GENIUS INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPUTER, UTHAL 2024

FIRST HALF

What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It

has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know
that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games,
and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or
create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

Hardware vs. software

Before we talk about different types of computers, let's talk about two things all computers have common: hardware and software.

 Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes
all of the computer's internal parts, which you can see in the image below.

 Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to
do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.

Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software. For
example, right now you may be viewing this lesson in a web browser (software) and
using your mouse (hardware) to click from page to page.

What are the different types of computers?

When most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop. However,
computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you withdraw
cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.

Desktop Computers
Many people use desktop computers at work, home, and school. Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and
they're typically made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

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Laptop computers
The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-
powered computers that are more portable than desktops, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Tablet computers
Tablet computers—or tablets—are handheld computers that are even more portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and
mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. The iPad is an example of a tablet.

Servers
A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network. For example, whenever you use the
Internet, you're looking at something that's stored on a server. In theory, whenever computers share resources with client
machines they are considered servers.

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Input/Output Devices
A computer is an electronic device that operates data or information and can store, retrieve, and process
data. Computers can be used to create documents, play games, send emails, and browse the web. They
are also used to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and videos. To perform such useful
operations on a computer, we need input and output devices to give instructions to the system and receive
information.

Input Devices
An input device is a hardware device that takes instructions from the user and passes it to a processing
unit, such as a CPU. Input devices can transmit data to other devices by taking it from one device but
cannot receive data—for example, the keyboard or the mouse.

List of Input Devices

Some commonly used input devices are listed below:

1. Keyboard: It is a hardware device with keys with alphabets and numbers on it and is used to take alphanumeric
input. It is the most commonly used input device.

2. Mouse: It is a hardware device that takes input by clicking on keys on the surface of the mouse. The mouse is a
pointing device that points to icons on the screen to select them.

3. Joystick: It is usually used to play games. It has a stick that is inclined to angle to control movement in video games.

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4. Light Pen/stylus: It is a device used to give input by touching the device.

5. Scanner: It is used to scan images, text, or documents to convert them into digital form.

Output Devices
Output devices are hardware devices that receive data from the processing unit and other devices and
return the result of the data—for example, monitors and speakers.

List of Output Devices

Some commonly used output devices are listed below:

1. Monitor: It is a device through which we see and operate our software. All icons, text, and images are
displayed here. We see all the outputs on this screen.

2. Printer: It produces hard copies or prints of images, text, or documents on the computer.

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3. Speakers: They yield output in the form of audio and allow users to listen to music, game sounds, etc.
Speakers can be wired and wireless.

4. Projector: It produces output by projecting images and videos on a big screen. When connected to a
computer, the image on the monitor will only be displayed on the screen.

5. Headphones: These devices also produce audio outputs but are only for personal use.

Input/Output Devices
An input/output device can perform the job of both input and output devices. In other words, it can receive
data from other devices or users (input) and send it to other devices (output).

Examples of input/output devices include:

 CD/DVD drives: They copy data received from the computer and store it. They can also transfer data on
the drive and pass it to the computer’s storage.

 USB/Flash drives: They receive and send data from the computer to the drive and vice-versa.

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What is computer memory?

A physical device that stores data or information temporarily or permanently in it is called memory. It’s a
device where data is stored and processed. In common, a computer has primary and secondary
memories. Auxiliary (secondary) memory stores data and programs for long-term storage or until the time
a user wants to keep them in memory, while main memory stores instructions and data during programme
execution; hence, any programme or file that is currently running or executing on a computer is stored in
primary memory.

 Primary Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory) − Volatile memory loses its contents
when the machine is turned off. RAM stores the data that is actively being used. During the
booting process of a system, the operating system actively uses RAM and applications that
are necessary to execute a file or a program. It speeds up CPU processing by providing fast
data and instruction access.

