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On Interpreting Data

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33 views29 pages

On Interpreting Data

Uploaded by

meenakshijewler
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REPRESENTING

AND
INTERPRETING
DATA
REPRESENTING
AND
INTERPRETING
DATA

DATA
REPRESENTING
AND
INTERPRETING
DATA
DATA IS INFORMATION THAT CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE,
DATA REASON, OR DISCUSS. IT CAN RANGE FROM ABSTRACT IDEAS
TO CONCRETE MEASUREMENTS, INCLUDING STATISTICS

DATA CAN BE USED FOR:


CALCULATION, REASONING, DISCUSSION, DECISION-MAKING,
PROBLEM SOLVING, UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVING PROCESSES,
UNDERSTANDING CUSTOMERS.
REPRESENTING
AND
INTERPRETING
DATA
DATA CAN BE REPRESENTED IN MULTIPLE WAYS,
INCLUDING:
TABLES, BAR GRAPHS, HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY
PLOTS, HEAT MAPS, SCATTER PLOTS, PIE CHARTS.

DATA INTERPRETATION IS THE PROCESS OF


REVIEWING PROVIDED DATA AND USING IT TO
CALCULATE THE REQUIRED VALUE.
REFERENCES FROM YOUR
BOOK
Statistics are used by most professions.
Sporting organisations use statistics to analyse game data,
advertising agencies to try to make us buy certainproducts,
the media in reporting,
economists to analyse share markets, and
organisations to describe their performance.
In any occupation, you would need to read and interpret
statistics at some point,
so it is important you can do this easily.
SAMPLES AND
POPULATIONS
• Data is information that has been collected for the purpose of analysis.

• Data collected from the whole group being studied is known as a Population
• Data collected from a selection of a larger group is known as a sample.
Different organisations collect different types of data.
For example,
at a cricket match, some of the statistics gathered for a batsman are:
time spent batting, the number of balls faced, the runs off a particular
delivery, where the ball was hit, the number of 4s or 6s hit, and so on.

• Once collected, the data can be organised, analysed and interpreted.


• A survey is the process of collecting data.
If every member of a target population is surveyed, the process is called a census.
• A census is conducted in Australia every 5 years to obtain an accurate
profile of Australians. On census night, each household in Australia
is required to complete a detailed online questionnaire or booklet
containing a series of questions relating to age, marital status,
employment, income, housing, education, modes of transport and so
on. This allows the government to analyse the population and make
decisions on how to improve services.
• Due to limitations in time, cost and practicality, instead of a census, in many cases a sample of the population
is selected at random (not in any particular order orpattern) to prevent biased (leaning in a
favoured direction) results.
SURVEYS

A survey is administered with the aid of a questionnaire


Methods used to conduct surveys include:
• personal interviews, where the interviewer asks prepared questions
• telephone interviews
• self-administered questionnaires, which are usually completed
online or posted to individuals.
Open-ended questions are broad and allow for detailed answers.

They usually begin with "why," "how," or "what".


For example, "What do you think about this product?" .

Closed-ended questions are narrow in focus and usually answered with a


single word or a pick from limited multiple-choice options. For example,
"Are you satisfied with this product?" .
One simple method is to shuffle the deck and then deal out the cards, one at a time, until the desired
number of cards has been selected. Another method is to divide the population into equal-sized
groups, and then randomly select one group from each size. For example, if a population is divided into
five groups of equal size, then a random sample of five cards can be selected by randomly choosing one
card from each group.

to use a random number generator

To minimize the risk of selecting a non-representative sample, it is important to make sure that the
population is well-mixed before the sample is selected. This can be done by physically mixing the
population, or by using a computer program to randomly order the population.
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY DATA
Primary data
• Primary data are data that you have collected yourself.
• A variety of methods of collecting primary data is available.
These include observation, measurement,
survey, experiment or simulation.
Secondary data
• Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else.
• The data can come from a variety of sources:
• Books, journals, magazines, company reports
• Online databases, broadcasts, videos
• Government sources — the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) provides a wealth of statistical data
• General business sources — academic institutions, stockbroking firms, sporting clubs
• Media — newspapers, TV reports
• Secondary data sources often provide data that would not be possible for an individual to collect.
• Data can be qualitative or quantitative — that is, categorical or numerical.
PRIMARY DATA
Exercise 10.3 Primary and secondary data

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