Chapter – 9

Positional Average and Partition Values

I. Long Answer Questions

1. Define median. Discuss its merits and demerits.

2. Distinguish between Averages and partition values .
3. Write short notes on :
(a) Quartiles, and
(b) Modal value of a distribution.

4. Define the first and third quartiles. Explain how the quartiles can be read from the 'less than
type' ogive.
5. What is meant by the following?
(a) Mode,
(b) Median, and
(c) Arithmetic mean

State the formula to find out each. Also explain their relative merits and demerits.

6. Define mode. Discuss its merits and demerits.

7. Define mode. Explain how mode can be read on graph paper?
8. “Arithmetic mean is affected by very large and very small values but median and mode are
not affected by them” Explain.
9. Compare the arithmetic mean, median and mode as measures of central tendency. Describe
situations where one is more suitable than the others .
10. Discuss the relative merits and demerits of mean, mode and median as measures of central
tendency.
11. State empirical relationship between mean, median and mode of a frequency distribution.
12. Define an average. Which average would be more suitable in the following cases?
(a) Average size of readymade garments, (b) Average intelligence of students in a class, and
(c) Average production per shift in a factory.
[(a) Mode, (b) Median, (c) Arithmetic Mean]
II. Short Answer Questions

1. Define median. What do you do with the data set before locating median?

Ans. The median is that value of the variable which divides the group into two equal parts,
one part comprising all values greater than the median value and the other part comprising
all values smaller than the median value. To calculate the median value, first of all the
observations of the data series are arranged either in ascending or descending order of
magnitudes and then the middlemost observation is called the median.
 2. Give the formula for locating median in individual, discrete and continuous series.

Ans. Median for individual and discrete-series:

Me = size of ( N2+1 ) item th

Median for continuous series:

Me = size of ( N2 ) th
item

Interpolating from median group:

Me = l1 + ( N2 )−c . f . × i
f

3. Mention any two merits and demerits of median.

Ans. Merits of median:

(a) Easy to calculate and easy to understand.

(b) Not affected by extreme values.

Demerits of median:

(a) Not based on all values.

(b) Not a good representative.

4. Give formulae for locating, lower and upper Quartiles in individual discrete and
continuous series.

Lower and upper Quartiles for individual and discrete series:

Q 1Size of ( N2+1 ) th
item

Q3 = Size of3 ( N4+1 ) th

item

Lower Quartile for continuous series:

Q1 = Size of ( N4 ) th
item
Interpolating from lower Quartile group:

Q l + 4)
( N
−c . f .
1 1 ×i
f

Upper Quartile for continuous series:

Q3 = Size of 3
( N4 ) th
item

Interpolating from upper Quartile group:

3 −c . f .
Q3 = l1 + ( N4 ) ×i
f

5. What do you mean by mode?

Ans. The mode of distribution is the value at the point around which the items tend to be most heavily
concentrated.

6. When is the grouping method advised to locate the modal group in case of frequency
distribution.

Ans. Grouping method is followed when the frequencies are more evenly spread over the different
values of variable. If there are many observations having high frequency and the difference between the
highest frequency and the next highest frequency is very small, for such cases grouping method is
advised.

7. Mention two merits and demerits of mode.

Ans. Merits of mode:

(a) The most representative value of a series.

(b) Simple to calculate and understand.

Demerits of mode:

(a) Not based on all items.

(b) Not rigidly defined.

8. Of the different measures of central tendency, which is the most representative and why?

Ans. If the purpose is statistical analysis of data set, then obviously arithmetic mean will be the best
measure of central tendency because it can be used for further mathematical treatment.
Mathematical Questions –

1. Calculate median of the following data :

145 130 200 210 198 234 159 160 178

257 260 300 345 360 390

[Me = 210]
2. Find out median of the following information :

Marks : 10 70 50 20 95 55 42 60 48 80

[Me = 52.5 Marks]

 3. We have the following frequency distribution of the size of 51 households. Calculate the
arithmetic mean and the median.