 Secondary Memory (Storage) − Secondary Memory is also known as permanent memory or

non-volatile memory of a computer. Secondary memory retains data when the machine
shuts down. Files, programmes, and the OS are stored there permanently. HDDs, SSDs,
USB flash drives are non-volatile memory devices.

What is an Operating System?

Operating System a type of system software. It basically manages all the resources
of the computer. An operating system acts as an interface between the software and
different parts of the computer or the computer hardware. The operating system is
designed in such a way that it can manage the overall resources and operations of the
computer.
Operating System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the
operations of the computer. It controls and monitors the execution of all other programs
that reside in the computer, which also includes application programs and other system
software of the computer. Examples of Operating Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS,
etc.
An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for computer programs.

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Functionalities of Computer
Any digital computer performs the following five operations:

 Step 1 − Accepts data as input.

 Step 2 − Saves the data/instructions in its memory and utilizes them as and when required.
 Step 3 − Execute the data and convert it into useful information.
 Step 4 − Provides the output.
 Step 5 − Have control over all the above four steps

Types of Computer Software

Here are the different types of Computer Software based on their functionalities, purposes, and
usage:

1. System Software
System software manages hardware and basic system operations and serves as a foundation for
application software. It serves as a bridge between hardware and use r and ensures that the system
operates efficiently and effectively. This includes Operating Systems, Device Drivers, and Utility
Software.

2. Application Software
Application Software refers to the programs designed to perform specific tasks for end-users such as
web browsing, gaming, word processing, etc. This includes Productivity Software (Microsoft Office,
Google Workspace), Database Software (MySQL, Oracle Database), Communication Software (Slack,
Skype), and Graphics Software (Adobe Photoshop, CoralDraw).

3. Development Software
Development Software includes tools and environments that are used by developers and
programmers to create, debug, and maintain software applications. This includes
IntegerateDevelopmentntEnvironments (Eclipse, Microsoft Visual Studio), Code Editors (Atom, Visual
Studio Code), and Version Control Software (Git, GitHub).

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How Does Computer Software Work?

Here are the explanations of how the computer software works:

1. Coding: Software developers write the instructions using programming languages like Java,
Python, etc. These instructions are in the form of algorithms and logic to achieve specific tasks.

2. Compilation/ Interpretation: Depending upon the programming language the code is either
compiled or interpreted. Programming languages like C, C++, and C# in which code is compiled
and programming languages like PHP, Python, and Ruby in which code is interpreted.

3. Execution: Once the software is compiled/ interpreted, it can be executed by the CPU. The CPU
reads and executes the machine instructions generated from the code.

4. Interaction: The software interacts with OS and hardware to perform tasks as instructed.

5. Output: The software produces output based on its instructions which may include generating
reports, controlling hardware devices, etc.

Data Transfer Speeds:

File transfer speed or data transfer speed refers to the
speed at which data is transmitted from one source to
another. Typically measured in bits or bytes per second.
Some of the file transfer speeds are:
 Bits per Second (bps): It is the smallest unit of data
transfer speed or file transfer speed.
 Bytes per Second (Bps): 1Bps = 8bps. 1 byte=8 bits.
 Kilobyte per second (KBps): 1kBps= 1024 Bps. 1kB = 1024
Bytes.
 Megabyte per second (KBps): 1MBps= 1024 KBps. 1MB =
1024 Kilobytes.
 Gigabyte per Second (GBps): 1GBps= 1024 MBps. 1 GB=
1024 Megabytes.
 Terabyte per Second (TBps): 1TBps= 1024 GBps. 1 TB=
1024 Gigabytes.
 Petabyte per Second (PBps): 1GBps= 1024 Kbps. 1 GB= 1000 Terabytes.

The fastest data transfer speed achieved is 1.84 petabits per second (Pbps) on October
2022. Which is 14720000000 Megabits per second (mbps).

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SECOND HALF
Office Automation

Introduction of Word:
Microsoft Word is a word processor that allows you to create various types of
documents such as letters, papers, flyers, and faxes.

