CLASS 10 NOTES

SOCIAL SCIENCE
The Rise of Nationalism
in Europe
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Rise of Nationalism

in Europe
The Pact Between Nation (Print
exam me ayega (E.M.A)
prepared by frederic sorrieu ):

In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, created a series of four prints

that depicted his vision of a world composed of 'democratic and social
republics.'
The first print in the series illustrates the people of Europe and America
—men and women of all ages and social backgrounds—marching in a long
procession, paying tribute to the Statue of Liberty.
The Statue of Liberty holds a torch, symbolizing enlightenment, in one
hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other. In Sorrieu's
utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations.
The ultimate outcome of this vision was the rise of nation-states.

Nation state: A nation-state is one where the majority of its citizens

develop a shared sense of identity, common history, and culture, which
unites them under a single government.
Utopian: A vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.

The French revolution and idea of nation

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a time of major change in France.
People wanted to get rid of the monarchy in order to create a more equal
society and set up a republic.
Factors leading to the revolution
Economic Hardship: Rising prices and heavy taxes led to widespread
discontent among the common people.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Social Inequality: The division between privileged classes and the common
people was a major factor in the revolution.
Enlightenment Ideas: New ideas about democracy and rights played a
significant role in challenging the old regime.
Weak Leadership: King Louis XVI's poor handling of the crisis contributed
to the revolution.
Changes after revolution
Adoption of a constitution that gave citizens equal rights. Power transfers to
citizens from the monarch.
The three-coloured flag was chosen for France replacing the former royal
standard.
French was declared as a national language.
Ideas of citizenship (le citoyen) and the fatherland (la Patrie)
A new national anthem was composed and oaths were taken.

D
Abolition of internal customs duty on goods and free movement of capital.

RA
The estate general was elected and renamed the National Assembly.

Introduction of Napoleon Bonaparte

KI
Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in 1799 marked a
significant turning point in European history. His rule,
T

which lasted until 1815, was characterized by the

AN

introduction of the Napoleonic Code.

H

JACOBIAN CLUB: The Jacobin Club, founded in 1789,

AS

was a radical group that significantly influenced

revolutionary ideas in France. They extended their
PR

influence to neighbouring countries like Holland, Belgium,

Switzerland, and Italy, and supported French armies in
promoting nationalism beyond France’s borders.

Napoleonic Code of conduct (1804) exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Napoleon destroyed democracy in France, but he incorporated revolutionary
principles by introducing the Civil Code of 1804, which came to be known as the
Napoleonic Code Main features :
Established equality before the law.
Secured the right to property
Abolished feudal system
transport and communication systems were introduced
Standardized weight and measures and common currency
Guild restrictions were removed.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The making of Nationalism in europe

In the mid-eighteenth century, Europe's political landscape was marked by
fragmentation and absolutism. Italy, Germany, and Switzerland were divided into
numerous small kingdoms, principalities, and city-states, while central and
eastern Europe were dominated by absolute monarchies, where powerful rulers
held unchecked control.
Some important factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe:

Emergence of the Middle Class

Spread of Liberal Ideals
Conservatism and the Congress of Vienna
Influence of Revolutionary Leaders
exam me ayega (E.M.A)
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class:
Aristocrats : Peasants :

D
Wealthy people of society. Poor people in society
Owned estates and townhouses.
Socially and politically powerful. RA they were in the majority
didn't have much land.
KI
Families connected by Marriage ties.
Liberalism: Latin word Liber means
T

They spoke French. free. Poeple who believed in this

AN

Middle Class : idea known as liberals.

They were neither very poor nor wealthy.
H

They were educated.

Eg- businessman, industrialist.
AS
PR

exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Meaning of liberal Nationalism: What is liberalism?
For new middle classes, Liberism stood for freedom for individuals and equality
for all before the law.
In the economic sphere, liberism stood for the freedom of the market and the
abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced no. of currencies to two and
promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.

New Conservatism after 1815 exam me ayega (E.M.A)

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the spirit of conservatism became strong.
They believed that traditional Institutions like the monarchy, the church, social
hierarchies, property and family should be preserved
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Treaty of Vienna {1815} :

The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France.
A series of states were created on the French boundary to prevent French
expansion in the future.
German Confederation was left untouched.
The main intention was to restore the monarchies that Napoleon had
overthrown.
Powers that defeated Napoleon collectively were involved in the treaty.
New autocratic regimes did not tolerate criticism.

