total) and Smart
Materials and Structures (11 total). The Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical
Conference is the least fruitful source, with only six documents. International Journal of Mechanical
Sciences received the fewest citations (188), followed by Journal of Sound and Vibration (467), and then
Smart Materials and Structures (666). A source's link strength is measured by the total number of links
between articles in that source, with higher values indicating more connections between the works in that
source. Journal of Sound and Vibration comes in second with 1309 total link strength, followed by
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering with 1421 total link strength.
Insightful data regarding the output and impact of various major publication sources across a variety of
fields are shown in this table. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Smart Materials and Structures, and
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures are highlighted for their roles as hubs of highly
cited and interrelated research. The data in the table may also be used to help experts zero in on the best
places to find new research for their fields.

Table 2: List of main sources of during the period 2009–2023

Source Publication Citations Citation Total link

per strength
document (TLS)
conference proceedings of the society for experimental
mechanics series 8 11 163
international journal of mechanical sciences 6 188 356
journal of intelligent material systems and structures 11 270 1346
journal of physics: conference series 5 15 121
journal of sound and vibration 12 467 1309
journal of vibration and acoustics, transactions of the
asme 9 241 820
mechanical systems and signal processing 11 397 845
nonlinear dynamics 8 352 833
proceedings of spie - the international society for optical
engineering 22 153 1421
proceedings of the asme design engineering technical
conference 6 4 514
smart materials and structures 11 666 926

Journals in mechanical engineering, materials science, and physics are shown separately in Figure 5. The
journals were grouped together based on their shared focus, readership, and perceived authority. The bulk
(four out of five) of the entries in Cluster 1 are from a conference. Topics like stress analysis, vibration,

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and materials testing are discussed, all from the perspective of experimental mechanics. They provide a
forum where experts in the area may share their findings with peers, and they are especially useful for
spreading the word about cutting-edge methods for testing and assessing mechanical systems. There are
three related elements in cluster 2 that include signal processing. The topics covered in these books vary
from fault detection and condition monitoring to feature extraction and signal processing in mechanical
systems. Academics and engineers in these domains rely heavily on them, especially when developing
and improving methods for monitoring and diagnosing mechanical systems. There are three items in
cluster 3 that deal with dynamics and related topics. Nonlinear dynamics, chaos theory, and vibration
analysis are only some of the topics covered in these articles on the analysis and modelling of dynamical
systems. Academics and engineers in these domains may greatly benefit from them, especially when it
comes to developing and improving methods of understanding and forecasting the behaviour of
mechanical systems. This paints a clear picture of the similarities and differences in the content,
readership, and impact of academic articles in mechanical engineering, materials science, and physics.

3.4 Most influential publications

In this section, out of 248 documents, 36 met the requirement of having 50 citations for each
document. The 10 most cited studies found in the Scopus database are mentioned in Table 3. Most
researchers cite documents for academic work with more citations due to work being extremely high and
suitable [33].

Table 3: Most influential publications

Rank Total Title Author Journal Ref
Citations
1 462 Broadband tristable energy harvester: Modeling and zhou s. Applied Energy
experiment verification (2014)

2 301 Piezoelectric buckled beams for random cottone Smart Materials

vibration energy harvesting f. (2012) And Structure

3 130 A Magnetoelectric Generator for Energy Harvesting dai x. IEEE Transactions

From the Vibration of Magnetic Levitation (2009) On Magnetics

4 121 A hybrid nonlinear vibration energy harvester yang w. Mechanical

(2017a) Systems and
Signal Processing
5 115 Comparing Linear and Essentially Nonlinear quinn Journal of
Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting d.d. Vibration and
(2011) Accoustics
6 114 Harmonic balance analysis of nonlinear tristable zhou s. Journal of Sound
energy harvesters for performance enhancement (2016a) and Vibration

7 102 A frequency and bandwidth tunable piezoelectric wang x. Applied Energy

vibration energy harvester using multiple nonlinear (2017)
techniques

8 96 Internal resonance and low frequency vibration yang w. Smart Materials

energy harvesting (2017b) and Structures

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9 93 High-efficiency compressive-mode energy harvester yang z. Energy
enhanced by a multi-stage force amplification (2014) Conversion and
mechanism Management