The Ribbon
The Ribbon contains all of the commands you'll need in order to perform common
tasks. It contains multiple tabs, each with several groups of commands, and you can
add your own tabs that contain your favorite commands. Some groups have an arrow
in the bottom-right corner that you can click to see even more commands.

To minimize and maximize the Ribbon:

The Ribbon is designed to be easy to use and responsive to your current task; however, you
can choose to minimize it if it's taking up too much screen space.

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1. Click the arrow in the upper-right corner of the Ribbon to minimize it.

2. To maximize the Ribbon, click the arrow again.

When the Ribbon is minimized, you can make it reappear by clicking on a tab. However, the
Ribbon will disappear again when you're not using it.

The Quick Access toolbar

The Quick Access toolbar, located above the Ribbon, lets you access common commands no
matter which tab you're on. By default, it shows the Save, Undo, and Repeat commands. You
can add other commands to make it more convenient for you.

To add commands to the Quick Access toolbar:

1. Click the drop-down arrow to the right of the Quick Access toolbar.
2. Select the command you want to add from the drop-down menu. It will appear in the Quick
Access toolbar.

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The Ruler
The Ruler is located at the top and to the left of your document. It makes it easier to adjust your
document with precision. If you want, you can hide the Ruler to free up more screen space.

To hide or view the Ruler:

1. Click the View Ruler icon over the scrollbar to hide the ruler.
2. To show the ruler, click the View Ruler icon again.

Creating and opening documents

Word files are called documents. When you start a new project in Word, you'll need to create a
new document, which can either be blank or from a template.

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To create a new blank document:

1. Click the File tab. This takes you to backstage view.
2. Select New.
3. Select Blank document under Available Templates. It will be highlighted by default.

4. Click Create. A new blank document appears in the Word window.

To open an existing document:

1. Click the File tab. This takes you to backstage view.
2. Select Open. The Open dialog box appears.
3. Select your document, then click Open.

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Compatibility mode
Sometimes you may need to work with documents that were created in earlier versions of
Microsoft Word, such as Word 2007 or Word 2003. When you open these types of
documents, they will appear in Compatibility mode.

Compatibility mode disables certain features, so you'll only be able to access commands
found in the program that was used to create the document. For example, if you open a
document created in Word 2007, you can only use tabs and commands found in Word 2007.

In the image below, you can see how Compatibility mode can affect which commands are
available. Because the document on the left is in Compatibility mode, it only shows
commands that were available in Word 2007.

To exit Compatibility mode, you'll need to convert the document to the current version type.
However, if you're collaborating with others who only have access to an earlier version of
Word, it's best to leave the document in Compatibility mode so the format will not change.

To convert a document:
If you want access to all Word 2010 features, you can convert the document to the 2010 file
format.

Note that converting a file may cause some changes to the original layout of the document.

1. Click the File tab to access backstage view.

2. Locate and select the Convert command.

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3. A dialog box will appear. Click OK to confirm the file upgrade.

4. The document will be converted to the newest file type.

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What is Microsoft Excel?

As we know, MS Excel is a powerful spreadsheet program that is part of the Microsoft Office product
group for business applications. This Microsoft Office program allows users to store, organize,
analyze, and visualize data in a tabular format.
Its reflexive interface, extensive functionality, and, several formulas make MS Excel simple for users
to handle a huge amount of data. Hence, MS Excel is widely used in various industries, including
finance, marketing, education, and more.

Advantages of Microsoft Excel

MS Excel is widely used for various purposes because the data is easy to save, and information can
be added and removed without any discomfort or hard work.
 Easy To Store or Organize Data: Using Microsoft Excel one can easily store or organize large
amounts of data.
 Easy To Recover Data: Because Excel is Microsoft product, hence the recovery of data is very easy.
 Easy to Manipulate or Visualization: Excel allows users to easily create data visualizations with
charts.
 Direct Application of Mathematical Formulas: Using Excel one can perform mathematical
calculations on data sets, such as finding averages, standard deviations, and correlations.
 Free Template: Excel has many free templates to use.
 More Secure: Rather than other Spreadsheet programs Excel is more secure and less venerable.
 Clearer Visibility of Complex Information: Excel store all its data in tabular for hence, handling of
complex data is easy.