Size 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total
Number of
households 2 3 9 21 11 5 51
ANSWER:

Size Households
fX c.f
(X) (f)
2 2 4 2
3 3 9 5
4 9 36 14
5 21 105 35
6 11 66 46
7 5 35 51
Ʃf = 51 Ʃfx = 255

Now, we need to look at the column of cumulative frequency. The item just exceeding the
th
26 item is 35, which corresponds to 5.

Hence, the median is 5.

[X = 5, Me = 5]

4. Find out median :

(a) Serial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Values 2 4 10 8 15 20 12 5 30
(b) X 5 10 15 20 25
F 2 4 6 8 10
ANSWER:

(a) For the calculation of median the given values are first arranged in ascending order as follows.

Serial Number Values Ascending

 Order
1 2 2
2 4 4
3 10 8
4 8 10
5 15 12
6 20 15
7 12 20
8 25 25
9 30 30
Here, N = 9

(b)
X f c.f
5 2 2
10 4 6
15 6 12
20 8 20
25 10 30

Now, we need to look at the column of cumulative frequency. The item just exceeding the
15.5th item is 20, which corresponds to 20.
Thus, median is 20.

[Me (a) = 12, (b) = 20)

 5. Find out median, first quartile and third quartile of the following series :

Height 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
(in
inches)
No. of 2 3 6 15 10 5 4 3 1
Persons
ANSWER:

Height Persons
c.f
(X) (f)
58 2 2
59 3 5
60 6 11
61 15 26
62 10 36
63 5 41
64 4 45
65 3 48
66 1 49
 [Me = 61, Q1 = 61 and Q3 = 63]

6. The percentage of marks obtained by 68 students in an examination are given below. Compute
the median.

Marks Below 20 20-40 40-60 60-80 Above 80

No. of 0 5 22 25 16
Students

ANSWER:

Students
Marks c.f
(f)
Below 20 0 0
20 – 40 5 5
40 – 60 22 27
60 –80 25 52
Above 80 16 68
 [Me = 65.6]
7. Calculate the mean of the following distribution of daily wages of workers in factory:

Daily Wages 100 - 120 140- 160 160 - 180 180 - 200 Total
(in Rs)
No. of 10 30 15 5 80
workers

Also, calculate the median for the distribution of wages given above.

ANSWER:

Wages Worker
X fX c.f
(f)
100 – 120 10 110 1100 10
120-140 20 130 2600 30
140 – 160 30 150 4500 60
160 – 180 15 170 2550 75
180 – 200 5 190 950 80
80 Ʃ fX =
11700
[X = 146.75, Me = 146.67]
 8. The following table gives the marks obtained by 65 students in statistics in a certain
examination. Calculate the median.

Marks No. of Students

More than 70% 8
More than 60 % 18
More than 50 % 40
More than 40 % 45
More than 30 % 50
More than 20 % 63
More than 10 % 65

ANSWER:

Students
Marks
c.f
More than 70 8
More than 60 18
More than 50 40
More than 40 45
More than 30 50
More than 20 63
More than 10 65

Now the more than cumulative frequency distribution can be converted into class intervals as follows.

C.I. f c.f
10 – 20 2 2
20 – 30 13 15
30 – 40 5 20
40 – 50 5 25
50 – 60 22 47
60 – 70 10 57
70 and above 8 65
Ʃf = 65
 [Me = 53.4 Marks]

9. Calculate the arithmetic mean and median of the following frequency distribution:

Class 10 - 20 20- 40 40- 70 70 - 120 120- 200 Total

interval
No. of 4 10 26 8 2 50
workers

ANSWER:

Class
X
Interval f fX c.f
(Midpoint)

10 – 20 4 15 60 4
20 – 40 10 30 300 14
40 – 70 26 55 1430 40
70 – 120 8 95 760 48
120 – 200 2 160 320 50
Ʃf = 50 ƩfX = 2870
 [X = 57.40, Me = 52.69]
10. An analysis for more efficiency in a factory, indicating the distribution of ages of workers was as
follows :

Age 16- 19 20- 29 30- 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69

Frequency 15 46 49 32 28 14

(a) Calculate the mean and median of the above data.

(b) Draw a histogram and indicate mean and mode therein.

ANSWER:

(a)

Midpoint
Age Frequency (f) fm
(m)
16 – 19 15 17.5 262.5
20 – 29 46 24.5 1127
30 – 39 49 34.5 1690.5
40 – 49 32 44.5 1424
50 – 59 28 54.5 1526
60 – 64 14 62 868
∑f=184∑f=184 ∑fm=6898
The value of adjustment as calculated is then added to the upper limit of each class and
subtracted from the lower limit of each class. In this manner, we get the following distribution.

Cumulative
Frequency
Age Frequency
(f)
(c.f)
15.5 – 19.5 15 15
19.5 – 29.5 46 61→c.f
L1→29.5 – 39.5 49→ f1 110
39.5 – 49.5 32 142
49.5 – 59.5 28 170
59.5 – 64.5 14 184

(b)
Here the data is in the form of unequal class interval. So, we will first make appropriate
adjustment in the frequencies to make the class intervals equal.
 From the above graph, it can be seen that mode is 30.5. However, mean can not be determined
graphically.
[X = 37.48, Me = 36.32]

Hint. Get Mode on Histogram. Mean cannot be obtained on Histogram.

11. The percentage marks obtained by 100 students in an examination are given below. Compute
the median, 1st and 3rd Quartiles.

Marks 30- 35 35 - 40 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65
No. of 14 16 18 23 18 8 3
 Student

ANSWER:

Marks f c.f
30 – 35 14 14
35 – 40 16 30
40 – 45 18 48
45 – 50 23 71
50 – 55 18 89
55 – 60 8 97
60 – 65 3 100
 [Me 45.43, Q1 = 38.4, Q3 = 51.1]

12. Compute mode from the following series :

Size of items 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency 3 8 10 12 16 14
Size of items 8 9 10 11 12 13
Frequency 10 8 17 5 4 1
ANSWER:

Size of Items Frequency

2 3
3 8
4 10
5 12
6 16
7 14
8 10
9 8
10 17 → Modal class
11 5
12 4
13 1
Here, mode is equal to 10 as it has the highest frequency.

13. Calculate mode for the following data :

No. of persons Families

1 26
2 113
3 120
4 95
5 60
6 42
7 21
8 14
9 5
10 4

ANSWER:

No. of Persons Families

(X) (f)
1 26
2 113
3 120 →Modal class
4 95
5 60
6 42
7 21
8 14
9 5
10 4

Here, mode is equal to 3 as it has the highest frequency.

14. Find out the Mode from any of the following two distributions :

X 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100
f 6 10 16 14 10 5 2

And
 Marks 0-9 10 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49
No. of 6 29 87 181 247
Candidates

Marks 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 - 89 90 - 99
No. of 263 113 49 9 2
Candidates
ANSWER:

(a)

X f
30 – 40 6
40 – 50 10
50 – 60 16 →→Modal class
60 – 70 14
70 – 80 10
80 – 90 5
90 – 100 2
By inspection, we can spot that (50–60) has the highest frequency, i.e. 16. So, this is the modal class.

(b)
Since this is an inclusive class interval series, to calculate mode, first we need to convert the inclusive
class intervals into the exclusive class intervals by using the following formula.

The value of adjustment (as calculated) is then added to the upper limit of each class and subtracted
from the lower limit of each class. In this manner, we get the following distribution.

Marks f
 –0.5 – 9.5 6
9.5 – 19.5 29
19.5 – 29.5 87
29.5 – 39.5 181
39.5 – 49.5 247
49.5 – 59.5 263 →→Modal
class
59.5 – 69.5 113
69.5 – 79.5 49
79.5 – 89.5 9
89.5 – 99.5 2

By inspection, we can spot that (49.5 – 59.5) has the highest frequency, i.e.263. So, this is the modal
class.

