ABSTRACT

Now-a-days accidents are mostly caused by delay of the driver to hit the brake
or by the negligence by the driver. The project aims to develop a prototype
system that offers a collision functionality in production vehicle, a system
which can operate automatically with the help of high profile sensors based on
relay circuit and some changes in traditional braking system and apply the
brake automatically in emergency situation.The resulting system can achieve
measurements with high accuracy and improved short distance measurement
also. This distance measurement is used to control smart braking system for
safety applications. The brain of the system part can be developed on Arduino
Nano microcontroller. The Ultrasonic sensors are the eyes of this system,
which are cheaper and the system comprises of a less demanding hardware.
The braking is done with the help of 3/2solenoid valve which actuates brakes
and clutch.
 INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this paper to design speed control & automatic braking
system in the vehicle. This project describes an automatic braking system using
ultrasonic sensors and controlled by ultrasonic sensors. The Arduino
microcontroller controls the robot, which is loaded with the ultrasonic sensor.
The forward end of the vehicle is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor. Sensors
get data from the surrounding environment by placing sensors on the robot.
When the sensor catches the obstacle, it detects the intended road to stop it.
The sensor will send data to the micro-controller, which will be sent to the
micro-controller to determine the movement of the robot vehicle. The
ultrasonic sensor along with the wheel encoder will be used for detecting
themovement and direction of the Vehicle. The purpose of this vehicle is to
detect obstacles and avoid collisions.

Literature Survey

This project involves an automatic braking system based on ultrasonic waves.

The vehicle is controlled by an Arduino microcontroller has a built-in IC
ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on top of the robot vehicle.
By placing sensors on the vehicle, the sensor will send data from the near
environment. The auto vehicle detects the obstacle and sends rays from the
original trajectory to stop it. The sensor gives the data to the controller, which
will be connected to the controller to get the direction of the robot wheel.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
Each carmaker has its own automatic braking system technology, but all of
them believe some sort of sensor input. The ultrasonic sensor contains
transmitter and receiver units, and the ultrasonic transmitter detects the
obstacle by transmitting the signals and reflects back to the ultrasonic receiver
unit. The ultrasonic sensor input is then used to determine if there are any
objects present in the path of the vehicle. If an object is detected, the system
can then determine if the speed of the vehicle is bigger than the speed of the
thing ahead of it. By which through Arduino dumped C Program the
calculations will take place through PIC microcontroller according to the given
maximum distance, and distance between the automatic system and obstacle.
The DC gear motor rotates uniformly at a set rpm and gradually decreases
speed while automatically breaking the system through servomotor braking
mechanism phenomena. A significant speed differential may indicate that a
collision is probably going to occur, during which case the system is capable of
automatically activating the brakes.
COMPONENTS
ARDUINO NANO
The Arduino Nano is an open-source breadboard-friendly microcontroller
board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and
developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2008. It offers the same
connectivity and specs of the Arduino Uno board in a smaller form factor.[1]

The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male I/O headers, in a DIP-30-like

configuration, which can be programmed using
the Arduino Software integrated development environment (IDE), which is
common to all Arduino boards and running both online and offline. The board
can be powered through a type-B mini-USB cable or from a 9 V batter.
Technical specifications:

∑ Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P[4]

∑ Operating voltage: 5 volts
∑ Input voltage: 5 to 20 volts
∑ Digital I/O pins: 14 (6 optional PWM outputs)
∑ Analog input pins: 8
∑ DC per I/O pin: 40 mA
∑ DC for 3.3 V pin: 50 mA
∑ Flash memory: 32 KB, of which 2 KB is used by bootloader
∑ SRAM: 2 KB
∑ EEPROM: 1 KB
∑ Clock speed: 16 MHz
∑ Length: 45 mm
∑ Width: 18 mm
∑ Mass: 7 g
∑ USB: Mini-USB Type-B
∑ ICSP Header: Yes
∑ DC Power Jack: No
 L298N MOTOR DRIVER

The L298N is an integrated monolithic circuit in a 15- lead Multiwatt and

PowerSO20 packages. It is a high voltage , high current dual full-bridge driver
de-signed to accept standard TTL logic level sand drive inductive loads such as
relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to
enable or disable the device independently of the in-put signals .The emitters
of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together rand the
corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of an external
sensing resistor. An additional Supply input is provided so that the logic works
at a lower voltage.

FEATURES:
1) High operating voltage, which can be up to 40 volts;
2) Large output current, the instantaneous peak current can be up to 3A;
3) With 25W rated power;
4) Two built in H-bridge, high voltage, large current, full bridge driver, which
can be used to drive DC motors, stepper motors, relay coils and other inductive
loads.
5) Using standard logic level signal to control.
6) Able to drive a two-phase stepper motor or four-phase stepper motor, and
two-phase DC motors.
7) Adopt a high-capacity filter capacitor and a freewheeling diode that protects
devices in the circuit from being damaged by the reverse current of an
inductive load, enhancing reliability
8) The module can utilize the built-in stabilivolt tube 78M05 to obtain 5v from
the power supply. But to protect the chip of the 78M05 from damage, when
the drive voltage is greater than 12v, an external 5v logic supply should be
used.
9) Drive voltage: 5-35V; logic voltage: 5V
10) PCB size: 4.2 x 4.2 cm
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object

using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send

and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s

proximity. High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce

distinct echo patterns. Working Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a

sound wave at a frequency above the range of human hearing. The transducer

of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic sound.

Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a

pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor determines the distance to a target

by measuring time lapses between the sending and receiving of the ultrasonic

pulse. Our ultrasonic distance, level, and proximity sensors are commonly used

with microcontroller platforms like Raspberry Pi, ARM, PIC, Arduino, Beagle

Board, and more. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound waves toward a target and

will determine its distance by measuring the time it took for the reflected

waves to return to the receiver.

This sensor is an electronic device that will measure the distance of a target by
transmitting ultrasonic sound waves, and then will convert the reflected sound
into an electrical signal. Our sensors are often used as proximity sensors.
Ultrasonic sensors are also used in obstacle avoidance systems, as well as in
manufacturing. Our Short Range sensors offer the opportunity for closer range
detection where you may need a sensor that ranges objects as close to 2cm.
These are also built with very low power requirements in mind, as well as
environments where noise rejection is necessary. When using multiple sensors
in an application, it’s important to connect them in a way that will allow you to
avoid issues like crosstalk or any other interference.
To prevent the disruption of the ultrasonic signals coming from your sensor,
it’s important to keep the face of the ultrasonic transducer clear of any
obstructions. Common obstructions include: • Dirt • Snow • Ice • Other
Condensation For this particular use case, we offer our Self Cleaning sensors.
They are intended specifically for applications requiring the resistance of
condensation in high moisture environments, our self-cleaning function is
designed to run continuously in order for the self-cleaning feature to be active.
 DC MOTOR

A DC motor is an electrical motor that uses direct current (DC) to produce

mechanical force. The most common types rely on magnetic forces produced
by currents in the coils. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the
direction of current in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first form of motors widely used, as they could be
powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC
motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable
supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings.
Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor, a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances can
operate on direct current and alternating current. Larger DC motors are
currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in
drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made
replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
 SOLAR PANEL
A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by
using photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce
excited electrons when exposed to light. The electrons flow through a circuit
and produce direct current (DC) electricity, which can be used to power various
devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels are also known as solar cell
panels, solar electric panels, or PV modules.

Solar panels are usually arranged in groups called arrays or systems.

A photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar panels, an inverter that
converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity, and sometimes
other components such as controllers, meters, and trackers. Most panels are
in solar farms or rooftop solar panels which supply the electricity grid

Some advantages of solar panels are that they use a renewable and clean
source of energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and lower electricity bills.
Some disadvantages are that they depend on the availability and intensity of
sunlight, require cleaning, and have high initial costs. Solar panels are widely
used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes, as well as in space,
often together with batteries.
 BATTERY

A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly, lithium-ion polymer

battery (abbreviated as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-poly, and others), is
a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology using
a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. Highly conductive
semisolid (gel) polymers form this electrolyte. These batteries provide
higher specific energy than other lithium battery types. They are used in
applications where weight is critical, such as mobile devices, radio-controlled
aircraft, and some electric vehicles
DESIGN AND FEBRICATION
A. Fabrication Metal
fabrication is the building of metal structures by cutting, bending, and
assembling processes. It is a value added process that involves the
construction of machines and structures from various raw materials. A
workshop will bid on a job, usually based on the engineering drawings, and if
awarded the contract will build the product. Large workshops will employ a
multitude of value added processes in one plant or facility including welding,
cutting, forming and machining.

B. Raw materials

Raw material used in the project is mild steel. for the frame of the vehicle and
shaft to transmit the power to wheels equally for all the four wheels. and
wood platform for the support of require components on the vehicle like air
reservoir, electrical circuit , brake cylinders etc… Steel is an alloy of iron and
other elements, primarily carbon, which is widely used in construction and
other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel's
base metal is iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic
forms), body centred cubic and face cantered cubic (FCC), depending on its
temperature.

C. Mild steel
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main
alloying element and are valued for high corrosion resistance. The steel used to
make the frame mild steel 1.5inch rod for frame which has the shaft bright
round bar for transmission of speed towards all respective wheels. Wielding is
done by using electrodes and join of the pipes through heating process.
 TYRE

Tyre is used to support the frame on its hub present on the wheel so that the
body weight can equally distributed over all the surface after the load is
applied on the frame. The friction cause tyre rotate on move the shaft in the
hub which is hold by bearing to rotate freely on its own by transmission of
power from engine through chain
 Welding

Welding is the main focus of steel fabrication. The formed and machined parts
will be assembled and tack welded into place then re-checked for accuracy. A
fixture may be used to locate parts for welding if multiple elements have been
ordered.

CONCLUSIONS

A mechatronic braking system discussed in this paper is developed and

designed in such a way that, when it is active it can apply break automatically
encountered by any object sensed by the ultrasonic sensor. Intelligent braking
is one of the smart options which can be instigated in various automobile
applications for stopping a moving body without spasmodic motion. Design of
intelligent brake applications basically depend upon effectiveness of Ultrasonic
sensor and microcontroller (motor driver),and controlling the speed of vehicle
accordingly to programmed distance is revealed in the study done by our
team. Our present work comprehended us that enactment of this smart
system can achievable and of real time use.
 REFFERENCES

∑ https://en.wikipedia.org/
∑ https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Automatic-Braking-
System-Using-Ultrasonic-Sensor.pdf
∑ https://www.ijres.org/papers/Volume-10/Issue-5/Ser-
14/N10058183.pdf