Why to Learn Excel

Here in this section, you will get to know why this MS Excel tutorial is needed and what are the
benefits.
 Enhanced Data Analysis: Excel empowers users to analyze large datasets, identify trends, and draw
meaningful insights with its powerful functions and tools.
 Increased Efficiency: Excel’s automation features streamline repetitive tasks, saving time and
reducing errors.
 Improved Decision Making: Excel’s clear and visually appealing data organization enables users to
make informed decisions in various contexts.
 Advanced Financial Analysis: Excel’s financial functions and modelling capabilities are essential for
complex calculations and evaluating investment opportunities.
 Versatility and Integration: Excel seamlessly integrates with other Microsoft Office applications
and external data sources, facilitating data sharing and analysis.
 Career Advancement: Proficiency in Excel opens doors to job opportunities requiring data analysis,
reporting, and financial management skills, enhancing professional value.

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Excel Can Be Used For

 Analysis
 Data Entry
 Data Validation
 Accounting
 Budgeting
 Data analysis
 Visuals and Graphs
 Programming
 Financial Modeling

The cell
Each rectangle in a worksheet is called a cell. A cell is the intersection of a row and a column.

Each cell has a name, or a cell address based on which column and row it intersects. The cell
address of a selected cell appears in the name box. Here, you can see that C5 is selected.

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You can also select multiple cells at the same time. A group of cells is known as a cell range.
Rather than a single cell address, you will refer to a cell range using the cell addresses of
the first and last cells in the cell range, separated by a colon. For example, a cell range that
included cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 would be written as A1:A5.

Cell content
Each cell can contain its own text, formatting, comments, formulas, and functions.

 Text
Cells can contain letters, numbers, and dates.
 Formatting attributes
Cells can contain formatting attributes that change the way letters, numbers, and dates are
displayed. For example, dates can be formatted as MM/DD/YYYY or M/D/YYYY.
 Comments
Cells can contain comments from multiple reviewers.
 Formulas and functions
Cells can contain formulas and functions that calculate cell values. For example, SUM (cell 1,
cell 2...) is a formula that can add the values in multiple cells.

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To drag and drop cells:

1. Select the cells you want to move.
2. Position your mouse on one of the outside edges of the selected cells. The mouse changes
from a white cross to a black cross with 4 arrows.

3. Click and drag the cells to the new location.

4. Release your mouse, and the cells will be dropped there.

To use the fill handle to fill cells:

1. Select the cell or cells containing the content you want to use. You can fill cell content either
vertically or horizontally.
2. Position your mouse over the fill handle so the white cross becomes a black cross.

3. Click and drag the fill handle until all of the cells you want to fill are highlighted.
4. Release the mouse, and your cells will be filled.
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You can also double-click the fill handle instead of clicking and dragging. This can be useful with
larger spreadsheets, where clicking and dragging may be awkward.

Creating simple formulas

Excel uses standard operators for equations, such as a plus sign for addition (+), minus
sign for subtraction (-), asterisk for multiplication (*), forward slash for division (/),
and caret (^) for exponents.

The key thing to remember when writing formulas for Excel is that all formulas must begin
with an equals sign (=). This is because the cell contains—or is equal to—the formula and its
value.

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To create a simple formula in Excel:

1. Select the cell where the answer will appear (B4, for example).

2. Type the equals sign (=).

3. Type in the formula you want Excel to calculate (75/250, for example).

4. Press Enter. The formula will be calculated, and the value will be displayed in the cell.

If the result of a formula is too large to be displayed in a cell, it may appear as pound
signs (#######) instead of a value. This means the column is not wide enough to display the
cell content. Simply increase the column width to show the cell content.

