Multi-User Beamforming Design for Integrating

Sensing, Communications, and Power Transfer

Xiaoyang Li Xuan Yi
2023 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) | 978-1-6654-9122-8/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/WCNC55385.2023.10118850

Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data China Academy of Information and Communication Technology
Shenzhen, China Beijing, China
[email protected] [email protected]

Ziqin Zhou Kaifeng Han

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering China Academy of Information and Communication Technology
Southern University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Shenzhen, China [email protected]
[email protected]

Zidong Han Yi Gong

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Southern University of Science and Technology Southern University of Science and Technology
Shenzhen, China Shenzhen, China
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—To facilitate the data collection process, simultane- the spectrum efficiency and facilitate the data collection pro-
ous wireless information and power transfer utilizes the same cess, the integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) tech-
signal for powering the devices and delivering the information, nology utilizes the same frequency band to generate signals for
while the integrated sensing and communication utilizes the
same signal for data transmission and radar sensing. In next both data transmission and radar sensing [2]. In practice, the
generation networks, the sensing, communication, and power spectrum supporting ISAC ranges from the S-band (2-4 GHz)
transfer functionalities are expected to be integrated together to the THz band [3]. The particular waveform design for ISAC
to enhance the radio resource efficiency and enable the data has been proposed in [4] to support simultaneous information
collection by massive low-power devices, which leads to the new transmission and target detection. As a step forward, the
research direction namely integrating sensing, communication,
and power transfer (ISCPT). The ISCPT beamforming design ISAC design was brought into multiple-input multiple-output
for multiple users is investigated in this paper to improve the (MIMO) systems, where the beamformers were designed to
sensing performance while guaranteeing the communication and improve the ISAC efficiency by exploiting the spatial diversity
power transfer requirements. The resultant non-convex optimiza- [5].
tion problem is solved by the approach based on semidefinite Meanwhile, the wireless signals are not only the carriers
relaxation and rank reduction methods. Simulations are further
conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design. of information but also the carriers of energy [6]. According
Index Terms—Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC), to Koomey’s law, the reduction in power requirements of the
simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), electronics will result in the explosion of low-power devices
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), beamforming, multi- [7]. For these low-power devices, wireless power transfer
user systems (WPT) is expected to supply the energy via radio-frequency
signals [8]. As a promising replacement of the charge cables,
I. I NTRODUCTION WPT has been widely applied to power the devices in a series
The sixth generation (6G) networks are expected to provide of scenarios, including the mobile edge computing [9], fast
various sensing and communication services, while the con- data aggregation [10], mobile crowd sensing [11], and ISAC
ventional sensing and communication systems used to be sep- [12].
arately designed in different frequency bands [1]. To improve By integrating the information and energy deliveries, simul-
taneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) has
This work is supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation been proposed [13]. In SWIPT, energy and information are
of China under Grants 62071212 and 62101235, Guangdong Basic and Ap- simultaneously delivered from one or multiple transmitter(s) to
plied Basic Research Foundation under Grant 2019B1515130003, Shenzhen one or multiple receiver(s) [14]. The information receiver (IR)
Science and Technology Program under Grants JCYJ20200109141414409,
KCXFZ20211020174802004, and JCYJ20220530113017039, Young Elite and energy receiver (ER) can be co-located or separated [15].
Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST under Grant 2022QNRC001. For a co-located receiver, it harvests the energy and receives