[Mo = 57.5; and Mo = 51 .097 ]

15. Life of electric lamps is given in the following table. Calculate the median and the mode .

Life in hours Number of lamps

Below 400 4
400-800 12
800-1200 40
1200-1600 41
1600-2000 27
2000-2400 13
2400-2800 9
Above 280 4
ANSWER:

Class Interval f c.f.

Below 400 4 4
400 – 800 12 16
 800 – 1200 40 56
1200 – 1600 41 97
1600 – 2000 27 124
2000 – 2400 13 137
2400 – 2800 9 146
above 2800 4 150

By inspection, we can spot that (1200–1600) has the highest frequency, i.e. 41. So, this is the modal
class.

[MO = 1226.66 hours)

16. Calculate Mean, Median and Mode from the following data :

Marks No. of students

(mid-points)
59 1
61 2
63 9
67 48
69 131
71 102
73 40
 17
Total 350
ANSWER:

Converting the series into exclusive series

C.I. m f. fm c.f
58 – 60 59 1 59 1
60 – 62 61 2 122 3
62 – 64 63 9 567 12
64 – 66 65 48 3120 60
66 – 68 67 131 8777 191

68 – 70 69 102 7038 293

70 – 72 71 40 2840 333
72 – 74 73 17 1241 350
Ʃf = 350 Ʃfm = 23764
 [X= 67.9, Me = 67.75, Mo = 67.48]

17. Following is the distribution of marks of 50 students in a class :

Marks 0 10 20 30 40 50
(more than)
No. of 50 46 40 20 10 3
students

Calculate the Median Marks. If 60% of students pass this examination, find out the minimum
marks obtained by a pass candidate.

ANSWER:
Convert the series into exclusive class interval

more than less than

C.I. f
c.f. c.f
0 – 10 50 4 4
10 – 20 46 6 10
20 – 30 40 20 30 → Median class
30 – 40 20 10 40
40 – 50 10 7 47
50 – 60 3 3 50

[Me = 27.5, 25.5 %]

18. The age in completed years of 50 persons is given below :

32 61 52 56 22 49 97 35 30 96 67 42
20 31 64 20 10 62 60 27 53 9 54 25
43 47 35 21 43 75 45 22 36 46 23 51
11 15 39 50 42 77 73 81 40 55

Prepare frequency table taking 10 – 19, 20 – 29...as class intervals and calculate modal age .

ANSWER:
 No. of persons Exclusive
Age Tall marks
(f) Class Interval
10 – 19 4 9.5 – 19.5

20 – 29 8 19.5 – 29.5

30 – 39 9 29.5 – 39.5

40 – 49 10 39.5 – 49.5 →→Modal class

50 – 59 7 49.5 – 59.5

60 – 69 5 59.5 – 69.5

70 – 79 3 69.5 – 79.5

80 – 89 1 79.5 – 89.5

90 – 99 2 89.5 – 99.5

Ʃf =49

By inspection, we can spot that (39.5–49.5) has the highest frequency, i.e. 10. So, this is the modal class.
 19. Determine the value of mode for the following data by using the formula : Mode = 3, Median 2
Mean.

Marks No. of Students

Less than 10 5
Less than 20 15
Less than 30 98
Less than 40 242
Less than 50 367
Less than 60 405
Less than 70 425
Less than 80 438
Less than 90 439
ANSWER:

Marks c.f. f m fm
0 – 10 5 5 5 25
10 – 20 15 10 15 150
20 – 30 98 83 25 2075
30 – 40 242 144 35 5040
40 – 50 367 125 45 5625
50 – 60 405 38 55 2090
60 – 70 425 20 65 1300
70 – 80 438 13 75 975
80 – 90 439 1 85 85
Ʃf = Ʃfm =17365
439
 [X = 39.55, Me 38.44, :: Mo = 36.22]

20. For the data given below find graphically the following:

(a) The two quartiles.

(b) The central 50% limit of the age.

(c) The number of workers falling in the age group of 28 to 57 years.