Creating formulas with cell references

When a formula contains a cell address, it is called a cell reference. Creating a formula with cell
references is useful because you can update data in your worksheet without having to rewrite
the values in the formula.

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To create a formula using cell references:

1. Select the cell where the answer will appear (B3, for example).

2. Type the equals sign (=).

3. Type the cell address that contains the first number in the equation (B1, for example).

4. Type the operator you need for your formula. For example, type the addition sign (+).
5. Type the cell address that contains the second number in the equation (B2, for example).

6. Press Enter. The formula will be calculated, and the value will be displayed in the cell.

If you change a value in either B1 or B2, the total will automatically recalculate.

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Excel will not always tell you if your formula contains an error, so it's up to you to check all of
your formulas.

The parts of a function

The order in which you insert a function is important. Each function has a specific order—
called syntax—which must be followed in order for the function to work correctly. The basic
syntax to create a formula with a function is to insert an equals sign (=), function name (SUM,
for example, is the function name for addition), and argument. Arguments contain the
information you want the formula to calculate, such as a range of cell references.

Basic sorting
Sorting is a common task that allows you to change or customize the order of your spreadsheet
data. For example, you could organize an office birthday list by employee, birthdate, or
department, making it easier to find what you're looking for. Custom sorting takes it a step
further, giving you the ability to sort multiple levels—such as department first, then birthdate—
to group birthdates by department.
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To sort in alphabetical order:

1. Select a cell in the column you want to sort by. In this example, we'll sort by Last Name.

2. Select the Data tab, then locate the Sort and Filter group.
3. Click the ascending command to Sort A to Z or the descending command to Sort Z to A.

4. The data in the spreadsheet will be organized alphabetically.

Sorting options can also be found on the Home tab, condensed into the Sort & Filter command.

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To sort in numerical order:

1. Select a cell in the column you want to sort by.

2. From the Data tab, click the ascending command to Sort Smallest to Largest or the
descending command to Sort Largest to Smallest.
3. The data in the spreadsheet will be organized numerically.

To create a conditional formatting rule:

1. Select the cells you want to add formatting to.
2. In the Home tab, click the Conditional Formatting command. A drop-down menu will
appear.
3. Select Highlight Cells Rules or Top/Bottom Rules. We'll choose Highlight Cells Rules for this
example. A menu will appear with several rules.
4. Select the desired rule (Greater Than, for example).

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5. From the dialog box, enter a value in the space provided, if applicable. In this example, we
want to format cells that are greater than $5000, so we'll enter 5000 as our value. If you want,
you can enter a cell reference instead of a number.
6. Select a formatting style from the drop-down menu.

7. The formatting will be applied to the selected cells.

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Conditional formatting presets

Excel has several presets you can use to quickly apply conditional formatting to your cells. They
are grouped into three categories:

 Data bars are horizontal bars added to each cell, much like a bar graph.

 Color scales change the color of each cell based on its value. Each color scale uses a two- or
three-color gradient. For example, in the Green-Yellow-Red color scale, the highest values are
green, the average values are yellow, and the lowest values are red.

 Icon sets add a specific icon to each cell based on its value.

Using a PivotTable
When you have a lot of data, it can sometimes be difficult to analyze it all. A
PivotTable summarizes the data, making it easier to manage. Best of all, you can quickly and
easily change the PivotTable to see the data in a different way, making it an extremely powerful
tool.

Using a PivotTable to answer questions

The example below contains sales statistics for a fictional company. There is a row for each
order, and it includes the order amount, name of the salesperson who made the
sale, month, sales region, and customer account number.
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Let's say we wanted to answer the question What is the amount sold by each salesperson? This
could be time consuming because each salesperson appears on multiple rows, and we would
need to add all of the order amounts for each salesperson. Of course, we could use
the Subtotal feature to add them, but we would still have a lot of data to sift through.