978-1-6654-9122-8/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE

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the information simultaneously. For the separated receivers, A. Communication Model
IR and ER are different devices with the former receiving the
The signal transmitted by the AP during T > Nt symbol
information and the latter harvesting the energy. To improve
intervals is denoted by X ∈ CNt ×T , which can be expressed
the spatial efficiency, MIMO SWIPT has been investigated in
as
[16] with one IR and one ER, where the transmit waveform
was designed to balance the communication performance X = WD SC , (1)
at IR and the energy harvesting performance at ER. The
waveform design was further extended to account for the case where WD = [w1 , w2 , ..., wK ] ∈ CNt ×K is the beamforming
with multiple IRs and ERs in [17]. However, the previous matrix with the k-th column being the beamformer for the k-th
literatures about SWIPT mainly focus on utilizing wireless IR, SC ∈ CK×T contains K unit-power data streams intended
signals as carriers of communication and power, while the for K IRs. Following [19], the data streams are assumed to
sensing functionality of the signal is seldom exploited. be independent to each other, i.e.,
In future 6G networks, the sensing, communication, and E[SC SH
C ] = IK , (2)
power transfer functionalities are expected to be integrated
together to enhance the radio resource efficiency and enable where IK is an identity matrix with dimension K. The transmit
the data collection by massive low-power devices, which leads power can be expressed as
to the new research direction namely integrating sensing, !
communications, and power transfer (ISCPT). The initial X K
H H H
study on ISCPT has characterized the Pareto boundary of the E[tr(XX )] = tr(WD WD ) = tr wk wk , (3)
sensing, communication, and power transfer functionalities for k=1
single IR and single ER [18]. In this work, the particular The received signal matrix at the IR is denoted by YC ∈
beamforming design for multiple IRs and multiple ERs is CK×T , which can be expressed as
investigated to improve the sensing performance while guar-
anteeing the communication and power transfer requirements. YC = HX + NC , (4)
To deal with the resultant non-convex optimization problem,
the solving approach based on semidefinite relaxation (SDR) where NC is the AWGN matrix with the variance of each
2
and rank reduction (RR) methods has been proposed. entry being σC , H = [h1 , h2 , ..., hK ]H ∈ CK×Nt is the
communication channel matrix, which is assumed to be known
II. S YSTEM M ODEL at the AP. For each IR, the communication performance is
measured by its receive signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio
Consider an ISCPT system comprising one access point (SINR) denoted by γk , which can be expressed as
(AP) equipped with Nt transmit antennas and Nr receive
|hH
k wk |
2
antennas to detect a single target, deliver information to K γk = PK . (5)
single-antenna IRs, and power M single-antenna ERs, as i=1,i6=k |hH 2 2
k wi | + σC
depicted in Fig. 1. Without loss of generality, we assume
K < Nt . The specific models of radar sensing, communi- B. Radar Sensing Model
cation, and power transfer are elaborated below. At the AP, the reflected echo signal by the target is denoted
by YR ∈ CNr ×T , which can be expressed as
1"+$+'02" !"#$%&'()*#&$"'+,+#-+'.
YR = GX + NR , (6)
'+,+#-+'.
/+$.#$0" where NR is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
*)'0+*
2
matrix with the variance of each entry being σR , G ∈ CNr ×Nt
is the target response matrix (TRM) between the AP and the
target. For the far target that can be regarded as a point, the
TRM can be further specified as

76 G = αA(θ), (7)
56
where α represents the reflection coefficient, θ is the azimuth
angle of the target relative to the AP, A(θ) = b(θ)a(θ)H is
3,,+.."4&#$* formed by multiplexing the steering vectors of the transmit and
receive antennas denoted by a(θ) ∈ CNt ×1 and b(θ) ∈ CNr ×1
respectively. The transmit and receive antennas are assumed to
Fig. 1. ISCPT system. be uniform linear array (ULA) with half-wavelength antenna
spacing. By choosing the center of the ULA antennas as the