Age in years 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

No. of 5 10 15 25 65 40
workers

Age in years 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69

No. of 23 10 5 2
workers
ANSWER:

(a)
In order to find quartiles graphically, we first convert the inclusive series into exclusive series and then
convert the frequency distribution into cumulative frequency distribution as follows:

Frequency Cumulative
Age Age (f) Frequency
(c.f.)
19.5 – 24.5 Less than 24.5 5 5
 24.5 – 29.5 Less than 29.5 10 15
29.5 – 34.5 Less than 34.5 15 30
34.5 – 39.5 Less than 39.5 25 55
39.5 – 44.5 Less than 44.5 65 120
44.5 – 49.5 Less than 49.5 40 160
49.5 – 54.5 Less than 54.5 23 183
54.5 – 59.5 Less than 59.5 10 193
59.5 – 64.5 Less than 64.5 5 198
64.5 – 69.5 Less than 69.5 2 200

Thus, the first and third quartiles are 38.5 and 48.25 respectively.

(b) The two limits (i.e. Q1 and Q3) with which central 50% of items lie are 38.5 and 48.25.

(c)
 From the graph it is clear that total Number of workers of age 57 years = 190
Total Number of workers of age 28 years = 11
Number of workers falling in the age group of 28 to 57 years = 190 −-11=179

21. Draw a 'less than’ ogive from the following data and hence find out the value of Median.

Class Frequency

20-25 6
25-30 9
30-35 13
35-40 23
40-45 19
45-50 15
50-55 9
55-60 6
ANSWER:
For constructing a less than ogive, first the given frequency distribution is converted into a less than
cumulative frequency distribution as follows:

Cumulative
Frequency
Class Frequency
(f)
(c.f.)
Less than 25 6 6
Less than 30 9 15
Less than 35 13 28
Less than 40 23 51
Less than 45 19 70
Less than 50 15 85
Less than 55 9 94
Less than 60 6 100

We now plot the cumulative frequencies against the upper limit of the class intervals. The curve
obtained on joining the points so plotted is known as the less than ogive.

Hence, median is 39.78.

 22. The following table given the distribution of the wages of 65 employees in a factory .

Wages (in 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Rs) (Equal
to or
more
than)
Number 65 57 47 34 17 7 2 0
of
employess

Draw a 'less than curve from the above data and estimate the number of employees carning atleast Rs
63 but less than Rs. 75.

ANSWER:

Class More than Less than

Interval Cumulative Frequency Wages Cumulative
Frequency Frequency

65−-57= 8
57−-
50−-60 65 Less than 60 8
47=10
60−-70 57 Less than 70 18
47−-
70−-80 47 Less than 80 34
31=16
80−-90 31 Less than 90 48
31−-
90−-100 17 Less than 100 58
17=14
100−-110 7 Less than 110 63
17−-7= 10
110−-120 2 Less than 120 65
7−-2=5
120−-130 0 Less than 130 65
2−-0=2
0
Number of employees earning Rs 75 = 24
Number of employees earning atleast Rs 63 = 10
Number of employees earning between Rs 63 and Rs 75 = 24 −-10 =14

Therefore, 14 employees are earning between Rs 63 and Rs 75.

23. Draw the histogram and estimate the value of mode from the following data :

Marks No . of students

0- 10 0
10- 20 2
20 – 30 3
30- 40 7
40 – 50 13
50 -60 11
60 – 70 9
70 – 80 2
80 - 90 1
ANSWER:
Hence, mode is 47.5.

24. Represent the following data by means of a histogram and find out mode.

Weekly 10 -15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25- 30 30 -35 35 -40 40 -45

wages
No. of 7 19 27 15 12 12 8
workers
ANSWER:
Hence, mode is 22.

25. For a particular set of data in individual incomes, the less than type' Ogive and the more than
type' Ogive were found to intersect at Rs 715. Discuss the significance of “Rs 715' for the given
set of data.

ANSWER:

In a graphical presentation of a data, the place where the 'less than type' ogive and 'more than type'
ogive intersect is the middle most point of the data. Thus, we may say that the point at which the two
ogives intersect represents the median of the given data.

In the given question, the 'less than' and the 'more than' ogives intersect at Rs715.
Therefore, 715 is the median of the given data. It divides the whole data into two equal parts.

Illustration 1.
From the following data of height of 7 students in a class, compute the median height.

Name of Students Height (cm.)

Anurag 151
Deven 140
Suresh 149
Mayoor 142
Atul 147
Satish 144
Himankar 145

Solution :-

Illustration 2.

To the above data add the height of Rajesh 152 cm, which will be the 8th item in the list, and calculate
the median height.

Solution :-
Illustration. 3.

From the following data calculate the median :

Serial No Marks Serial No Marks Serial No Marks

1 17 7 41 13 11
2 32 8 32 14 15
3 35 9 11 15 35
4 33 10 18 16 23
5 15 11 20 17 38
6 21 12 22 18 12

Solution :-

The marks given in the series will be arranged in an ascending order in the following way :
Illustration 4.

Calculate median of the following distribution :

Marks No. of Students

10 2
20 8
30 16
40 26
50 20
60 16
70 7
80 4

Solution :-
Illustration 5. Find out the value of median from the following data :

Daily wages (in 100 50 70 110 80

Rs)
Number of 15 20 15 18 12
Workers

Solution :-
Illustration 6.

The size of land holdings of 380 families in a village is given below. Find the median size of land holdings.

Size of Land Holdings (in acres) No. of Families

Less than 100 40

100-200 89
200-300 148
300-400 64
400 and above 39

Solution :-
Illustration 7.

Calculate median from the following data :

Age Number of Persons (f) Age (in years) Number of Persons (f)
(in years)
55-60 7 35-40 30
50-55 13 30-35 33
45-50 15 25-30 28
40-45 20 20-25 14

Total 160

Solution :-

Illustration 8.
Calculate the median from the following data :

Value Frequency Value Frequency

(f) (f)
Less than 10 4 Less than 50 96
Less than 20 16 Less than 60 112
Less than 30 40 Less than 70 120
Less than 40 76 Less than 80 125

Solution :-

Illustration 9.
Calculate the median from the following data :

Size Frequency (f)

More than 50 0
More than 40 40
More than 30 98
More than 20 123
More than 10 165

Solution :-

Cumulative frequency table is of ‘more than type. In such cases also the data have to be converted into
a simple continuous series and median is calculated of ascending order series.

Illustration 10.

Compute median from the following data :

Mid- 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195
values
Frequency 6 25 48 72 116 60 38 22 3

Solution.

Here we are given the mid-values of the class-intervals of a continuous frequency distribution. The
difference between two mid-values is 10, hence 10/2 = 5 is reduced from each mid-value to find the
lower limit and the same is added to find the upper limit of a class. The classes are thus 110-120, 120–
130, and so on up to 190–200.

Illustration 11.

If the arithmetic mean of the data given is 28. Find the (a) missing frequency, and (b) the median of the
series.

Profit per 0 - 10 10- 20 20- 30 30- 40 40- 50 50 -60

Retail shop
(in Rs)
Number of 12 18 27 - 17 6
Retail shop

Solution.
Illustration 12.

In the frequency distribution of 100 families given below, the number of families corresponding to
expenditure groups 20-40 and 60-80 are missing frequencies .

Expenditure 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

No. of families 14 ? 27 ? 15

Solution.

Illustration 13.

From the following information of wages of 30 workers in a factory median, lower and upper quartile .
S. No. Wages (in Rs) S. No. Wages (in Rs)
1 330 16 240
2 320 17 330
3 550 18 420
4 470 19 380
5 210 20 450
6 500 21 260
7 270 22 330
8 120 23 440
9 680 24 480
10 490 25 520
11 400 26 300
12 170 27 580
13 440 28 370
14 480 29 380
15 620 30 350

Solution.
Illustration 14

Following are the different sizes and number of shoes in a shoe shop. Calculate median, first quartile and
third quartile.