Luckily, a PivotTable can instantly do all of the math for us and summarize the data in a way
that's not only easy to read but also easy to manipulate. When we're done, the PivotTable will
look something like this:

As you can see, the PivotTable is much easier to read. It only takes a few steps to create one, and
once you create it you'll be able to take advantage of its powerful features.

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To create a PivotTable:
1. Select the table or cells—including column headers—containing the data you want to use.
2. From the Insert tab, click the PivotTable command.

3. The Create PivotTable dialog box will appear. Make sure the settings are correct, then click OK.

4. A blank PivotTable will appear on the left, and the Field List will appear on the right.

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To add fields to the PivotTable:

You'll need to decide which fields to add to the PivotTable. Each field is a column header from
the source data. It may be helpful to recall the question you are trying to answer. In this
example, we want to know the total amount sold by each salesperson, so we'll need the Order
Amount and Salesperson fields.

1. In the Field List, place a check mark next to each field you want to add.
2. The selected fields will be added to one of the four areas below the Field List. In this example,
the Salesperson field is added to the Row Labels area, and the Order Amount is added to
the Values area. If a field is not in the desired area, you can drag it to a different one.
3. The PivotTable now shows the amount sold by each salesperson.

Pivoting data
One of the best things about a PivotTable is that it lets you pivot the data in order to look at it in a
different way. This allows you to answer multiple questions and even experiment with the data to
learn new things about it.

In our example, we used the PivotTable to answer the question What is the total amount sold by
each salesperson? Now we'd like to answer a new question, What is the total amount sold in each
month? We can do this by changing the row labels.

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To change row labels:

1. Drag any existing fields out of the Row Labels area, and they will disappear.

2. Drag a new field from the PivotTable Field List into the Row Labels area. In this example, we'll
use the Month field.

The PivotTable will adjust to show the new data. In this example, it now shows us the total Order
Amount for each month.

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An Introduction To MS PowerPoint
MS PowerPoint is a program that is included in the Microsoft Office suite. It is used to make
presentations for personal and professional purposes.

PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentation graphics software program that allows you to
create professional-looking electronic slide shows.

The image given below shows the main page of MS PowerPoint, where a person lands when the
program is opened on a computer system:

PowerPoint includes all of the features you need to produce professional-looking presentations.
When you create a PowerPoint presentation, it is made up of a series of slides. The slides contain
the information you want to communicate with your audience. This information can include text,
pictures, charts, video, and sound.
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About slides
Slides contain placeholders, which are areas on the slide that are enclosed by dotted borders.
Placeholders can contain many different items, including text, pictures, and charts. Some
placeholders have placeholder text, or text you can replace. They also have thumbnail-sized
icons that represent specific commands such as Insert Picture, Insert Chart, and Insert ClipArt.
In PowerPoint, hover over each icon to see the type of content you can insert in a placeholder.

About slide layouts

Placeholders are arranged in different layouts that can be applied to existing slides or chosen
when you insert a new slide. A slide layout arranges your content using different types of
placeholders, depending on what information you might want to include in your presentation.

In the example above, the layout is called Title and Content and includes title and content
placeholders. While each layout has a descriptive name.

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Transitions
Transitions are motion effects that when in Slide Show view add movement to your slides as you
advance from one slide to another. There are many transitions to choose from, each one of
which allows you to control the speed and even add sound.

About transitions
There are three categories of unique transitions to choose from, all of which can be found on
the Transitions tab:

 Subtle (slight transitions)

 Exciting (strong transitions)

 Dynamic Content (strong transitions that affect only the content, such as text or images)

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Modifying transitions
To modify the duration:
1. Select the slide that includes the transition you want to modify.
2. In the Duration field in the Timing group, enter the amount of time you want the transition
to take. In this example, we will specify the length as 2 seconds, or 02.00.

To add sound:
1. Select the slide that includes the transition you want to modify.
2. Click the Sound drop-down menu in the Timing group.
3. You will hear the sound and see a live preview of the transition as you hover over each sound.

