Paper 01: Tourism And Hospitality: Concept, Component, Status And Trends

Historical Development of Tourism and Hospitality in the World

Module 05: Typologies of Tourism

THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Principal Investigator Prof. S. P. Bansal

Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari

Co-Principal Investigator Dr. Prashant K. Gautam

Director, UIHTM, Panjab University, Chandigarh

Prof. Sampada Kumar Swain

Paper Coordinator
Amarkantak University ,M.P.

Prof. Sampada Kumar Swain

Content Writer
Amarkantak University ,M.P.

Prof. Jayanta Kumar Parida

Content Reviewer
Department of Commerce
Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
 ITEMS DESCRIPTION OF MODULE
Subject Name Tourism & Hospitality
Paper Name Tourism and Hospitality: Concept, Component, Status and
Trends
Module Title Typologies of Tourism

Module Id Module No-5

Pre- Requisites Basic Knowledge about Tourism
Objectives Understand the concept Typologies of Tourism

Keywords Tourism, Typologies, Forms of tourism

MODULE 5: TYPOLOGIES OF TOURISM

1. Learning Outcomes
2. Introduction
3. Typologies of Tourism
4. Forms of Tourism.
5. Types of Tourism.
6. Summary
 QUADRANT-I

1. Learning Outcomes
After completing this module, students will be able to:
i. Understand the concept Typologies of Tourism
ii. Acquaint with Forms of Tourism
iii. Know various Types of Tourism.

2. Introduction
Today more than 1.184 million people travel around world (UNWTO) and
growing at phenomenal volume that surpasses the traditional business of oil export and
food. Therefore, a large number of countries, no matter developing or under developed is
vying for its pie of share in the world tourism and generating job opportunities for people,
further adding foreign currency in forex basket.
Today, Tourists are very choosy they want to choose from diverse options based
on their desires and needs. In order to cater to the increasingly diverse and the exclusive
requests of a demanding tourist, many specialized forms of tourism came in trend.
These “types of tourism” categories plays a significant role in considering needs
of tourist, where tourists want to go and why and what they will do while on vacation.
However, it is essential to keep in mind that these categories are not always clear, they
overlap into one another category, as travelers will engage in different types of activities
while on trip or vacation. They differ in purpose of trip, mode of transport used, distance
covered, length of stay, etc. This chapter provides an outline of the different types and
forms of tourism, its importance, popular destinations in India and emerging different
form of tourism.
3. Typologies of Tourism
In 1939, Hans Poser in his paper: “Der Fremdenverkehr im Riesengebirge” first
time distinguishes some types of tourism: tourism by transit, summer relaxation, winter
sports, short distance relaxation. Hunziker and Krapf, 1941, distinguished several types
and forms of tourism: travel for rest and treatment, pilgrimage, and scientific knowledge,
and others. Finally, in 1970, Maier, admitted the existence of six types of tourism:
tourism recreation, therapy, visitation, reduced distance relaxation, transit by tourism and
professional tourism.

4. Forms of Tourism
It is essential to locate the tourist geographically in order to analyze the impacts
and consumption on a country of reference. These statistics are established and compiled
at the national level and international level.

The United Nations (1994) identify three forms of tourism:

 Domestic Tourism. Residents travelling only within their country of residence
(e.g. an Indian visitor Miss Billi from Delhi travelling to Bihar and spending one
night in Bodh Gaya).
 Inbound Tourism. Comprises non-residents travelling to the given country (e.g.
a Chinese visitor Danmei travelling to India and spending one night, he is an
inbound tourist for India).
 Outbound Tourism. Involving residents travelling to another country (e.g. an
Indian citizen, Mr. Vijay travelling to Singapore and spending one night, he is an
outbound tourist for India).
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) also identifies different categories of
tourism:
 Internal tourism. domestic tourism and inbound tourism
 National tourism. domestic tourism and outbound tourism
 International tourism. inbound tourism and outbound tourism
There are four basic types of tourism according to destination and origin region
Types of Tourism Flows
Origin within the region Origin outside the region
Destination within the region Domestic Tourism Inbound Tourism
Destination outside the Outbound Tourism Transit Tourism*
region
(Source: The Economics of Tourism destination, Candela and Figini- 2012)
Transit tourism is all activities of a tourist while passing by or crossing a region or
country which is neither the region of origin nor the region of destination. For example
Mrs. Archana from West Bengal while going to Nagaland by Road, he performs some
activities in Assam. Transit Tourism is not an independent type of tourism being
intertwined with any of the other types of tourism.
5. Types of Tourism.
Tourism typologies reflect the variety of options that tourists can avail. In other
words, it can be said that tourists get a wide range of opportunities to participate in
tourism activities. These forms which range from pilgrimage, leisure and adventure to
space tourism also reflect the styles, interests, values, preferences and motivations.
Tourism can be classified into various categories