The Revolutionaries
A dedication to resist monarchical structures established after the Vienna
Congress and to strive for liberty and freedom.
Giuseppe mazzini

D
Born in Genoea in 1807

RA
A member of the secret society of Carbonari.
Founded Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in
KI
Berne.
Believed in the unification of Italy.
T

He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in

AN

Liguria.
Revolutionaries inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini set up Secret
H

societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.

AS

Metterich described him as " The most dangerous enemy of

our social orders"
PR

The age of revolution

In July 1830, liberal revolutionaries ousted the Bourbon
Kings, establishing a constitutional monarchy under Louis
Philippe.
This July Revolution incited a revolt in Brussels, ultimately
resulting in Belgium's separation from the United Kingdom
of the Netherlands.
In 1821, the Greek people fought for their independence.
exam me ayega (E.M.A)
The romantic imagination and the national feeling
Culture, encompassing art, poetry, stories, and music, played a vital role in
shaping and expressing nationalist feelings during the formation of the idea of
the nation.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Romanticism movement, as a cultural force, sought to foster a unique

form of nationalist sentiment, emphasizing emotional and artistic expressions.
Language, a key cultural element, played a significant role in the development
of nationalist sentiments, exemplified by the imposition of the Russian
language and the subsequent armed rebellion in 1831 against Russian rule.
Hunger hardship and popular revolts
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
In most countries, there were more seekers for jobs than employment.
Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded
slums.
The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism
in towns and countries.
Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris
on the roads.

D
The national assembly proclaimed a republic that granted suffrage to all

RA
adult males above 21 and guaranteed the right to work.
In 1848 the population of Paris came out on the roads and Louis Philippe had
KI
forced a republic.
In 1845, Weaver's in Silesia led a revolt against contractors.
T
AN

The revolution of the liberals (1848)

Along with the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and
H

workers in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the
AS

educated middle classes was also underway.

In the parts of Europe where Independent nation-states did not yet exist -
PR

such as Germany, Italy Poland etc, men and women of liberal middle classes
combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
They took advantage of the growing popular unrest all over Europe , to push
their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary
principles.

Frankfurt parliament
In 1848, amidst widespread revolutionary activities across Europe, a
group of 831 elected representatives convened in the Frankfurt city of
Germany.
This assembly came to be known as the Frankfurt Parliament and was
primarily composed of middle-class professionals, including lawyers,
businessmen, and political leaders. They aimed to draft a constitution
for a unified Germany - Prashant Bhaiya
 PRASHANT KIRAD

points yaad rkhna

- Prashant Bhaiya

The making of Germany and Italy

Germany - can the army be architect of a nation?

D
Minister Otto von Bismarck assumed leadership in the movement for national

RA
unification, leveraging the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
A series of three wars spanning seven years concluded in a decisive Prussian
KI
victory, marking the successful culmination of the unification process.
T

Kaiser William II of Prussia became the head of the newly established

AN

German Empire.
H
AS
PR

Italy unified exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Italy was divided into seven states, of which only Sardinia was ruled by an
Italian princely state.
A unification program (Young Italy) was initiated by Giuseppe Mazzini but
it failed.
Chief Minister Cavour led the movement with the help of Guiseppe
Garibaldi.
In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was the proclaimed king of unified Italy.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The strange case of Britain

Great Britain is considered a model for the nation-state, where its
formation occurred gradually rather than through sudden revolutions.
The English parliament was instrumental in creating the nation-state, with
England at its core, and it diminished the ethnic identities of the Welsh,
Scots, and Irish.
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland formed the
'United Kingdom of Great Britain,' solidifying English influence and
suppressing Scottish culture.
In Ireland, the divide between Catholics and Protestants was prominent,
with English support for Protestant dominance.
In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom,
promoting a 'British nation' dominated by English culture.