4. Click a sound to apply it to the selected slide.

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Presenting a slide show

To present your slide show, you'll need to know how to start it. PowerPoint allows you to start
your slide show from the first slide or from any slide within the slide show.

To start a slide show:

1. Select the Slide Show tab.
2. Click the From Beginning command in the Start Slide Show group to start the slide show with
the first slide.

To stop or end a slide show:

To end a slide show, hover and select the menu box options command and click End Show.
You can also press the Esc key at the top left of your keyboard to end the show.

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Getting started with windows 10

Navigating the desktop
Once you've signed in, the first thing you'll see is the desktop. You can think of the desktop as
the main workspace for your computer. From here, you can view and manage your files,
open applications, access the Internet, and much more.

Opening applications
You'll use the Start menu to open programs on your computer, just like with previous
versions of Windows. To do this, click the Start button in the bottom-left corner, then
choose the desired application. If you don't see the one you want, you can scroll to see a full
list of applications.

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Working with files

You'll use the File Explorer to manage your files and folders. To open File Explorer, click the File
Explorer icon on the taskbar or double-click any folder on your desktop.

Searching for files and apps

To search for something on your computer—like a specific file or application—click the Search
Box, then start typing. In the example below, we're searching for a Microsoft Word document.

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Shutting down your computer

When you're done using your computer, it's important to shut it down properly. To do this,
click the Start button, then choose Power > Shut Down.

Personalizing your desktop

Windows 10 makes it easy to customize the look and feel of your desktop. To access
the Personalization settings, right-click anywhere on the desktop, then
select Personalize from the drop-down menu. The Personalization settings will appear.

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What is a file?
There are many different types of files you can use. For example, Microsoft Word documents,
digital photos, digital music, and digital videos are all types of files. When you use different
applications, you'll often be viewing, creating, or editing files.

Files are usually represented by an icon. In the image below, you can see a few different types
of files below the Recycle Bin on the desktop.

What is a folder?
Windows uses folders to help you organize files. You can put files inside a folder, just like you
would put documents inside a real folder. In the image below, you can see some folders on the
desktop.

File Explorer
You can view and organize files and folders using a built-in application known as File
Explorer (called Windows Explorer in Windows 7 and earlier versions).

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To open File Explorer, click the File Explorer icon on the taskbar, or double-click any folder on
your desktop. A new File Explorer window will appear. Now you're ready to start working
with your files and folders.

Selecting more than one file

There are a few ways to select more than one file at a time:

 If you're viewing your files as icons, you can click and drag the mouse to draw a box around
the files you want to select. When you're done, release the mouse; the files will be selected.
You can now move, copy, or delete all of these files at the same time.



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 To select specific files from a folder, press and hold the Control key on your keyboard,
then click the files you want to select.

 To select a group of files from a folder, click the first file, press and hold the Shift key on
your keyboard, then click the last file. All of the files between the first and last ones will be
selected.

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Selecting all files

If you want to select all files in a folder at the same time, open the folder in File Explorer and
press Ctrl+A (press and hold the Control key on your keyboard, then press A). All of the files in
the folder will be selected.

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What is Photoshop?
Even if you've never worked with images on your computer, you may have heard of Adobe
Photoshop. Available for both Windows and Mac, Adobe Photoshop is an extremely powerful
application that's used by many professional photographers and designers. You can use
Photoshop for almost any type of image editing, from touching up photos to creating high-
quality graphics.

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Touch-typing
The most common style of typing is touch-typing. It is the professional method and the technique
that allows for faster typing. It involves training your brain to memorize the keys on the keyboard
and be able to type without even looking at the screen or your hands.

Proper finger placement lets your fingers easily reach the other keys on the keyboard, which
enhances both speed and accuracy. When you type, you should always keep your fingers
positioned on the home row keys. The home row keys are A, S, D, F, J, K, L, and ; .

