Basic Science Department

BAS 111 Mathematics 3

3 Credit Hrs
Lecture 1,2

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
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Exact Differential Equations

Definition:

A differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called exact if 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous functions and have continuous first partial derivatives then,
the differential equation is exact if and only if

𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

If the above condition holds, then𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is an equation of the
form 𝑑𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, and its complete solution:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐 , 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Examples 1:

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
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Solve the following differential equations:

𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 1

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Method 1:

Then the D.E. is exact, then by integrating all of the equation without repeat any term:

∫ 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0

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𝑥 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐

These terms are repeated, then the general solution of this equation be:

𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐

Method 2:

2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥𝑦 then 𝑑𝑓 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜕𝑥

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∫ 𝑑𝑓 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑓 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶(𝑦)

𝑓 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝐶 (𝑦)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑁(𝑥, )

𝜕𝑓 2 𝑑𝐶(𝑦)
= 𝑥 + = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦):
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝐶(𝑦) 𝑑𝐶 (𝑦)
𝑥2 + = 𝑥 2 − 1, = −1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 (𝑦) = −𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Therefore 𝑓 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 and the solution will be

𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝐶.

Example 2:

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(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 ), 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 2 )

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Then the D.E is exact:

Method 1: by integration of all D.E.

∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0

1 2
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐
2 2 2 2

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
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These terms are repeated, then the general solution of this equation be:

1 2
1 2 2 1 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
2 2 2

( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Method 2:

𝜕𝑓
𝑎𝑠 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥

∫ 𝜕𝑓 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝜕𝑥

1 1
𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝐶(𝑦)
2 2

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𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑐(𝑦)
= −𝑥 2 𝑦 + = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑐(𝑦) 1 2
=𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐 (𝑦) = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2

𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶

1 2
1 2 2 1 2
𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
2 2 2

Example 3:

(𝒆𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦), 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)

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𝜕𝑀
= 2𝑒 2𝑦 − [−𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦]
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑒 2𝑦 − [−𝑥 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦]
𝜕𝑥

Then the D.E is exact

Using Method 2:

2𝑦 2𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
(𝑒 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
= (𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓 = (𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥

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∫ 𝜕𝑓 = ∫(𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐(𝑦)

𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝐶 (𝑦)
= 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + = 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝐶 (𝑦)
= 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑐 (𝑦) = 𝑦 2

𝑓 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐

Example 4:

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𝒚
(𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙

Solution:
𝑦
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 + , 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥

𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑁 1
= , =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥

Then the D.E is Exact

Using Method 1:

𝑦
∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
𝑥

𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒄

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
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Then the general solution is:

𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒄

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
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Now we can go a step further :

Integrating factor

In general if the equation : M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is not exact.

Occasionally, it is possible to transform it into an exact differential equation by

judicious multiplication. Afunction μ(x, y)is an integrating factor to make the equation
exact.

Examples:

Solve the following differential equations:

𝟏
[4] (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (𝝁= )
𝒙

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Solution:

𝝏𝑴
𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝒙 + 𝒚) → =𝟏
𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝑵 𝟏
𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 → = 𝒙 ( ) + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝝏𝒙 𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
≠ Not Exact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + ( )𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙
𝒚
(𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙

𝒚 𝝏𝑴 𝟏
𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟏 + ) → =
𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒙

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𝝏𝑵 𝟏
𝑵(𝑿, 𝒚) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 → =
𝝏𝒙 𝒙

To be completed by the student……

[5] 𝟔𝒙 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + ( 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ( 𝝁 = 𝒚𝟐 )

[ Left fot the student ]

Rules for finding the integrating factor

Definition :

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is not exact i.e., ≠ .
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

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𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
𝝁(𝒙, 𝒚)𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝝁(𝒙, 𝒚)𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is exact i.e., = .
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

Rule 1:

𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is not exact

𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙
= 𝑷(𝒙)
𝑵

𝝁(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

Rule 2:

𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is not exact

𝑵𝒙 − 𝑴𝒚
= 𝑸(𝒚)
𝑴

𝝁(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒆∫ 𝑸(𝒚)𝒅𝒚

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Rule 3:

𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is homogenuous

And 𝒙𝑴 + 𝒚𝑵 ≠ 𝟎

𝟏
𝝁(𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝒙𝑴 + 𝒚𝑵

Rule 4:

𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is not exact

And 𝒚𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 ≠ 𝟎

𝒙𝑴 − 𝒚𝑵 ≠ 𝟎

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𝟏
𝝁(𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝒙𝑴 − 𝒚𝑵

Examples:

1- (𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:

𝑴 = (𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚), 𝑵 = (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙)