On the basis of Motivation behind travel. Recreational Tourism, Pleasure

Tourism, Business Tourism, Educational Tourism, Health Tourism, Religion/Pilgrimage
Tourism, VFR-Visiting Friend and Relatives, Cultural Tourism.
On the basis of the motives of tourists. Common-Interest Tourism, Holiday-
Tourism and Business-Tourism.
Based on the different activities of tourists are categorized as Nature Based
Tourism, Culture and Heritage Based Tourism, Leisure and Recreation Based Tourism
and Adventure Based Tourism.
There are various other ways of classifying tourism on the different purpose of
travel, number of tourist, geographical area of the visits. Some of the important types
of tourism are as follows:
 Accessible Tourism. Accessible tourism is form of tourism that is meant for
support the different-abled segment of tourists. It is also known as barrier-free tourism. It
enables tourists those are physically handicapped, blind or physically challenged or any
manner to visit destination and enjoy the facts of tourism. By facilitating and providing
all essential services and accessible travel centric products to tourism destination. This is
made possible due to disabled-friendly infrastructure, which comprises hand driven pull
car, Braille signages, separate pathways, ramps, cable cars, etc.
Archaeological Tourism. This is also known as “archaeotourism, and it revolves
around places, articles, and activities of archaeological value. It is an alternative form of
cultural tourism with intention to promote and conservation of historical-archaeology
sites. An interpretive center and museums are built nearby with recovered objects from or
excavated archaeological sites. These objects are frequently exhibited in international,
national, or local museums where tourist visits. It is a great way to learning about the past
while in vacation. Some important places of archaeological importance of
 Stone Age. Famous archaeological sites are Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh, Kuliana
in Odisha and Didwana in Rajasthan and others.
 Neolithic. Chalcolithic Age: The sites of are Brahmagiri, Pandu-Rajar-Dhibi, Ahar
and others
 Indus Valley Civilization. Famous sites of are Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, and
others.
 Buddhist Phase. The well-known sites of are Sanchi, Saranath, Ajanta, Amravati and
others.
Adventure Tourism. The term "adventure" has different meaning for every other
individual. For some, it is white water rafting and for some mountain climbing. It
naturally depends upon an individual's physical endurance and desires. It is more of
passive activities, like Mountaineering expeditions, trekking, rock climbing, bungee
jumping, Para gliding, white water rafting, scuba diving and others. Adventure travel is a
type of passive leisure activity most of the time outdoors placed in an unusual or
wilderness destination that engages tourist in natural or physical excursions that bring
visitor outside his home comfort zone involving exploration or travel open-air to remote
areas, where the traveler expect the unexpected for personal challenge and self-
perception. It is generally categorized as a hard adventure and soft adventure.
 Hard adventure tourism - involves an element of physical risk and mental strength.
 Soft adventure tourism - seeks to explore areas by visiting undeveloped destinations.
Agri-Tourism. It can be described as spending vacation in agricultural farms to
know, relax and relish, and get involved in activities of farm or any agricultural,
horticultural operation. Tourists can cultivate vegetables, pick fruits, taste honey, learn
about local and regional farm products and operation and much more in any farm partly
or fully opened for public for at least a year.
Beach Tourism. It can be defined as visit to coastal areas or shore of the water
body with abundant of sand mounted by tide or waves of ocean for leisure purpose. India
surrounded by water with vast peninsular coastline offers an incredible array of beaches
like the world famous beaches of Goa, Kerala and Chennai. The other popular are
beaches of Mahabalipuram and Digha in West Bengal and Gopalpur beach in Odisha.
The activities includes array of:
 Sports - beach volleyball, surfing, kayaking.
 Wellness stays -spa and wellness resorts, beach walking.
 Nature based and wildlife viewing - seabirds, turtles etc.
Business Tourism. The Trips and visits made by business men or corporate
executive people, employees and others are to attend conferences, meetings or similar
functions in destination or visiting area. The activity of business tourist includes
attending conference, convention, or to meet with suppliers or buyers or participation in
entertainment programmes or sports events.
Cultural Tourism refers to trips or visits with the purpose of seeing or learning
about traditions and custom of the host countries or way of life of other nations or
destination in the form of cuisine, music, dance, fairs, festivals, rituals, as well as
lifestyles of communities etc. in museums and art galleries, traditional artistic
performances and local fairs and festivals and other cultural tourism attractions. The
places of cultural importance are Khajuraho festival, Konark festival and Goa Carnival
Festival and others.
 Culinary Tourism Culinary tourism is also known as food tourism. Eating food
is a physiological need, fulfilled at home or during travel. Travelling for the pursuit of
unique and traditional food and drinking experiences of a place, region, or country. The
destination choice is significantly affected by the culinary richness and zings offerings at
destination that impact overall satisfaction levels of tourist. It involves tasting and
experiencing food of unique flavors and spices. There are various festivals related to it
