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Engg Chem Lab Exp-04

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21 views5 pages

Engg Chem Lab Exp-04

Uploaded by

xovek90259
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO.

AIM:

To determine alkalinity of a given water sample.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Burette, pipette, conical flask, beaker, measuring flask and droppers.

CHEMICALS:
N / 50 HCl solution, phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicator.

THEORY:
Alkalinity is a measure of capacity of water to neutralize acids. Alkalinity in water is
due to the presence of following ions: -
● OH-

● 3CO2-

● HCO3-

When standard acid solution is added to alkaline water following


reactions takes place: - OH-+H+ H2O
P M
CO32-+H+ HCO3-
HCO3-+H+ H2O+CO2

So, in order to find out alkalinity in water, alkaline water is titrated with standard acid
solution using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicator. Phenolphthalein is sensitive to
OH- and CO32-whereas methyl orange is sensitive to all three ions as indicated in the
reactions.
Further, hydroxide and bicarbonate ions cannot exist together in water due
to the following reaction: -
OH-+HCO3- H2O +3CO2-
So there exist five possibilities of alkalinity in water on the basis of conc. of various ions
in water as tabulated in the table.

TABLE SHOWING DIFFERENT CASES OF ALKALINITY IN WATER

Volume of acid used Volume of acid used Volume of acid used


Titration result for neutralization of for neutralization of for neutralization of
OH- CO2-3 HCO3-
P=0 Absent Absent M
P=M P=M Absent
P=½M Absent 2P or M Absent
P>½M 2P – M 2(M – P) Absent
P<½M Absent 2P M – 2P

Here P =
Phenolphthale
in end point
M = Methyl
orange end
point

PROCEDURE:

 Pipette out 25 ml of given water sample in a conical flask and few drops of
phenolphthalein indicator to obtain pink colour.

 Titrate the resulting solution with std. N / 50 HClsolution till pink colourdisappears.

 Now add few drops of the methyl orange indicator in the same conical flask to
obtain yellow colour.

 Titrate further with std. HCl solution till pink colourappears.

 Repeat these steps to obtain three concordantvalues.


PRECAUTIONS:

1. The burette, pipette and conical flask should be rinsed with distilledwater.

2. After rinsing with distilled water burette and pipette should be rinsed with
desiredsolution.

3. Funnel should be removed from the burette duringtitration.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Titration of water sample with standard N / 50 HClsolution

Burette readings
Volume of Initial Reading up Reading up Volume of
Volume of acid
water sample reading to P end to M end acid used up to
Sr. used up to P end
taken (x) point (y) point (Z) M end point(Z-
No. point (y-x)= p
(ml) x)=M
(ml)
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
1.

2.

3.

Concordant reading

Here P = Phenolphthalein end point = y – x = -------------------- ml


M = Methyl orange end point = Z – x = -------------------
-ml

CALCULATIONS:

After locating the types of alkalinity use following equations for calculating alkalinity for
each ion.
N1V1 = N2V2

Where N1 = Normality of OH- ions / CO2-3 ions /


HCO3- ions

VI = Volume of water sample = 25 ml


N2 = Normality of std. HCl solution = N / 50
V2 = Volume of HCl used for each ion = ------- ml

Then N1 = N2V2 V1

Alkalinity = Normality × equivalent weight of CaCO3 (g/lt.)

= N1 × 50 g/lt.

Alkalinity = Normality × 50 × 1000 (mg/lt. or ppm)


= N1 × 1000 × 50 ppm

Alkalinity due to OH- in terms of CaCO3 = --------- ppm


Alkalinity due to CO2-3 in terms of CaCO 3 = ------------ ppm
Alkalinity due to HCO3- in terms of CaCO3 = ------------ ppm
Total alkalinity in termsof CaCO3= ----------- ppm

RESULT:

Alkalinity due to OH- in terms of CaCO3 = --------------- ppm


Alkalinity due to CO2-3 in terms of CaCO3 = ------------ ppm
Alkalinity due to HCO3- in terms of CaCO3 = ------------ ppm
Total alkalinity in termsof CaCO3= ------------ ppm

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