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reference point, the transmit and receive steering vectors can It can be observed that problem (P1) is non-convex due to
be written as the fractional structure. According to the Schur complement
h iT condition, problem (P1) is equivalent to
Nt −1 Nt −3 Nt −1
a(θ) = e−j 2 π sin(θ) , e−j 2 π sin(θ) , ..., ej 2 π sin(θ) ,
min −t (14a)
(8) t,{wk }
h Nr −1 Nr −3 Nr −1
iT s.t. Ω  0, (14b)
b(θ) = e−j 2 π sin(θ) , e−j 2 π sin(θ) , ..., ej 2 π sin(θ) .
|hH
k w k | 2
(9) (P2) PK ≥ ηk , ∀k, (14c)
|hH w |2 + σ 2
i=1,i6=k k i C
According to [20], the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for estimat- K
X
!
ing the azimuth angle θ can be expressed as βm cm wk wk cHH
m ≥ Qm , ∀m, (14d)
k=1
σ 2 tr(AH (θ)A(θ)RX ) K
!
CRB(θ) = R , (10) X
2|α|2 T B(θ) tr wk wkH ≤ P, (14e)
k=1
where B(θ) = (tr(ȦH (θ)Ȧ(θ)RX )tr(AH (θ)A(θ)RX ) − " PK PK #
|tr(ȦH (θ)A(θ)RX )|2 ), Ȧ(θ) = ∂A(θ)/∂θ, tr(ȦH Ȧ k=1 wk wkH ) − t tr(ȦH A k=1 wk wkH )
PKand RXH = Ω= PK PK ,
T
1
XX H
= 1
T WD SC S H
C W H
D ≈ WD WD
H
= k=1 wk wk .
tr(ȦH A k=1 wk wkH ) tr(AH A k=1 wk wkH )
A , A(θ) and Ȧ , Ȧ(θ). As problem (P2) is still non-
C. Power Transfer Model convex, the SDR technique can be applied to relax the problem
as a convex one. To this end, one can let Hk = hk hH k ,
The signal received at the m-th ER is denoted by ym ∈ Cm = cm cH , and Wk = w k w H
, where the desired solution
m k
C1×T , which can be expressed as requires rank(Wk ) = 1 and Wk  0. By dropping the rank
constraints on Wk , ∀k, the problem (P2) can be relaxed as
ym = cm X + nm , (11)
min − t (15a)
t,{Wk }
where cm ∈ C1×Nt is the channel between the AP and the m-
th ER, nm is the AWGN vector. Due to the negligible power s.t. Ω  0, (15b)
of noise compared with those of signals, the harvested power K
X
2
can be expressed as (P3) tr(Hk Wk ) − ηk tr(Hk Wi ) ≥ ηk σC , ∀k, (15c)
i=1
K
! i6=k
X
Em = βm E[|cm X|2 ] = βm cm wk wkH cH m, (12) K
X
k=1 βm tr (Cm Wk ) ≥ Qm , ∀m, (15d)
k=1
where βm ∈ [0, 1] is the energy harvesting coefficient. K
X
tr (Wk ) ≤ P, (15e)
k=1
III. B EAMFORMING D ESIGN FOR S ENSING CRB
M INIMIZATION Wk  0, ∀k, (15f)
" P #
K K
tr(ȦH ȦWk ) − t tr(ȦH AWk )
P
In this section, the beamforming design for minimizing k=1 k=1
where Ω = PK H
PK H
.
sensing CRB is investigated. Given the transmit power budget k=1 tr(Ȧ AWk ) k=1 tr(A AWk )
at AP denoted by P , the required SINR level for the IRs Though problem (P3) is a standard SDP and can be solved
denoted by {ηk } and the required harvested power for the ERs via convex programming tools like CVX Toolbox, the
denoted by {Qm }, the sensing CRB minimization problem can solution might not satisfy the rank constraint of the original
be formulated as problem. To extract the feasible solution, one can take the
eigen decomposition (ED) of Wk and let the eigenvector
min CRB(θ) (13a) corresponding to the largest eigenvalue as the solution wk . If
{wk }
the rank of Wk is 1, then the optimal solution of the original
|hH
k wk |
2
problem can be directly obtained via ED. To approach the
s.t. PK ≥ ηk , ∀k, (13b)
H 2 2
i=1,i6=k |hk wi | + σC optimal solution of the original problem, the RR method is
XK
! applied to derive low-rank Wk as analyzed below.
(P1) βm cm wk wkH cH m ≥ Qm , ∀m, (13c) First, let us define the dual variables for problem (P3), which
k=1 are {z1 , z2 , ..., zK+1 } and {v1 , v2 , ..., vM } that are associated
with K + M + 1 linear constraints, and {Z1 , Z2 , ..., ZK+1 } 
K
!
X
H
tr wk wk ≤ P. (13d) 0 that are associated with K + 1 semidefinite con-
k=1 straints. By assuming that the optimality is reached with

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{z1 , z2 , ..., zK+1 }, {v1 , v2 , ..., vM }, {Z1 , Z2 , ..., ZK+1 }, and due to the choice of δmax , i.e., the rank is reduced at least
{W1 , W2 , ..., WK }, the following complementary conditions by one.
hold true. • Primal Feasibility: It is easy to verify that {Wk0 }Kk=1 still
  satisfy the constraints, since the newly added terms in the
K
X
2
constraints are all zero, thanks to the fact that {∆i }M i=1
tr(Hk Wk ) − ηk tr(Hk Wi ) − ηk σC  zk = 0,