like Sea Food Festival in West Bengal and International Mango Festival in Delhi or for
particular food like Italy for the pasta, Napa for the wine, Hyderabad for the hyderabadi
sahi biriyani etc.
Dark Tourism. “Dark tourism” often referred as “thana tourism,” is concerned
with tourist encounters of spaces of death, horror, atrocity, human suffering, genocide,
calamity, and warfare, that have disturbed the public consciousness are consumed
through experiences. These sites also include burial grounds and memorials of the dead
whether ancient or modern, turning suffering of people into a leisure experience for
tourists.
Disaster Tourism refers to the act of travelling to places affected by natural
disasters such as earthquakes in Nepal, hurricanes, tsunamis in Orissa, as a matter of
curiosity. This type tourist never causes hinders or becomes hurdles in rescue, and relief
operations.
Ecotourism also known as Ecological Tourism. Ecotourism is a natural resource-
based tourism, where tourist visits to enjoy and appreciate nature with prime focus on
experiencing, learning and conservation of species and habitats. As it usually occurs in
natural areas, should be low-impact non-consumptive on area. It should be locally
oriented in control and benefits through providing revenue to the local community to
conserve or preserve value of such areas. This form of tourism attracts ecologically and
socially conscious tourists who are responsible and supportive in sustaining the local
environment and show respects to the traditional culture and lifestyle of the local people.
It generates and maintains the local traditional economy, by involving of local
populations in small-scale activities having low visitor impact, in well-defined areas in
some form of protection.
 Ethnic Tourism The act of travelling to area inhabited by indigenous people for
the purpose of observing the culture and lifestyles of truly exotic people. The destination
activities include visits to native homes staying and participating in traditional
ceremonies and dances, and witnessing in religious rituals. In India to observe indigenous
people tourists visit to the isolated hill tribes of Assam.
Health Tourism Any leisure or pleasure oriented tourism with leisure, recreation,
relaxation and educational activities for the improvement of physical, psychological and
social well-being of tourist utilizing the natural resources and climate or any activities of
visiting place that have a positive impact on health of tourist. It is travel with the prime
purpose of treatment in pursuit of improving or maintaining health with pleasure-seeking
indulgences of spas or alternative therapies. It encompasses diverse variety of treatments
and services away from professional medical care to self-fitness training.
Grey Tourism Simply Grey tourism is a type of niche tourism for older travelers
including senior citizens, old people, mature, and prime lifers with more than 55 years
age. Despite this they are heterogeneous in term of demographic, psychographic, or
behavioral. These types of tourists have plenty of time for leisure and spend extra time on
experiencing travelling, participating in activities that increases life satisfaction and
wellbeing and have low impact on the destination and on community. Most of grey
tourists have high level of income, stability in their career and want to travel to spend
quality time with their siblings and friends, in places that have always been in their sub
conscious for visit. They require personalized services with basic facilities and services.
Once they are satisfied, they demonstrate brand loyalty, with tour guides and travel
agents.
Leisure Tourism A Tourist who is going on holiday and visiting new places with
intention of spending leisure time and is not travelling for any work or activities.
Generally leisure or free time is considered to be the time period remaining after work
and essential personal and household activity i.e., recreational and discretionary time, that
can be used for relaxing and rejuvenating or other activities including travel and tourism.
Mass Tourism refers to the travelling of a large number of organized tourists
with varied interests irrespective of their income, caste and creed, community and region
to popular tourist places for mainly recreational purposes. This tourism phenomenon is
characterized by the rising disposable income, discretionary time, and development of
faster mode of transportation and communication. It is a general tourism characteristic of
developed countries and gradually picking up in developing countries.
Medical Tourism Tourists visit to other destination to receive treatment for
disease, enhancing self’s health condition or to undergo a cosmetic procedure or to get
medical and surgical treatment. It is an act of traveling to different nations for surgery
including cosmetic, therapeutic treatments in low cost of care or state of art medical
technology or alternative/ indigenous medical treatment that tourist/ patient received at
their place of residence and is treated in specialized clinics or hotels.
Pilgrimage tourism A travel undertaken for a spiritual or religious motive by an
individual, believers or group to a particular location, holy place or area to seek
intercession of God or the saints or visit to specific place having association with God or
his holy messenger or personage. Although some pilgrims have wandered continuously
with no fixed destination, pilgrims more commonly seek a specific place that has been
sanctified by association with a divinity or other holy personage. The institution of
pilgrimage is palpable in all religions. For example Hindus travel to Char-dham.
Muslims travel to Mecca, Catholics travel to Vatican City, Jews travel to Israel and others
which are important to their cult, caste and faith.
Pleasure Tourism Pleasure generally means good feelings. It is as a sense of
happiness and satisfaction that an individual gets from eating, beach walking, enjoying
natural scenic beauty or pursuit of such emotional or psychological feelings through
travel. Pleasure tourism is travel for a change of climate, seeing and experiencing
something new by spending their leisure time and performing activities that are free from
work or daily family obligations.
Responsible Tourism Responsible Tourism is a tourism that makes “better
places for people to live, and better places for people to visit”. It focuses on developing
the sense of responsibility towards the visited place among the tourist. It recognizes the
impacts of tourism on a destination and minimizes the negative impacts on the
environment and maximizes the economic and socio-cultural benefits of tourism. It also
promotes recycling, and conservation of water, use energy efficiency equipment and
creation of local economic opportunities for communities. The responsible tourist travels
with motive to enjoy the culture and tradition of the local communities in a respectful
way and endeavor to contribute to the economic and cultural integrity of local
community.
Rural Tourism Rural tourism is a form of tourism that is based on the rural
environments showcasing the rural life and their art forms, culture and heritage. It
enables interaction among the locals and visiting people for experiencing socio-cultural
tourism and benefiting the local community economically by providing employment and
livelihood to local population. This type of tourism is taking place in rural settlements
that provides special emotions for the tourist and offer individualized holiday and helps
in preserving local values and culture of inhabitants.
Slum Tourism In this form of travel, tourists are allowed to visit poverty-blighted
places or destination and acquire a sense of inhumane condition under which poor live. It
is now endorsed as an opportunity for travelling people to see and feel the local culture of
shantytown. This niche tourism is growing fast in the poor and developing countries
where tourists visit nearby poor neighborhoods or locality. Slum tourism unlocks
opportunities for economic development by encouraging them to actively join in
economic activities and which eventually leads to improved personal income for
sustaining their families. For example, slums of Manhattan and London. Dharavi in
Mumbai and slums in Kolkata come under this category.
Sport Tourism Generally, it refers to the experience of tourists to participates in
or view sport-related activities in destination. Sports Tourism is defined as a specific
travel to different places in order to actively participate in a sport, or passively watching
numerous sports, such as football, cricket, hockey, etc. Sport is the prime motivational
factor for visit to sport event happening destination. The tourists are passionate and high-
spending that directly benefits to the destination and follow-on tourists that flux have
their indirect benefit to place in years to come. There are two types of sport tourism:
Sport Event Tourism, and Nostalgia Sport Tourism.
 Sports Event Tourism includes sports events such as the Olympic games, ICC
Cricket World Cup and World Cup soccer championships
 Nostalgia Sport Tourism involves traveling to renowned sport-related attractions.
Like Eden Gardens in Kolkata.
 Spiritual Tourism Visiting to a place with the intention of spiritual growth
regardless of the main reason for travelling. A secular travel which intentionally or
unintentionally includes an experience those impacts individual’s belief system and
individual sanctification of weary souls with fond memories. In this type of tourism the
focus is on the journey that is inner directed, self-reliant, and sometime active meditation,
it has nothing to do with destination. Many people living under stress conditions turn to
spirituality from the travails of time driven life and much-needed break for soul from
modern individualistic lives. It embroils tangible and intangible products and services.
 Tangible Products and Services include temples, shrines, mosques, and other
religious centers with a spiritual focus.
 Intangible Products and Services include organized spiritual events, spiritual
discourses and gatherings with spiritual motives.
Wellness Tourism A form of tourism based on special interest of tourists pursued
specially by healthy people, with motive of preserving or enhancing tourist mind, body,
and soul.. It involves people who travel to pursue activities that preserve or enhance their
health, quality of life and well-being. It encompasses physical, mental, emotional, social,
spiritual wellbeing of tourist travelling to destination. Wellness tourist destination offer
numerous facilities and services for according to tourist’s preferences such as massages,
body treatments, beauty treatments, weight loss programs, yoga, and meditation and so
on. Here the tourist/patient is more focused on preventive rather than curative form of
medicine for health.
6. Summary
Tourists are very choosy; they want to choose from a diverse options based on
their desires and needs. In order to cater to the increasingly diverse and the exclusive
requests of a demanding tourist, many specialized forms of tourism came in trend. It
ranges from pilgrimage, leisure and adventure to space tourism also reflect the styles,
interests, values, preferences and motivations. It is essential to keep in mind that these
categories are not always clear, they overlap into one another category, as travelers will
engage in different types of activities while on trip or vacation. They differ in purpose of
trip, mode of transport used, distance covered and length of stay, etc.