System Programming :

Macro Processor

Prof. Reshma Pise & Swati Shriyal

Comp Engg. Dept
Vishwakarma University
Course Outcomes :
On completion of the course, the students will be able to –
1. Discriminate among different System software and their functionalities.

2. Design language translators like Macro processor and Assembler.

3. Develop approaches and methods for implementing compiler, linker and loader.
4. Use LEX tool for lexical analysis.
5. Interpret the techniques of implementing utility software.

2
 Outline
❑Macro definition and call
❑macro expansion
❑Nested Macro calls
❑Design of macro processor
❑Design issues of macro processors. (Data structures for design of MDT, MNT)
❑Design of two-pass macro processors
❑Advanced Macro Facilities.

3
 Introduction

A macro instruction is a notational convenience for the programmer

It allows the programmer to write shorthand version of a program (module
programming)
The macro processor replaces each macro invocation with the corresponding
sequence of statements (expanding)
“A macro is a unit of specification for program generation through expansion.
Macro consist of name, a set of formal parameters and a body of code.
“The use of macro name with a set of actual parameters is replaced by some code
generated from its body, this is called macro expansion.”
 Introduction
❑Two kind of expansion
1. Lexical expansion:
➢Lexical expansion implies replacement of character string by another
character string during program generation.
➢Lexical expansion is typically employed to replace occurrences of formal
parameter by corresponding actual parameters.
2. Semantic Expansion:
➢Semantic expansion implies generation of instructions tailored to the
requirements of a specific usage
➢Example: generation of type specific instruction for manipulation of byte and
word operands.
RESHMA PISE 5
Example

 Macro
 INCR &MEM_VAL, &INCR_VAL, &REG Prototype
 MOVER &REG, &MEM_VAL Model
 ADD &REG,&INCR_VAL Model
 MOVEM &REG, &MEM_VAL Model
 MEND
Macro Processor`

Recognize macro definitions

1) Macro Assembler
Save the macro definition 2) Macro Processor
Recognize macro calls
Expand macro calls

Source Code
(with macro)
Macro Processor Expanded Compiler or obj
Code Assembler
Macro Definition

copy code
parameter substitution
conditional macro expansion
macro instruction defining macros
 Copy code -- Example
Source Expanded source
STRG MACRO .
STA DATA1 .
STB DATA2 .
STX DATA3 STA DATA1

.
STRG
MEND

.
{ STB
STX
DATA2
DATA3

STA DATA1
.
STRG
.
.
{ STB
STX
DATA2
DATA3
.
Macro vs. Subroutine

Macro
◦ the statement of expansion are generated each time the macro are invoked

Subroutine
◦ the statement in a subroutine appears only once
Macro definition and call

 Macro definition:
A macro definition is enclosed between a macro header statement and macro end statement.
Macro definition are typically located at the start of program .
Macro definition consist of
◼ A macro prototype statement
◼ One or more model statement
◼ Macro preprocessor statement
 Example: the following sequence of instruction is used to increment the value in a
memory word by a constant:

Move the value from the memory word into a machine register.
Increment the value in the machine register.
Move the new value into the memory word.

 Using lexical expansion the macro call INCRA,B,AREG can lead to the generation of a
MOVE-ADD-MOVE instruction sequence to increment A by the value Busing AREG.
Macro definition and call

Amacroprototypestatement
◼ The macro prototype statement declares the name of a macro and the names and kinds of its
parameters.
◼ <macro name> [<formal parameter spec>, …]
◼ Where name appears in the mnemonic field of assembly statement and <formal parameter
spec> isof theform &<parameter name>[<parameter kind>]
Model statement
◼ A model statement is a statement from which an assembly language statement may be generated
during macro expansion.
Macropreprocessor statement
◼ Apreprocessorstatement isusedto perform auxiliary functions
during macro expansion.
Example

 Macro
 INCR &MEM_VAL, &INCR_VAL, &REG
 MOVER &REG, &MEM_VAL
 ADD &REG, &INCR_VAL
 MOVEM &REG, &MEM_VAL
 MEND
Macro call

 A macro is called by writing the macro name in the mnemonic field of an

assembly statement.
 <macro name> [<actual parameter spec>,…]
 Where an actual parameter typically an operand specification in an
assembly language statement.
Macro Expansion

 A macro call leads to macro expansion, during macro expansion, the

macro call statement is replaced by a sequence of assemblystatements.
 „+‟ is used to differentiate between the original statement of program
and macro statement.
Macro Expansion

 Twokey notionsconcerning macroexpansion are:

Expansion time control flow:
◼ This determines the order in which model statements are visited during macro
expansion.
Lexical substitution:
◼ Lexical substitution isusedto generate an assembly
statement from a model statement.
Flow of control during expansion

 Flowof controlduringexpansion
The default flow of control during macro expansion is sequential. its start with
statement following the macro prototype statement and ending with the statement
preceding theMENDstatement.
A preprocessor statement can alter the flow of control during expansion such that some
modelstatementsare nevervisited during expansioniscalled conditional expansion.
Same statement are repeatedly visited during expansion is called loops
expansion.
Algorithm – Micro Expansion

 Macro expansion is implemented using a macro expansion counter

(MEC).
 Algorithm: (Outline of macro expansion)
MEC=statement number of first statement following the prototype
statement;
While statement pointed by MEC is not a MEND statement
◼ (a) if a model statement then
◼ (i) Expand the statement
◼ (ii) MEC=MEC+1;
◼ (b) Else (i.e. a preprocessor statement)
◼ (i) MEC= new value specified in the statement;
Exit from macro expansion.
Lexical Substitution

 Lexical Substitution:
Model statementconsistsof 3 type of strings
◼ Anordinary string, whichstandsfor itself.
◼ Thenameof a formal parameter whichispreceded by the character „&‟.
◼ Thenameof preprocessor variable, whichisalso preceded by the character „&‟.
Duringlexical expansion, string of type 1 are retained
without substitution.
String type 2 and 3 are replaced by the corresponding actual parameter values.
Thevalue of formal parameter depends onthe kind of
parameter.
 Quiz
1. The translator which perform macro expansion is called a ________________
2. A ________________ statement declare the name of macro.
3. During macro expansion each statement is replaced by ________________
4. Each macro statement is marked with the __________ sign preceded it.
5. The flow control during macro expansion is________________
6. A model statement contains call for another macro is called as________________
7. Expansion time variables are used ________________
8. Macro processor is an inbuilt function of ? ________________.
9. If a number of instructions are repeating through the main program, then to reduce
the length of the program, ________________ is used.
10. The process of assigning a label or macro name to the string is called
________________

21
Types of Parameters

 Positional parameters
 Keyword parameters
 Default specification of parameter
 Macro with mixed parameter lists
 Other usesof parameters
 Positional parameters

 Positional parameters
A positional formal parameter is written as &<parameter name>. The <actual parameter
spec> in call ona macrousingpositional parameters issimplyan
<ordinary string>.
Step-1 find the ordinal position of XYZ in the list of formal parameters in the macro
prototype statement.
Step-2 find the actual parameter specification occupying the same ordinal position in the
list of actual parameters inmacrocall statement.
Positional parameters – Example

 INCRA, B,AREG
 Therule of positional association values of the formal parameters are:

 Formal parameter
value
MEM_VAL INCR_VAL AB
REG AREG

Lexical expansion of model statement now leads to the code

+ MOVER AREG,A
+ ADD AREG,B
+ MOVEM AREG,A
Keyword parameters

 Keyword parameters
<parameter name > is an ordinary stringand
<parameter kind> is the string „=„ in syntax rule.
The<actual parameter spec> is written as <formal parameter
name>=<ordinary string>.
Thekeyword association rules:
◼ Step-1 find the actual parameter specification which has the form XYZ=<ordinary string>
◼ Step-2 Let <ordinary string> in the specification be the string ABC. Thenthe value of
formal parameter XYZis ABC.
Keyword parameters

 Example :
Default specification of parameters

 Default specification of parameters

A default is a standard assumption in the absence of anexplicit specification by
programmer.
Default specification of parameters is useful in situations where a parameter
has the samevalue in most calls.
When desired value is different from the default value, the desired value can be
specified explicitly ina macro call.
Default specification of parameters
 Example:
Call the macro
INCR_D MEM_VAL=A, INCR_VAL=B
INCR_D INCR_VAL=B, MEM_VAL=A
INCR_D INCR_VAL=B, MEM_VAL=A, REG=BREG
MARCO DIFINITION
MACRO
INCR_D &MEM_VAL=, &INCR_VAL=, &REG=AREG
MOVER &REG, &MEM_VAL
ADD &REG, &INCR_VAL
MOVEM &REG, &MEM_VAL
MEND
Macro with mixed parameter lists