Visualising the Nation

D
exam me ayega (E.M.A)

RA
In the 18th and 19th centuries, artists often personified
nations using female figures to represent them. During
KI
the French Revolution, these symbolic female
representations embodied abstract ideas like Liberty,
T

shown with symbols such as a red cap or broken chain,

AN

and Justice, typically depicted as a blindfolded woman

holding weighing scales.
H

Nationalism and imperialism

AS

The Ottoman Empire made the Balkans an explosive region,

PR

strengthening itself through modernization and internal

reforms throughout the 19th century. The Balkans, which
include present-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia,
and Montenegro, became highly volatile.
Though Balkan nationalism waned in the last quarter of the
19th century, tensions persisted due to Ottoman influence.
European powers competed fiercely over trade, colonies,
and military supremacy, adding to regional instability. These
tensions culminated in World War I in 1914 as nationalism
and imperialism clashed, causing upheaval across Europe.
Despite anti-imperial movements, establishing nation-states
faced challenges, though the concept gradually gained
acceptance as both natural and universal.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

# TOP 7
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Q1. " Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation
in Europe. " support the statement with an example.
Ans:
Culture played an important role development of nationalism along with
wars:
Romanticism was a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiments.
The effort of romantic artists and poets was to create a sense of shared

D
collective heritage, a common cultural past.

RA
It was Through folk songs and dances.
Q2. Write any three features of the civil code of 1804 usually known as the
KI
Napoleonic code.
T

Ans:
AN

Established equality before the law.

Secured the right to property
H

Abolished feudal system

transport and communication systems were introduced
AS

Standardized weight and measures and common currency

Guild restrictions were removed.
PR

Q3. Briefly describe the concept of liberalism which developed in the Europe
in early 18th century.
Ans: In early 18th-century Europe, liberalism emerged as a political and
intellectual movement that emphasized individual freedom, equality before the
law, and the protection of private property. The core ideas of liberalism include:

Political Liberty: Advocated for constitutional and representative

government, limiting the power of monarchs and supporting the separation
of powers within the state.
Economic Freedom: Favored free markets, minimal government interference
in the economy, and the protection of private property.
Civil Rights: Promoted individual rights such as freedom of speech, press,
and religion.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Equality before the Law: Stressed that all citizens, regardless of status,
should be treated equally by the legal system.
Liberalism was particularly influential during and after the French Revolution,
inspiring movements across Europe for more democratic and equitable
societies.
Q4 What were the changes that took place after the French Revolution In
France?
OR
What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of
collective identity among the French people?
Ans: The ideas of la patrie and Le citoyen emphasised the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
Power transfers to citizens from the monarch.
The three-coloured flag was chosen for France.

D
French was declared as a national language.

RA
A new national anthem was composed and oaths were taken.
The estate general was elected and renamed the National Assembly.
KI
T
AN

Q5.Explain the events leading to the unification of Germany.

Ans:
• Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in
H

1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a
AS

nation-state governed by an elected parliament.

PR

• This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the

combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large
landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.

Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process
carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

• Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in
Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German

Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles• From then on, Prussia took on the
leadership of the movement for national unification.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Q6 Explain what led to the rebellion of the Silesian weavers. Remark on

the journalist's point of view?
Ans:
The Silesian weavers' uprising of 1844 was driven by extremely low wages
and poor working conditions, exacerbated by unfair payments from
contractors.
Weavers faced severe poverty and desperation, which led to the revolt as
they struggled to meet their basic needs.
A journalist covering the event sympathized with the weavers, depicting
their difficult living conditions and the desperation that led to the
uprising.
The report aimed to highlight the unfair treatment of the weavers and
draw attention to the need for reforms and improved working conditions
for labourers.

D
During the uprising, the weavers destroyed machinery and ransacked the
homes of contractors. The authorities responded by deploying the
military to suppress the revolt.
RA
KI
Q7 How would women's equality and liberty be defined?
T

Ans:
AN

Liberty and equality for women in the 19th century were defined by the
pursuit of several key rights. Women sought access to education to
H

empower themselves and gain independence.

The right to vote was important for political participation and having a
AS

voice in governance.
Equal employment opportunities and equal pay for equal work were essential
PR

for economic independence. Property rights allowed women to own, inherit,

and manage assets independently.
Additionally, equal legal rights in matters of marriage, divorce, and custody
were vital for ensuring justice and fairness.
These principles aimed to provide women with the same freedoms and
opportunities as men, promoting their full participation in society.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya