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MC2102 III Unit-2 - Applications

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92 views34 pages

MC2102 III Unit-2 - Applications

Uploaded by

aryan.nayangupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operational Amplifier

By
Dr Prabhat Ranjan
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Manipal University Jaipur
Contents

⚫ Open-loop configuration
⚫ Closed-loop configuration
⚫ Inverting Amplifier
⚫ Non-inverting Amplifier
⚫ Summing Amplifier Difference Amplifier
⚫ Differentiator
⚫ Integrator
Reference book
⚫ OPAMPS and Linear Integrated Circuits
by Ramakanth Gayakwad
Open-loop configuration

If v1 = 0, then vo = –AOLv2 Inverting amplifier


If v2 = 0, then vo = AOLv1 Non inverting amp
Open-loop configuration
⚫ AOL is the open-loop voltage gain of OPAMP
Its value is very high
Typical value is 0.5 million
⚫ So, even if input is in micro volts, output
will be in volts
⚫ But output voltage cannot cross the value
of power supply VCC
⚫ So, if input is in milli volts, output reaches
saturation value Vsat = VCC (or VEE)
Open-loop configuration
⚫ If v1 = v2, then ideally output should be zero
⚫ But in practical Op-Amp, output is
 v1 + v 2 
v o = A cm  
 2 
Where, ACM is the common-mode gain of
Op-Amp
⚫ So, final gain equation is:
 v1 + v 2 
v o = A d (v 1 − v 2 ) + A cm  
 2 
v o = A d v id + A c m v ic m
Open-loop configuration
⚫ Common-mode rejection ratio
⚫ It is a measure of the ability of Op-Amp
to reject the signals common to both
input terminals (noise)
⚫ Defined as
Ad
C M RR =
A cm
 Ad 
(C M RR )dB = 20 lo g 1 0  
 A cm 
Problems
⚫ An OPAMP has differential voltage gain of 100,000
and CMRR of 60 dB. If non inverting input voltage
is 150 μV and inverting input voltage is 140 μV,
calculate the output voltage of OPAMP
Ans: 1 V

⚫ For an OPAMP, when v1 is 0.5 mV and v2 is –0.5


mV, output voltage is 8 V. For the same OPAMP,
when v1 = v2 = 1 mV, output voltage is 12 mV.
Calculate the CMRR of the OPAMP
Ans: 56.48 dB
Closed-loop configurations
⚫ Open-loop voltage gain of OPAMP is very
high; such high gain is not required in most
applications
⚫ In order to reduce gain, a part of output
signal is feedback to the inverting input
terminal (called negative feedback).
Inverting Amplifier
RF
Inverting Amplifier
⚫ Input is applied to inverting terminal
⚫ Non inverting is grounded
⚫ Feedback is given to inverting terminal
through resistor RF
⚫ Assuming vo is less than VCC
since Ad is very high, vid should be very
small; vid taken as almost zero
⚫ Current entering OPAMP input terminal is
almost zero
Inverting Amplifier
i2 RF

i1 0

+
0V
–
Virtual
ground
Inverting Amplifier
v in − 0 v in 0 − vo − vo
i1 = = i2 = =
R1 R1 RF RF
i1 = i 2
v in − v o
=
R1 RF
RF vo RF
v o = − v in AV = =−
R1 v in R1
Non Inverting Amplifier

RF
Non Inverting Amplifier
⚫ Input is applied to non inverting terminal
⚫ Feedback is given to inverting terminal
⚫ Output voltage will be in-phase with input
voltage
⚫ Here again, the following assumptions are
made
⚫ Since Ad is very high, vid should be very small;
vid taken as almost zero
⚫ Current entering OPAMP input terminal is
almost zero
Non Inverting Amplifier

v1

v2
RF

i2
i1
Non Inverting Amplifier
v id = 0 v1 = v 2 = v in
v 2 v in v o − v 2 v o − v in
i1 = = i2 = =
R1 R1 RF RF
i1 = i 2
v in v o − v in  RF 
= v o = v in  1 + 
R1 RF  R1 
Problems
⚫ For an inverting amplifier using OPAMP, R1=1K,
RF=100K, vin=0.1sin(ωt). Find vo.
Ans: –10sin(ωt)
⚫ For a non inverting amplifier, R1=10K, RF=100K.
Calculate vo if vi = 25 mV dc.
Ans: 275 mV dc
⚫ An ac signal of rms value 2 mV needs to be
amplified to 1.024 V rms, 180 degree phase shifted.
Design a suitable amplifier choosing R 1=1.2K
Ans: Inv amplifier with RF=614.4K
Voltage Follower

⚫ Special case of non inverting amplifier where RF=0


⚫ Voltage gain is unity. vo = vin
⚫ Has very high input resistance and very low output
resistance; Used as buffer for impedance matching
Summing Amplifier (Adder)

iF

iA

iB
Summing Amplifier (Adder)
vA vB − vo
iA = iB = iF =
RA RB RF

v A vB vo
iA + iB = iF + =−
RA RB RF

 RF RF 
v o = −  v A + vB 
 RA RB 

⚫ If RA=RB=RF, then v o = − (v A + v B )
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
⚫ The circuit is analyzed using superposition
theorem
⚫ Consider only v1 to be present; v2=0
Now derive expression for output voltage vo1
⚫ Next consider only v2 to be present; v1=0
Derive expression for output voltage v02
⚫ Actual output voltage vo = vo1+vo2
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

vx

 RF   v1 R 3   R F 
v o 1 = v x  1 +  v o 1 =    1 + 
 R2   R1 + R 3   R2 
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

RF
vo 2 = − v2
R2

 v1 R 3   R F  RF
v o = v o1 + v o 2 =    1 +  − v 2
 R1 + R 3   R2  R2
= v1 − v 2 if R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R F
Problems
⚫ Design an OPAMP circuit such that output is
given by vo=–(0.5v1+0.75v2) where v1 and v2 are
input voltages. Choose RF=10K
⚫ Design an OPAMP subtractor to have output
given by v o = 23 v 1 − v 2 Choose RF=R2=1K
⚫ Design an OPAMP adder/subtractor to get
output voltage v o = − 1 v 1 + 2 v 2 − v 3
2 3
Integrator
Integrator
⚫ Integrator is a circuit whose output is
proportional to (negative) integral of the
input signal with respect to time
⚫ Feedback is given through capacitor to
inverting terminal

⚫ Since same current flows through R and C,


t
v in dv o −1
R
= −C
dt
vo = 
RC 0
v in dt
Differentiator
Differentiator
⚫ Differentiator is circuit whose output is
proportional to (negative) differential of
input voltage with respect to time
⚫ Input is given through capacitor, feedback
given through resistor to inv terminal

⚫ Since current through R and C are same,


dv in vo dv in
C =− v o = − RC
dt R dt

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