 Macro with mixed parameter lists

A macro may be defined to useboth positional and keyword parameters.
All positional parameters mustprecede all keyword parameters.
Example: SUMUPA,B,G=20,H=X
Where A,Bare positional parameters while G,H are keyword parameters.
 Other usesof parameters

 Other usesof parameters

Themodel statements have used formal parameters only in operand fields.
Formal parameter can also appear in the label and opcode fields of model
statements.
Other usesof parameters-Example
Nested Macro Call

 A model statement in macro may constitute a call on another macro, suchcalls are
known as nested macro calls.
 Themacro containing the nested call is called outer macro.
 Thecalled macro called inner macro.
 Expansion of nested macro calls follows the last-in- first-out(LIFO) rule.
Nested Macro
Call - Example
Advanced Macro Facilities

 Advance macro facilities are aimed at supporting semantic expansion.

Facilities for alteration of flow of control during expansion.
Expansion time variables
Attributes of parameters.
Alteration of flow of control during expansion

 Alteration of flow of control during expansion:

Expansion time sequencing symbols (SS).
Expansion time statements AIF, AGO and ANOP.
Sequencing symbol hassyntax
.<ordinary string>

A SSis defined by putting it in the label field of statement in the macro

body.
It is used as operand in an AIF,AGO statement for expansion control transfer.
Advanced Macro Facilities

 AnAIFstatement hassyntax
AIF (<expression>) <sequencing symbol>

 Where, <expression> isrelational expression involving ordinary strings, formal parameters

and their attributes, and expansion time variables.

 If the relational expression evaluates to true, expansion time control istransferred to the
statement containing <sequencing symbol> in its label field.
Advanced Macro Facilities

 AnAGO statementthe syntax

AGO <sequencing symbol>

 Unconditionally transfer expansion time control to the statement containing <sequencing

symbol> inits label field.

 AnANOPstatementiswrittenas
<sequencingsymbol> ANOP

 Simplyhastheeffect of defining thesequencing symbol.

 Quiz
1. What are x and y in the following macro definition? macro Add x, y Load y Mul x Store y end macro.
2. What is the value of X printed by the following program ? program COMPUTE ( input, output ); var X :
integer ; procedure FIND ( X: real ) ; begin X : = sqrt ( X ) ; end ; begin X : = 2 FIND(X);
writeln(X);
end.
3. A macro definition consists of______________.
4. The process of assigning a label or macroname to the string is called_________.
5. A macro within a macro is called________.
6. The beginning of the macro can be represented as__________.
7. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) complete code of instruction string is inserted at each place, wherever the macroname appears
b) macro requires less time of execution than that of procedure
c) macro uses stack memory
d) macroname can be anything except registers and mnemonics
8. Inserting the statements and instructions represented by macro, directly at the place of the
macroname, in the program, is known as_____________

38
Expansion Time Variable (EV‟s)

 ExpansionTime Variable

Expansion time variable are variables which can only be used during the expansion of
macro calls.
LocalEVisscreated for useonly during a particular macrocall.
Global EVexists across all macro calls situated in program and can be used in any macro
whichhasa declaration for it.

LCL <EV specification> [,<EV specification>…]

GBL<EV specification> [,<EV specification>…]
Expansion Time Variable (EV‟s)

 <EV specification> has syntax &<EV name>, where EVname is ordinary string.

 Initialize EV by preprocessor statement SET.

<EV Specification> SET<SET-expression>
EV‟sExample
Attributes of formal parameters

 Attributes of formalparameters:
<attribute name>‟ <formal parameter spec>

Represents information about the value of the formal parameter about

corresponding actual parameter.

Thetype, length and size attributes have the name T,Land S.

Example
 Conditional expansion:
Conditional expansion helps in generating assembly code specifically suited to the
parameters in macro call.

A model statement is visited only under specific conditions during the

expansion of a macro.

AIFand AGO statement used for thispurpose.

Example:
 evaluate A - B + C in AREG.