Size of Shoes No. of Shoes (f)

4.5 4
5 8
5.5 12
6 15
6.5 20
7 35
7.5 50
8 40
8.5 20
9 15
9.5 24
10 12
10.5 5
11 3

Solution.
Illustration 15.

Calculate Median, First Quartile and Third Quartile from the following data:

Income No. of persons

(in Rupees) (f)
800 16
1000 24
1200 26
1400 30
1600 20
1800 5

Solution.
Illustration 16.

The percentage marks obtained by 100 students in an examination are given below. Compute the
median, 1st and 3rd Quartile.

Marks 30-35 35-40 40- 45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65

Students 14 16 18 23 18 8 3

Solution
Illustration 17.

Calculate the Median and Q3 using the following data :

Mid- 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
points
marks
No. of 3 10 17 7 6 4 2 1
students

Solution
Illustration 18

Calculate the Median and Quartiles for the following:

Marks 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(below)
No. of 15 35 60 84 96 127 198 250
Students

Solution
Illustration 19.

The following series relates to the daily income of workers employed in a firm Compute

(a) highest income of lowest 50% workers,

(b) minimum income earned by the top 25% workers, and
(c) maximum income earned by lowest 25% workers.

Daily 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39

Income. (in
Rs)
Number of 5 10 15 20 10 5
workers

Before solving it let us understand the question.

1. As the data are of inclusive class intervals, we are required to convert the classes into class
boundaries .
2. The data is arranged in ascending order, where

3. The data is arranged in ascending order, where

4. The data is arranged in ascending order, where

Therefore, we calculate median, Q3 and Q1 to get the answers to the given questions.

Solution
Illustration 20.

Determine median and quartiles graphically from the following data:

Marks 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25–30 30-35 35-40

Students 7 10 20 13 17 10 14 9

Solution
Illustration 21.

Find out the mode of the following marks obtained by 15 students in a class.

Mark 4 6 5 7 9 8 10 4 7 6 5 8 7 7 9
s

Solution
Illustration 22.

Find out mode from the following data :

Wages (in Rs) No. of Persons

125 3
175 8
225 21
275 6
325 4
375 2

Solution
Illustration 23.

Compute the mode from the following:

Size of the 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
item
Frequency 3 8 10 12 16 14 10 8 17 5 4 1

Solution.

The grouping for locating the mode in the series will be done as shown below:
Illustration 24.

Find out the mode from the following frequency distribution:

Central 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
sizes
Frequency 8 6 10 12 20 12 5 3 2 4

Solution.

Since the central sizes are given, we must convert them into class intervals.
Illustration 25.
Find the mode of the distribution from the following data :

Class Frequency
Below 15 3
‘’ 20 10
‘’ 25 26
‘’ 30 38
‘’ 35 47
‘’ 40 52
‘’ 45 55

Solution.

For calculation, mode of the given distribution first convert the given data into class intervals

Illustration 26.

Compute the mode from the following data :

Class 0 -3 3-6 6 -10 10-12 12-15 15-18
Frequency 4 8 10 14 16 20

Class 18 - 20 20 - 24 24 - 25 25- 28 28 - 30 30- 36

Frequency 24 14 16 11 10 6

Solution.

The class intervals are not equal. They are made equal by combining two or more classes.

Illustration 27.

Determine the value of mode of the following distribution graphically and verify the results.

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No. of 5 12 14 10 8 6
Students

Solution.

Illustration 28.

(a) In an asymmetrical distribution mean is 58 and the median is 61. Calculate mode.

(b) If mode in a tolerably asymmetrical distribution is 12 and median is 16, what would be the most
probable mean?

Solution.
Illustration 29.

The following table gives production yield in kg per hectare of wheat of 150 farms in a village. Calculate
the mean, median and mode production yield.

Production 50- 53 53- 56 56- 59 59 - 62 62-65 65 - 68 68- 71 71-74 74-77

(in kg)
No. of 3 8 14 30 36 28 16 10 5
farms

Solution.