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Handout (Ge 4)

math

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27 views3 pages

Handout (Ge 4)

math

Uploaded by

Gapuz, Michelle C.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND WORLD

Pattern
● Arrangement of shapes and lines
● The same shape is repeated over a surface at regular intervals

Rules of pattern:
 Repeating pattern
● It is a pattern where the rule keeps being repeated
● Usually consist of the same and a letter
 Growing pattern
● Numbers are arranged in ascending order from smaller to bigger
● Each number is bigger than the one before it
 Shrinking pattern
● There is a decrease in the number of elements or size from one term to the next

Patterns in nature
● Regular structures that can be observed in the environment

Different types of patterns in nature


 Symmetry
● Shows the reflection of images
o Radical symmetry- formed around its central axis
o Bilateral symmetry- two opposing sides have the same characteristics or
feature
 Fractals
● A pattern that repeats at smaller sizes and angles
● Pattern repeats in different sizes
 Spiral
● A pattern that rotates around a central point and keeps expanding
 Tessellation
● Pattern that repeats figures closely fitting together with no gaps in between

LANGUAGE OF SETS
Set
● Any collection of well-defined and distinct objects
● Denoted by capital letters
Well-defined means it is a specific property which makes it easy to identify.
Distinct means the object of s set must be all different.
Elements
 The objects or ideas in a set
 Written in any order and are not repeated
 Denoted by small letter
Methods in Describing a Set
 Roster/Listing Method
 Described by listing elements
 Separated by commas and with braces
Ex. Write the set of months of the year that begin with letter M.
The set of even natural numbers from 80 to 90.
 Set-builder Notation/Rule Method
 We write down a property rule which gives us all the elements of the set by
that rule
Ex. The set R contains the elements 2, 4 and 6.
The set W contains the elements red, yellow and blue.

Let A be the set of all vowels of English alphabet.

 Roster/Listing Method

 Set-builder Notation/Rule Method

Let B denote the set of even numbers between 6 and 14.

 Roster/Listing Method

 Set-builder Notation/Rule Method

SUBSETS AND SET OPERATIONS


Universal set
 Set of all objects
Subset
 If every element of set A is also an element of set B
Proper Subset
 If set A is a subset of B and is not equal to set B
Power Set
 A set which includes all the subset including the empty set and the original set
itself
 Formula: 2n
Cardinality
 Represents the total number of elements present in a set
Intersection
 Set of all elements that are in both sets
Union
 Set of all elements that are in A or in B
Complement
 A set containing all elements in the universal set that are not in the given set
 Set of elements in the universal set that are not in A
Difference
 Not common elements in two different sets
Cartesian Product
 Set containing all ordered pairs with the first elements from A and second from
B

LOGIC
Proof
 A logical argument
 One must demonstrate that a proposition is true in all cases before it is
considered a theorem of mathematics
Unproven proposition
 There is some sort of empirical evidence is known as a conjecture
Statements/Proposition
 The content of an assertion
 It is either true or false but cannot be both true and false at the same time

Conjunction (and)
 Two logical proposition that produces a value of true if both statements are true
and is false otherwise
Disjunction (or)
 Two logical propositions that is true if either statement is true or both statements
are true and is false otherwise

Negation (not)
 An operation on the logical value of a proposition that sends true to false and false
to true
Conditional connective (if-then)
 In this statement, P is called antecedent, and Q is called the consequent
Biconditional (if and only if)
 An operator connecting two logical propositions that is true if the statements are
both true of both false and it is false otherwise
Tautology
 A compound statement or conclusion that always produces truth
Contradiction
 A statement that is necessarily false regardless of the truth values of its
propositional variables

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