MACRO
EVAL &X, &Y, &Z
AIF (&Y EQ &X) . ONLY
MOVER AREG , &X
SUB AREG , &Y
ADD AREG, &Z
AGO .OVER
.ONLY MOVER AREG, &Z
.OVER MEND
 Expansion timeloop
Togenerate many similar statements during the expansion of amacro.
Thiscanbe achieved by similar model statements in the macro.
Example:
MACRO
CLEAR &A
MOVER AREG,= “0”
MOVEM AREG, &A
MOVEM AREG, &A+1
MOVEM AREG, &A+2
MEND
 Expansion time loops can be written using expansion time variables and expansion time
control transfer statement AIF and AGO.
Example:
MACRO
CLEAR &X, &N
LCL &M
&M SET 0
MOVERAREG,=„0‟
.MOVE MOVEM AREG, &X+&M
&M SET &M+1
AIF (&M NE N) .MORE
MEND
 Comparison with execution time loops:

Most expansion time loops can be replaced by execution time loops.

An execution time loop leads to more compact assembly programs.

In execution time loop programs would execute slower than programs containing
expansion time loops.
 Other facilities for expansion time loops:

REPTstatement
◼ Syntax: REPT<expression>
◼ <expression> should evaluate to a numerical value during macro expansion.
◼ Thestatements between REPTand an ENDMstatement would be processed for expansion
<expression> number of times.
 Example
MACRO
CONST10
LCL &M
&M SET 1
REPT 10
DC „&M‟
&M SET &M+1
ENDM
MEND
 IRPstatement
IRP <formal parameter>, <argument-list>
 Formal parameter mentioned in the statement takes successivevalues from the
argument list.
 Thestatements between the IRPand ENDM statements are expanded
once.
 Example:

MACRO
CONSTS &M, &N, &Z
IRP &Z, &M, 7, &N
DC ‘ &Z'
ENDM
MEND

A MACROcall CONSTS4, 10 leads to declaration of 3 constants with the values

4,7 and 10.
 Semantic Expansion:
Semantic expansion is the generation of instructions tailored to the requirements of a
specific usage.
Example:
MACRO
CREATE_CONST &X, &Y
AIF (T‟&X EQ B) .BYTE
&Y DW 25
AGO .OVER
.BYTE ANOP
&Y DB 25
.OVER MEND
 Assignments

Explain macro with macro-processor expansion of macro?

2. Describe the features offered by Macro facility. Give example.
3. Define Macro. How it is different from subroutine?
4. Write short note on: Nested Macro call
5. Write short note on: Macro processor
6. What is lexical & semantic expansion? Explain with example, how macro &
subroutine differ?
7. Discuss different kind of parameter in macros.
8. Discuss macro definition, call and expansion in detail with examples.
9. Define macro & macro expansion. What is lexical & semantic expansion?
10. Explain advanced macro facilities with example.

54
DESIGN OF A MACROPREPROCESSOR

 Themacro preprocessor accepts an assembly program containing

definitions and calls and translates it into an assembly program which does
not contain any macro definition or call.

Macro
Assembler
preprocessor

Program with macro

definitions and calls Target program
Program without
macros
Design overview

Listing all tasks involved in macro expansion

◼ Identify macro calls in the program.
◼ Determine the values of formal parameters.
◼ Maintain the values of expansion time variables declared in
a macro.
◼ Organize expansion time control flow.
◼ Determine the values of sequencing symbols.
◼ Perform expansion of a model statement.
 Thefollowing 4 step procedure is followed to arrive at a design specification
for each task:
Identify the information necessary to perform a task.
Design a suitable data structure to record the information.
Determine the processing necessary to obtain the information.
Determine the processing necessary to perform the task.
 Identify macro calls:
A table called the macro name table (MNT) is designed to holdthe
name of all macro defined in program.

 Determine values of formal parameters

A table called actual parameter table (APT) is designed to hold the values of formal parameters during
the expansion of a macro call.
It contains (<formal parameter name>,<value>)
A table called parameter default table(PDT) is used for eachmacro.
Accessible from the MNTentry of macro.
It contain pairs of the form (<formal parameter name>,<default value>).
If macro call statement does not specify a value for someparameter
then its default value would be copied from PDTto APT.
 Maintain expansion time variables:

An expansion time variables table (EVT)is maintained for this purpose.

Table contain pairs of the form
(<EV name>,<value>)
It accessed when a preprocessor statement or model statement under expansion
refers to an EV.
 Organize expansion time control flow

Thebody of macro contained set of model statements and preprocessor statement

in it, is stored in a table called the macro definition table (MDT)for useduring
macro expansion.