10 91 A Vibration-Based Hybrid Energy Harvester for sang y. IEEE Transactions

Wireless Sensor Systems (2012) On Magnetics

Fig. 6. The Network Visualization of documents based on citations

The paper "Broadband tristable energy harvester: Modelling and experiment verification" details the
theoretical modelling and experimental examination of a piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvester
with a triple-well potential powered by a magnetic field. Using Hamilton's principle and the energy
technique, a mathematical model is constructed to characterise the response qualities of tristable nonlinear
energy oscillators. It is shown that the suggested electromechanical model can reflect the dynamic
features of broadband tristable energy harvesters using a combination of numerical simulations and tests
conducted at excitation frequencies ranging from 1 to 20 Hz. Buckled piezoelectric beams have been
studied for their possible use in collecting energy from random vibrations. published a paper titled
"Piezoelectric buckled beams for random vibration energy harvesting" [1, 2, 4] after conducting study on
the subject. In the study, a piezoelectric beam with a shaker-excited base is described as the energy
harvesting system. There are two clamps; one is stationary, while the other may be moved along a
micrometric stage. Numerous aspects of the piezoelectric buckled bridge model are examined as well.
The authors argue that nonlinear vibration harvesters are preferable to resonant harvesters due to their
greater versatility in the frequencies they can convert into usable energy [6]. This document is intended to
be a resource for those studying the use of buckling beams in piezoelectric energy harvesting. A
magnetoelectric generator for energy harvesting from the vibration of magnetic levitation is discussed in
the publication "A Magnetoelectric Generator for Energy Harvesting from the Vibration of Magnetic
Levitation" [1] by Yang Zhu, J. W. Zu, and L. Guo. High voltage and power may be generated at low
frequencies [4] because to the magnetostrictive material's high energy density and strong magneto-
mechanical coupling effect. The generator is capable of harvesting vibrational energy in three dimensions,
and its output is improved by a magneto-electric array [5]. To further increase energy transfer via

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resonant inter-well oscillations and supply a wider bandwidth at low-frequency excitation levels, a
magnetic levitation-based hybrid energy harvester with a tri-stable nonlinearity-enhanced mechanism is
proposed in another study [7].

3.5 The density visualization of keywords Co-occurrence

TLS density is defined by the size of the text, the color of the backdrop of the keywords, and the
density colour. The sequence goes from yellow to green to blue in a TLS pattern. Keyword distancing
[34] shows how closely related the research themes are. Both author-provided keywords and those
appearing in the title, abstract, or keywords were included in the co-occurrence analysis. In Criteria I, the
1567 terms are filtered down to those with at least three appearances in Fig. 7. In order to fulfil the second
criterion, 447 keywords were generated, and 18 of them appeared five times or more in Fig. 8.
Several common threads emerge from the investigation. Concentration is placed on energy harvesting,
with several related search terms such as "broadband energy harvesting," "energy conversion," "energy
efficiency," "energy harvester," and "energy harvesting systems." Keywords like "piezoelectric,"
"piezoelectric energy harvesters," and "piezoelectric vibration" also appear on the chart, suggesting that
this topic is of interest to the users. Words like "structural dynamics," "vibration analysis," "vibration
control," and "vibration energy harvesting" are all part of the lexicon of vibration and structural dynamics.
Also appearing often are the terms "nanocantilevers," "magnetism," "nonlinear vibrations," and
"resonance," among others. According to Fig. 7, some of the least used terms include "excitation
amplitudes," "governing equations of motion," and "vibration suppression," all of which may be good
candidates for future research.

In Fig. 8 [35], we see the results of a bibliometric analysis done with the programme Vosviewer, which
identifies the most common and impactful terms in a collection of scientific publications dealing with
energy harvesting and nonlinear vibrations. Each keyword is represented by a bar, the length of which is
proportional to the term's frequency of occurrence and overall link strength.
Using Vosviewer, a bibiometric analysis of the most significant phrases in scientific publications on
energy harvesting and nonlinear vibrations was conducted. "energy harvesting" is the most significant and
prominent term, appearing 89 times with a total link strength of 115; "nonlinear vibration" is a close
second, appearing 83 times with a total link strength of 109. If the field intensity and frequency are both
high, then the effect is also high.
The terms "energy harvesting" (which appears 89 times and has a total connection strength of 115) and
"nonlinear vibration" (which appears 83 times and has a total link strength of 109) are the most often used
and strongly linked terms. This indicates that these are the most popular search terms related to energy
harvesting and storage. A bibliometric analysis was run on a collection of scientific papers discussing
energy harvesting and nonlinear vibrations using Vosviewer software; the findings are displayed in the
table below. In the table, you can see how often each term appears and how strong its overall links are,
with more frequent appearances and stronger links indicating a greater influence in the field of nonlinear
vibrations. The importance of the term "piezoelectric" to this subject is shown in the frequency with
which it appears (23) and the relative strength of its links (36). Piezoelectric materials and technologies