is the solution of the linear system. We then define
i=1
i6=k  
a−t c
zk ≤ 0, ∀k, (16a) Ω,  0, (21)
! c b
K
where a, b ≥ 0. When the optimality is reached, we have
X
βm tr(Cm Wk ) − Qm vm = 0, vm ≤ 0, ∀m, (16b)
k=1
a − t − |c|2 b−1 = 0, which implies that
K
!    2 −1 
X a−t c |c| b c
tr(Wk ) − P zK+1 = 0, zK+1 ≥ 0, (16c) = . (22)
c b c b
k=1
Wk Zk = 0, Zk  0, ∀k, (16d) By substituting {Wk0 }K k=1 into (23), a, b and c keep
ΩZK+1 = 0, ZK+1  0. (16e) unchanged. As a result, the objective value −t remains
the same.
Let us denote Rk = rank(Wk ), ∀k. By decomposing Wk = • Dual feasibility and complementarity: Denote
Vk VkH with Vk ∈ CNt ×Rk , one can get tr(ΩWk ) = the updated dual variables as {v10 , v20 , ..., vM 0
},
tr(VkH ΩVk ). Consider the following linear equations 0 0 0 0 0 0
{z1 , z2 , ..., zK+1 }, and {Z1 , Z2 , ..., ZK+1 }. Note that
K
by keeping zk0 = zk , k = 1, ..., K, the complementary
X
tr(VkH ȦH ȦVk ∆k ) = 0, (17a) conditions for SINR constraints are satisfied. By keeping
0
k=1
vm = vm , m = 1, ..., M , the complementary conditions
K for harvested energy constraints are satisfied. Moreover,
by letting Z0k = Zk , k = 1, ..., K, we have
X
tr(VkH AH AVk ∆k ) = 0, (17b)
k=1 1
K tr(Wk0 Z0k ) = tr(Wk Zk ) − tr(Vk ∆k VkH Zk )
X δmax
tr(VkH ȦH AVk ∆k ) = 0, (17c) 1
k=1 =− tr(Vk ∆k VkH Zk ), k = 1, ..., K. (23)
K
δmax
X
tr(VkH Vk ∆k ) = 0, (17d) Given the positive semi-definiteness of Wk and Zk , we
k=1 have
K
Wk Zk = 0 ⇔ tr(Wk Zk ) = tr(VkH Zk Vk ) = 0
X
tr(VkH Hk Vk ∆k ) − ηk tr(ViH Hk Vi ∆i ) = 0, ∀k, (17e)
i=1
i6=k
⇔ VkH Zk Vk = 0. (24)
K
X Hence,
βm tr(VkH Cm Vk ∆k ) = 0, ∀m, (17f)
k=1 tr(Wk0 Z0k ) = 0 ⇔ Wk0 Z0k = 0, k = 1, ..., K, (25)
PK
where ∆k is a Rk ×Rk Hermitian matrix. There are k=1 Rk2 which suggests that the complementary conditions still
real-valued unknown variables and K+M +4 linear equations. hold for Z0k = Zk and Wk0 , k = 1, 2, ...K. Finally, let us
Let us denote the eigenvalues of ∆k as δk1 , ..., δkRk , one can deal with Z0K+1 . Upon letting
define that
|c|−2 b − c−1
 
ZK+1 =  0, (26)
δmax = arg max{|δkl |, k = 1, ...K, l = 1, ..., Rk }. (18) −c−1 b−1
δkl
we have
We then update the solution by 
a−t c

ZK+1 = 0. (27)
1 c b
Wk0 = Vk (IRk − ∆k )VkH , ∀k. (19)
δmax Since substituting {Wk0 }Kk=1 into (23) does not change
The remaining task is to prove that {Wk0 }K
k=1 is still a solution
the values of a, b and c, one may simply let Z0K+1 =
to the original equations with a reduced rank. ZK+1 , in which case the complementary condition with
• Rank reduction: It is obvious that
respect to Z0K+1 and the semidefinite constraint (23) still
hold, where the optimal t keeps unchanged.
K K
X
rank(Wk0 ) ≤
X
rank(Wk ) − 1 (20) Based on the above, it is clear that {Wk0 }K
k=1 is an optimal

k=1 k=1
solution to problem (C1) with reduced rank. We then check

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 PK 2
if k=1 Rk ≥ K + M P + 4. If so, repeat the above rank-
0.1
K
reduction procedure until k=1 Rk2 ≤ K + M + 4. Moreover, CVX
0.09 EDRR
it is obvious that rank(Wk ) ≥ 1. Therefore there exists a EDCVX
solution satisfying 0.08