Theflow of control during macro expansion determines when a model statement is

to be visited for expansion.
 Determine values of sequencingsymbols:

A sequencing symbol table (SST)is maintained to hold this information

Table contains pairs of the form
(<sequencing symbol name>,<MDT entry#>)
Where <MDT entry#> is the number of the MDTentry which contains the model
statement defining the sequencing symbol.
 Perform expansion of a model statement

Taskare asfollow
◼ MECpoints to the MDTentry containing the model statement.
◼ Values of formal parameters and EV‟sare available in APT
and EVT,respectively
◼ Themodel statement defining a sequencing symbol can be identified from SST.

Expansion of a model statement is achieved by performing a lexical

substitution for the parameters and EV‟sused in the model statement.
Data structures

 To obtain a detailed design of the data structure it is necessary to apply the

practical criteria of processing efficiency and memory requirements.

 The table APT,PDT and EVT contain pairs which are searched using the first
component of the pairs as a key- the formal parameter name is used as the key
to obtain its value from APT.
 Thissearch can be eliminated if the position of an entity within a table is known
when its value isaccessed.
 Thevalue of formal parameter ABCis needed while expanding a model
statement using it
MOVER AREG,&ABC
 Let the pair (ABC,5) occupy entry #5 in APT. the search in APT can be avoided if
the model statement appears as
MOVER AREG,(P,5)
 In the MDT,where (P,5) stand for the word „parameter #5‟.
 Thefirst component of the pairs stored in APTis no longer used during macro
expansion e.g. the information (P,5)appearing in model statement is sufficient to
accessthe value of formal parameter ABC.
 APTcontaining (<formal parameter name>,<value>) pairs is replaced by another
table called APTABwhich only contains <value>‟s.
 Ordinal number are assigned to all parameters of macro, a table named parameter
nametable (PNTAB) is used for thispurpose.
 Parameter name are entered in PNTABin sameorder in which they appear in the
prototype statement.
 Theinformation (<formal parameter name>,<value>) in APThasbeen
split into two tables
PNTAB-which contains formal parameternames
APTAB-which contains formal parameter values PNTABis used while
processing a macro definition while APTABis used during macroexpansion.
 Thepositional parameter of macro appear before keyword parameters in the
prototype statement.
 If macro have p positional parameter and k keyword parameters, then keyword parameters
have the ordinal number p+1, p+2…P+k
 Dueto this numbering redundancies appear inPDT.
 Entry only needs to exist for parameter number p+1, P+2 …P+k.
 So,replace parameter default table(PDT) by a keyword parameter default table (KPDTAB),
this table have only k entries.
 MNThasentries for all macrosdefined in a program, each entry contains three pointers
MDTP,KPDTPand SSTPwhich are pointers to MDT,KPDTABand SSNTABfor the macro respectively.
 Similar analysis leads to splitting of EVTinto EVNTABand EVTABand SST
into SSNTABand SSTAB.
 EVname are entered in EVNTABwhile processing EVdeclarations.
 SSname are entered in SSNTABwhile processing an SSreference or
definition, whichever occur earlier.
 Macro preprocessor data structure can be summarized as follows:
PNTABand KPDTABare constructed by processing the prototype statement.
Entries are added to EVNTABand SSNTABas EVdeclarations and SSdefinitions/references are
encountered.
MDTentries are constructed while processing model
statements and preprocessor statements in macrobody.
SSTABentries, when the definition of sequencing symbol inencountered.
APTABis constructed while processing a macro.
EVTABis constructed at the start of expansion of macro.
 Tables of the macro preprocessor
Table Fields in each entry

Macro name Table(MNT) Macro name,

Number of positional parameter(#PP), Number of keyword
parameter(#KP), Number of expansion time variables(#EV), MDT
pointer(MDTP).
KPDTABpointer (KPDTP). SSTABpointer (SSTP)

Parameter Name Table(PNTAB) Parameter name

EVName Table (EVNTAB) EVname

SSName Table (SSNTAB) SSname

Keyword Parameter Default Parameter name, default value

Table(KPDTAB)
Macro Definition Table(MDT) Label, Opcode, Operands

Actual Parameter Table(APTAB) Value

EVTable (EVTAB) Value

SSTable (SSTAB) MDTentry #

 MACRO
CLEARMEM &X, &N, &REG=AREG
LCL &M
&M SET 0
MOVER &REG,="0‟
.MORE MOVEM &REG, &X + &M
&M SET &M+1
AIF (&M NE &N) .MORE
MEND
 PNTAB X EVNTAB M