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are widely used for energy harvesting due to their ability to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical
energy. There are 7 instances of the word "piezoelectric energy harvesting" with an overall link strength
of 8, indicating that studies in this field are still being conducted. With 14 and 5 occurrences, respectively,
and total link strengths of 6 and 14, "vibration energy harvesting" and "vibration energy harvester" are
rather weak keywords. These search terms suggest that researchers are always trying to improve methods
for harvesting energy from mechanical vibrations, but their efforts may have little bearing on other fields
of study. Seven occurrences and a total link strength of 5 for the term "nonlinear energy harvesting"
suggest that research is being done into nonlinear methods to enhance the efficiency of energy harvesting.
Six times, and with a total link strength of 11, the term "internal resonance" appears, demonstrating the
significance of this issue in energy harvesting and nonlinear vibrations. Seven occurrences of the word
"bistable" with a total link strength of 12 indicate that studies of bistable structures for energy harvesting
are currently being conducted. Bistable structures, which have two stable states, can be used to transform
low-frequency mechanical vibrations into high-frequency vibrations, which can be more easily collected.
Research into the potential of nonlinear oscillators for energy harvesting is ongoing, as evidenced by the
occurrence of the term "duffing oscillator" six times with a total link strength of seven. One simple
mathematical model with nonlinear behaviour that has applications in energy harvesting is the Duffing
oscillator. Despite their relative frequency, the overall connection strength for the terms "magnetic
levitation" and "magnetoelectric transducer" is quite weak. These search terms point to ongoing research
into magnetic and magnetoelectric methods for energy harvesting, although it's possible that this study's
influence will be little compared to others. Because of the significance of nonlinear techniques in the
fields of energy harvesting and nonlinear vibrations, the terms "nonlinear vibrations" and "nonlinear"
have high occurrence and total link strength values. With a total link strength of 109, the term "nonlinear
vibrations" indicates a rapidly expanding area of research. Among the less often used entries in the table
are "magnetic levitation," "vibration energy harvester," and "duffing oscillator." Since there appears to be
very little study in these areas compared to others, they may point to potential avenues for future
investigation.

Fig. 7 Density visualization of keywords co-occurrence in Fig. 8 Density visualization of keywords co-occurrence in the
the title, abstract co-occurrence in the title, abstract, and title, abstract co-occurrence in the title, abstract, and keyword
keyword list minimum 3 occurrences list minimum 3 occurrences

Conclusion
The search engine results provided an in-depth analysis of the state of the art in nonlinear
vibration energy harvesting. Several methods were tested for their viability in low-frequency and low-

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intensity vibration situations; they included tristable energy harvesters, nonlinear attachment systems, and
magnetoelectric generators. Collecting, organising, and analysing data from scientific publications to
reveal trends, patterns, and linkages in a certain study field or topic is known as bibliometric analysis.
Scopus is a comprehensive database for doing bibliometric analysis since it gives access to a wide variety
of peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and academic literature. The significance of tracking
the annual publishing rates of writers and their collaborators is stressed throughout the article. This study
illuminates the research landscape and major actors in the energy harvesting area. Only 36 of 248
publications have at least 50 citations, however Table 3 shows the 10 most-cited research from Scopus.
According to the results, "energy harvesting" and "nonlinear vibration" are the most relevant and
influential terms in the sector, while "piezoelectric" is a promising area of study. Vibration,
nanocantilevers, magnetism, and resonance are some more topics of research interest in addition to
structural dynamics. Magnetic levitation, vibration energy harvester, and Duffing oscillator are three
examples of less popular but potentially fruitful search terms.
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