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Computer Shortcut Keys significantly enhance productivity and efficiency. These handy
combinations of keys provide quick access to various functions and commands, allowing us to
navigate in Computers. One must know Computer Shortcut keys to work more easily and quickly
with computers.

Basic Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys

Shortcuts Uses of Shortcut keys

Alt+Tab this is used to switch between the open windows.

Alt + F Shows file menu options in the current program.

Alt + F4 This closes the current window.

Alt + Enter It shows the property of the selected item.

Ctrl + Home It is used to go to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl + End Go to the end of a document

Ctrl+H Open the history tab/bar.

Ctrl+J Open the download tab/bar.

This locks the computer, requiring password entry to

Windows key + L
access again.

Ctrl + Shift + Esc Open Windows Task Manager.

Ctrl + Shift + N New Folder

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Computer Shortcut Keys for Windows

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Computer Shortcut keys for MS Office Computer Shortcuts for Excel

Uses of Shortcut
Shortcuts Keys

It is used to copy
Ctrl + C
selected cells.

It is used to paste select

Ctrl + V
cells.

Ctrl + Shift +
It selects multiple cells.
Arrow Keys

This edit the selected

F2
cell.

it is used to go to a
F5
specific cell.

It is used for Spell check

F7 on selected text and/or
documents.

F11 Created Chart.

It entered the current

Ctrl + Shift + ;
time.

This entered the current

Ctrl + ;
date.

It inserts a new
Alt + Shift + F1
worksheet.

This opens the Excel

Shift + F3
formula window.

Shift + F5 Bring up the search box.

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Ctrl + D Fill

Ctrl + K It is used to insert Links.

Ctrl + F / Ctrl + H Used for open find and replace options.

Ctrl + G Used to open go-to options.

Ctrl + 5 Used to strikethrough highlighted selection.

Ctrl + F9 It minimizes the current window.

Ctrl + F10 It maximizes the currently selected window.

Ctrl + F6 It switches between open workbooks/windows.

It is used to insert the value of the above cell into the current
Ctrl +
cell.

Ctrl + Page up & Page

It moves between Excel sheets.
Down

Ctrl + Shift + $ This format number is in currency format.

Alt + = Used to create the formula to sum all of the above cells.

Ctrl + Tab It is used to move between two or more open Excel files.

Ctrl + Shift + ! Used to format numbers in comma format.

Ctrl + Shift + % This is used to format numbers in a percentage format.

Ctrl + Shift + # This shortcut is used to format numbers in date format.

Ctrl + W Close document.

Ctrl + Space This is used to select the entire column.

Ctrl + Shift + @ This format number is in time format.

Shift + Space It selects the entire row.

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Computer Shortcuts for PowerPoint

Shortcuts Uses of Shortcut Keys

Ctrl + C Copy slide.

Ctrl + V Paste slide.

F5 Start a slideshow.

It opens a new, blank slide in a different PowerPoint program

Ctrl + N
window.

Esc Used to exit the slide show and go back to the earlier live view.

Ctrl + M It Includes a new, blank slide after the chosen slide.

Ctrl + D Used to duplicate the current slide

Ctrl + K It is used to enter a hyperlink.

Ctrl + Shift +
It increases the chosen text size by one font size.
>

Ctrl + Shift +
Used to decrease the chosen text size by one font size.
<

CTRL + G It is used to group things together

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Computer Functions Key (F1 – F12) Uses

Functions Keys are used to perform some specific tasks in Computer, Below is the list of them with
their functions.
Shortcuts Uses of Shortcut Keys

F1 It displays help.

F2 It renames the selected item.

F3 This is used to search for a file or folder.

F4 It shows the address bar.

F5 This is used to Refresh the windows.

F6 It moves the cursor in the address bar of different browsers

F10 It activates the menu bar in the active application.

F11 Used to enable and disable the full screen.

F12 This shortcut is used to save a file as save as.

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