N
REG SSNTAB MORE

#PP #KP #EV MDTP KPDTP SSTP

MNT CLEARMEM 2 1 1 25 10 5

KPDTAB 10 REG AREG SSTAB 5 28

MDT 25 LCL (E,1)

Macro Call : CLEARMEM AREA, 10, &REG=BREG 26 (E,1) SET 0

APTAB 27 MOVER (P,3)=„0‟

28 MOVEM (P,3),(P,1)+(E,1)
AREA
10 29 (E,1) SET (E,1)+1
BREG 30 AIF ((E,1) NE (P,2)) (S,1)
31 MEND
Processing of Macro definitions : Algorithm

 KPDTAB_pointer = 1
 SSTAB_ptr = 1;
 MDT_ptr = 1;
 Algorithm :( Processing of a macro definition)
1. SSNTAB_ptr=1; PNTAB_ptr=1;
2. Process the macro prototype statement and form the MNT entry
(a) name= macro name
(b) for eachpositionalparameter
(i) Enterparameter nameinPNTAB[PNTAB_ptr]
(ii) PNTAB_ptr= PNTAB_ptr+1;
(iii) #PP=#PP+1;
Processing of Macro definitions : Algorithm

(c) KPDTP=KPDTAB_ptr;
(d) for eachkeywordparameter
(i) Enter parameter nameand defaultvalue (if any) , in KPDTAB[KPDTAB_ptr].
(i) Enterparameter nameinPNTAB[PNTAB_ptr].
(ii) KPDTAB_ptr=KPDTAB_ptr+1;
(iii) PNTAB_ptr=PNTAB_ptr+1;
(iv) #KP=#KP+1;
(e) MDTP=MDT_ptr;
(f) #EV=0;
(g) SSTP=SSTAB_ptr;
Processing of Macro definitions : Algorithm

3. While not a MEND statement

(a) if an LCL statement then
(i) Enter expansion time variable namein EVNTAB.
(ii) #EV=#EV+1;
(b) if a model statement then
I) if label field contains a sequencing symbol then if symbol is present in
SSNTABthen
q= entry number in SSNTAB;
else
Enter symbol in SSNTAB[SSNTAB_ptr]; q= SSNTAB_ptr;
SSNTAB_ptr=SSNTAB_ptr+1;
SSTAB[SSTP+q-1]=MDT_ptr;
(ii) For a parameter, generate the specification (P,#n) : n is index of parameter in PNTAB
(iii) For an expansion variable, generate the specification (E,#m);
Processing of Macro definitions : Algorithm

(iv) RecordtheIC inMDT[MDT_ptr];

(v) MDT_ptr=MDT_ptr+1;
(c)If Preprocessorstatement then
(i)if a SETstatementsearcheachexpansiontime variable nameusedin thestatementin EVNTAB
andgeneratethespec(E,#m).
(ii)if anAIFor AGO statementthen
if sequencingsymbolusedinthe statementispresentin SSNTABthen
q=entry numberin SSNTAB;
else
entersymbolin SSNTAB[SSNTAB_ptr] q=SSNTAB_ptr;
SSNTAB_ptr=SSNTAB_ptr+1
replace thesymbolby (S,SSTP+q-1)
Processing of Macro definitions : Algorithm

(iii) Record the IC in MDT[MDT_ptr]

(iV) MDT_ptr=MDT_ptr+1
4. (MEND statement)
if SSNTAB_ptr =1 (SSNTAB is empty) then SSTP=0
else
SSTAB_ptr=SSTAB_ptr+SSNTAB_ptr-1
if #KP=0 then KPDTP=0;
Macro expansion

 We usethe following data structure to perform macro expansion:

APTAB– Actual parameter table
EVTAB– EVtable
MEC– Macro expansion counter
APTAB_ptr– APTABpointer
EVTAB_ptr– EVTABpointer
 Number of entries in APTAB equals to the sumof values in the #PP and #KP
fields of the MNTentry of macro.
 Algorithm 5.3 (Macro Expansion)
1. Perform initialization for the expansion of a macro
a) MEC= MDTPfield of MNTentry;
b) Create EVTABwith #EV entries and set EVTAB_ptr.
c) Create APTAB with #PP+#KP entries and set APTAB_ptr.
d) Copy keyword parameter defaults from the entries KPDTAB[KPDTP]to
KPDTAB[KPDTP+#KP-1] into APTAB[#PP+1] to APTAB[#PP+#KP].
e) Processpositional parameters in the actual parameter list
and copy them into APTAB[1] to APTAB[#PP].
 f) For keyword parameters in the actual parameter list search the keyword name in
parameter name field of
KPDTAB[KPDTP]to KPDTAB[KPDTP+#KP-1]. Let KPDTAB[q]
contain a matching entry. Enter value of keyword parameter in the call (if any) in
APTAB[#PP+q-KPDTP+1].
2) While statement pointed by MECis not MENDstatement
a) if a model statement then
(i) Replace operands of the form (P,#n) and
(E,#m) by values in APTAB[n] and EVTAB[m] respectively.
(ii) Output the generated statement.
(iii) MEC=MEC+1;
 (b)If a SETstatement with the specification (E,#m) in the label field then
(i) Evaluate the expression in the operand field and set an appropriate value
in EVTAB[m].
(ii) MEC=MEC+1;
(c) If an AGO statement with (S,#s) in operand field MEC=SSTAB[SSTP+s-1]; then
(d) If an AIFstatement with (S,#s) is operand field if condition in AIF then
statement is true then
MEC=SSTAB[SSTP+s-1];
(3) Exit from macroexpansion.
 Assignments
1. Explain the design of macroprocessor.
2. Write the algorithm for processing of macro definition and explain with the help of
example.
3. Write the algorithm for macro expansion and explain with the help of example.
4. Explain the following facilities for expansion time loops: REPT and IRP
5. List all tasks involved in macro expansion.
6. Explain with the help of example data structure required for design of macro
preprocessor.
7. Compare the two features - macro and subroutines in a programming language.
8. What do you understand by conditional expansion during macro processing ?

82
Nested Macro Call

 A model statement in macro may constitute a call on another macro, suchcalls are
known as nested macro calls.
 Themacro containing the nested call is called outer macro.
 Thecalled macro called inner macro.
 Expansion of nested macro calls follows the last-in- first-out(LIFO) rule.
Nested Macro
Call - Example
Nested macro calls

 Twobasic alternatives exist for processing nested macro calls.

In this code macro calls appearing in the source program have been expanded but
statements resulting from the expansion may themselves contain macro calls.
This first level expanded code to expand these macro calls, until we obtain a
code form which dose not contain any macro calls.
Thisschemewould require a number of passesof macro expansion, which
makesit quiteexpensive.
Nested macro calls

 Efficient alternative would be to examine each statement generated during

macro expansion to see if it is itself macrocall.
 A provision can be made to expand this call before continuing with the parent
macro call.
 Thisavoid multiple passes of macroexpansion.
  Two provisionsare required to implement the expansionof nestedmacro calls:
Each macrounder expansion must haveits ownsetofdata structures,
(MEC,APTAB,EVTAB,APTAB_ptr and EVTAB_ptr).
Anexpansion nesting counter(Nest_cntr) is maintained to countthe numberof nested macrocalls. Nest_cntris incremented whena macrocall is
recognized and decremented whenMENDstatementisencountered.

MACRO MACRO MACRO MACRO

M1 &x , &y M2 &p, &q M3 &w, &z M4 &m , & n
…. …. …
M2 … M3 M4
…. ….
MEND MEND MEND MEND

(MEC , APTAB, EVTAB, APTAB_ptr and EVTAB_ptr)

Nest_cntr =1 Nest_cntr = 2 Nest_cntr = 3 Nest_cntr = 4

Nested macro calls

 Creating many copies of the expansion time data structure, this arrangement
provides access efficiency but it is expensive in terms of memory requirements.
 Difficult in design decision- how many copies of the data structures should be
created?
 If too many copies are created then somemay never be used.
 If too few are created, someassembly programs may have to be rejected.
Nested macro calls

 Macro calls are expanded in LIFOmanner, the stack consists of expansion

records, each expansion record accommodating one set of expansion time
data structures.
 Expansion record at the top of stack corresponds the macro call currently
being expanded.
 When a nested macro call is recognized, a new expansion record is pushed
on the stack to hold the data structures for thecall.
 At MENDan expansion record is popped off the stack.
Nested macro calls