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝟒𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐, = 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟒
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
Since ≠
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

therefore the D.E. is not exact

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𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 𝟒𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟒
= 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝑵 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙

𝑵𝒙 − 𝑴𝒚 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟒 − 𝟒𝒚𝟑 − 𝟐 −𝟑𝒚𝟑 − 𝟔 −𝟑
= = =
𝑴 𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚 𝒚(𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐) 𝒚
−𝟑
∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 −𝟑
𝝁(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒆∫ 𝑸(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒍𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒚

−𝟑
𝟏
𝝁=𝒚 = 𝟑
𝒚

Now:

𝒚−𝟑 (𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚−𝟑 (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚−𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚−𝟑 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

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𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝟏 − 𝟒𝒚−𝟑 = Exact D.E
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒇
= 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚−𝟐
𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒇 = ( 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚−𝟐 )𝝏𝒙

∫ 𝝏𝒇 = ∫( 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚−𝟐 )𝝏𝒙

𝒇 = 𝒚𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚−𝟐 + 𝒄(𝒚)

𝝏𝒇 𝒅(𝒄𝒚)
= 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚−𝟑 +
𝝏𝒚 𝒅𝒚

Comparing we get:

𝒅(𝒄𝒚)
= 𝟐𝒚
𝒅𝒚

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𝒄(𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐

𝒇 = 𝒚𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚−𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

2- (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

3- (𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4- 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙

Linear Differential Equations

As mentioned before that, the first order D.E is an equation that is linear in the
independent variable 𝑦 and its derivatives, then this type of equation take the form:

𝑦 ′ + 𝑃(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥)

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𝑑𝑦
Where 𝑝(𝑥 ), 𝑞(𝑥 )are given functions in 𝑥 only or constants. And the coefficient of 𝑑𝑥

must be equal +ve one.

An integrating factor for the equation

𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

And the general solution is:

𝜇𝑦 = ∫ 𝜇 𝑞(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

Examples :

𝒅𝒚
[1] +𝟐𝒙𝒚=𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Solution:

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
 Basic Science Department

This equation is linear , 𝑝 = 2𝑥 , 𝑞 = 𝑥 then:

2
𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

2 2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2 1 2
𝑒𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝒅𝒚
[2] 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙

Solution:

1
𝑃(𝑥 ) = , 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 2
𝑥
1
∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 =𝑥

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
 Basic Science Department

𝜇 𝑦 = ∫ 𝜇 𝑞(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐

𝒅𝒚
[3] 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔 𝒆𝒙

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 4
− 𝑦 = 𝑥 5𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
−4
𝑃(𝑥 ) = , 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
 Basic Science Department
−4 −4 )
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −4𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑥 −4

𝜇 𝑦 = ∫ 𝜇 𝑞(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 −4 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 −4 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
 Basic Science Department

Bernoulli differential Equation

General form:

𝑦 ′ + 𝑃(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛

Where 𝑛 is a real number

The substitution : 𝑍 = 𝑦 1−𝑛

𝑦 −𝑛 𝑦 ′ + 𝑃(𝑥 )𝑦 𝑦 −𝑛 = 𝑞 (𝑥 )𝑦 𝑛 𝑦 −𝑛

𝑦 −𝑛 𝑦 ′ + 𝑃(𝑥 )𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑞(𝑥)

Let 𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑍

(1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑦 ′ = 𝑍 ′

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
 Basic Science Department
′
𝑍
𝑦 −𝑛 𝑦 ′ =
1−𝑛

𝑍′
+ 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑍 = 𝑞 (𝑥 )
1−𝑛

𝑍 ′ + (1 − 𝑛)𝑝(𝑥 )𝑍 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑞(𝑥 )

𝑍 ′ + Ρ(𝑥 )𝑍 = 𝑄(𝑥)

Examples:
Solve the following differential equations:
𝟏
[1] 𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒚𝟐 (Multiply by 𝒚−𝟐 )
𝒙

Solution :

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
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1
𝑦 −2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦. 𝑦 −2 = 𝑥 𝑦 2 . 𝑦 −2
𝑥
−2 ′
1 −1
𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑦 =𝑥
𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑍 = 𝑦 −1 → 𝑍 ′ = −𝑦 −2 𝑦 ′
1 1
Sub. −𝑍 ′ + 𝑍=𝑥 then 𝑍 ′ − 𝑍 = −𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
−1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 −1 𝑙𝑛
1 1
𝜇= 𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑥
1 1
𝑍 = ∫ − (𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑍 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
1
= −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥𝑦

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2
 Basic Science Department
𝟏 𝟑
′
[2] 𝒚 𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝟏 ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟒

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Dr.Mohammed Elsayed BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Lec 2