0.07
K
X
2

CRB (deg)
0.06
K≤ rank (Wk ) ≤ K + M + 4. (28)
k=1 0.05

0.04
As the rank of Wk might be larger than 1 after RR, the
ED method is applied to extract the feasible solution wk to 0.03

the original problem. 0.02

0.01
IV. S IMULATION
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
In this section, the performance of our proposed ISCPT Transmit power budget (W)
framework is evaluated by simulation, where the communica-
tion, sensing, and power transfer channel models are simulated Fig. 2. CRB versus the transmit power budget at AP.
based on (4), (6) and (11). The performance metric is the radar
sensing CRB defined in (10). The simulation parameters are
0.035
set as follows unless specified otherwise. The AP is equipped CVX
with Nt = 10 transmit antennas and Nr = 10 receive antennas 0.03
EDRR
EDCVX
to deliver information to K = 8 IRs and power M = 6 ERs
within T = 20 symbol intervals. The transmit power budget 0.025
is P = 1 W. The radar sensing target angle is θ = 0 with
CRB (deg)
0.02
the path loss α = 0.01. The required SINR level of the k-th
IR follows a uniform distribution with ηk ∈ (1, 10) dB. The 0.015
energy-harvesting coefficient of the m-th ER follows a uniform
distribution with βm ∈ (0, 1). The required harvested power 0.01

follows a uniform distribution with Qm ∈ (0, 0.5) W. All

0.005
the channels are assumed to be i.i.d. Rician fading, modeled
as i.i.d. complex Gaussian random variables with non-zero 0
mean µ = 1 and variance σ 2 = 1. The powers of noise in 10 11 12 13
Number of transmit antennas
14 15

2 2
communication channels σC and radar sensing channels σR
are 0 dBm and 10 dBm, respectively. Each point in the figures Fig. 3. CRB versus the number of transmit antennas at AP.
is obtained by averaging over 10 simulation realizations, with
independent channels in each realization.
Three schemes are taken into consideration for performance EDRR scheme and CVX scheme decreases with the increasing
comparison. The EDRR scheme is to extract the feasible number of transmit antennas. The reason is that more trans-
solution wk by ED after RR. The EDCVX scheme is to extract mit antennas will enlarge the optimization dimension of the
the feasible solution wk by ED after solving problem (P3) by transmit beamformer and thus improve the sensing accuracy.
CVX Toolbox. The CVX scheme is to use the solution Wk The performance of EDRR scheme becomes overlapping with
of problem (P3) derived by CVX Toolbox for calculating the the lower bound determined by CVX scheme when Nt ≥ 12,
CRB to depict the lower bound. which indicates the EDRR scheme is more likely to reduce the
First, the CRB versus the transmit power budget at AP is solution of Wk to one when there are more transmit antennas.
evaluated in Fig. 2. It can be observed that the CRB obtained In Fig. 4, the CRB versus the required harvested power
by EDRR scheme and CVX scheme decreases with the increas- is depicted, where the harvested powers required by all M
ing transmit power. This is because larger transmit power will ERs are uniformly increasing from 0.01 W to 0.4 W. It can
result in higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus reduce the be observed that the CRB obtained by EDRR scheme and
sensing error. However, the CRB obtained by EDCVX scheme CVX scheme increases with the increasing required harvested
is fluctuating with the increasing transmit power, which is power, which illustrates that more power can be harvested at
due to the optimality loss caused by ED. Moreover, the CRB the sacrifice of sensing accuracy. The performance of EDRR
obtained by EDRR scheme almost approaches the lower bound scheme becomes overlapping with the lower bound determined
determined by CVX scheme except a little deviation at P = 1 by CVX scheme when Qm ≥ 0.05 W for all m, which
W, which illustrates that the rank of the solution Wk obtained indicates the EDRR scheme can successfully obtain the rank-
by RR usually achieves one and thus verifies its effectiveness. one solution of Wk at high required harvested power.
Fig. 3 demonstrates the CRB versus the number of transmit Fig. 5 further shows the CRB versus the required SINR
antennas at AP. One can observe that the CRB obtained by level, where SINR levels required by all K IRs are uniformly

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