 Record base (RB)is a pointer pointing to the start of this expansion record.
 TOSpoint to the last occupied entry in stack.
 When nested macro call is detected, another set of data structure is allocated
on thestack.
Nested macro calls ( Expansion Record)

Stack growing downwards

Previous
expansion record ER : M1
RB-> Reserved pointer ER : M2
1(RB) MEC
ER : M3
2(RB) EVTAB_ptr
ER : M4
3(RB) APTAB

EVTAB
TOS->
Data structure Address
Reserved pointer 0(RB)
MEC 1(RB)
EVTAB_ptr 2(RB)
APTAB 3(RB) to eAPTAB+2(RB)
EVTAB Contents of EVTAB_ptr
 Thestart of expansion

No. Statement
1. TOS=TOS+1;
2. TOS* = RB;
3. RB=TOS;
4. 1(RB)=MDTP entry of MNT;
5. 2(RB)= RB+#eAPTAB;
6. TOS=TOS+#eAPTAB+#eEVTAB+2
 First statement increment TOSto point at the first word of the new expansion
record. This is reserved pointer.
 Second statement deposits the address of the previous record base into
this word.
 New RBis established in statement 3.
 MEC and EVTAB_ptr set in statement 4 and 5 respectively.
At the end of Expansion
No. Statement
1. TOS=RB-1;
2. RB= RB*;

 The first statement pops an expansion record off the stack by resetting TOS to
the value it had while the outer macrowasbeing expanded.
 RB isthenmade to point at the base of previous record.
Design of macro assembler

 Macro preprocessor followed by conventional assembler is an expensive way of

handling macro since the number of passes over the source program is large and
manyfunction get duplicated.
 Example:
• A source statement to detect macro calls require usto process the mnemonicfield. Similar
function is required in first pass of the assembler. Similar functions of the preprocessor
and assembler can be merged if macros are handled by a macro assembler which
perform macro expansionand program assembly simultaneously.
 Macro expansion perform in single pass is not true, as certain kinds of
forward references in macros cannot be handled in a single pass.
 Thisproblem leads to the classical two pass organization for macro
expansion.
First pass collects information about the symbols defined in a program.
second pass perform macro expansion.
 Passstructureof a macro-assembler
First merge the function of macro preprocessor with the function of conventional assembler,
thenthe functionscanbe structured into passesof the macro assembler.
 Pass-I
Marco definition processing
SYMTABconstruction
 Pass-II
Macro expansion
Memory allocation and LCprocessing
Processingof literals
Intermediate code generation.
 Pass-III
Target code generation.
 The pass structure can be simplified if attributes of actual parameter are
not to be supported.
 Pass-I
Macro definition processing
Macro expansion
Memory allocation, LCProcessingand SYMTABConstruction
Processingof Literals
Intermediate code generation.
 Pass-II
Target code generation.
Examples Questions

 Construct all data structure for the MACRO

MACRO
BECE6 &X, &Y, &REG=BREG
AIF (&Y EQ0) .EXIT
MOVER &REG,&X
MUL &REG,&Y
.EXIT MEND
 Generate the statement for these macro calls.

BECE6 6, 8, REG=AREG
BECE6 3,0
PNTAB X EVNTAB -
Y
SSNTAB EXIT
REG

#PP #KP #EV MDTP KPDTP SSTP

MNT BECE6 2 1 0 35 20 6

KPDTAB 20 REG BREG SSTAB 6 35

35
MDT AIF (P,2) EQ 0 .(S,1)
36
MOVER(P,3), (P,1)
37
MUL(P,3),(P,2)
38 (S,1)
MEND
39
40
41
 Generate the statement for these macro calls.
BECE6 6, 8, REG=AREG
BECE6 3,0
 For first oneBECE6 6, 8, REG=AREG
+ MOVER AREG,6
+ MUL AREG,8
 Assignments
1. Give a small example to show the use of a macro in some hypothetical assembly language. Your example should
contain parameters and conditional expansion statements.
2. What are positional parameters, keyword parameters and expansion time variables in macros ? Give a sample
example to show their usage.
3. Write the following program using expansion time loops.
MACRO
CLEAR &A
MOVER AREG, =‘0’
MOVEM AREG, &A
MOVEM AREG, &A+1
MOVEM AREG, &A+2
MOVEM AREG, &A+3
MEND
4. How are "expansion time variables" in macros different from normal program variables?
103