Independance Day Material

INDEPENDENCE DAY
MATERIAL
SSC
SSC INDEPENDENCE DAY SPECIAL
INDIA @77TH INDEPENDENCE DAY
The Independence Day of India is celebrated throughout the nation on the 15 August every year. This
day is to celebrate the independence of India from the colonialism of Britain for more than 200 years. It
was on 15 August 1947 that India was declared independent from British colonialism.
India’s First Independence Day
On the night of 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of Independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, said,
“At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.” To
mark the historic day of independence, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the Indian National Flag above the
Lahori Gate of Red Fort in Delhi. The Indian Independence Bill was introduced in the British House of
Commons on 4 July 1947 and passed within a fortnight. This bill provided for the provided for the end
of British rule in India on 15 August 1947. After that, India became a free country with the bifurcation
of India and Pakistan.
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The Constituent
Assembly and Drafting Committee
☞ The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to frame the Constitution

of India. It was elected by the 'Provincial Assembly'. Following India's
independence from the British Government in 1947. An idea for a
Constituent Assembly for India was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy and
it was accepted by the British in August 1940. The Constituent Assembly
was established under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The members
of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies
by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation.
The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389, of which
292 were representatives of the provinces, 93 represented the princely states and four were from
the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and British Baluchistan. The
membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after partition and it met on 31 December 1947.
☞ The Drafting Committee had seven members: Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, N. Gopalaswami, B. R.
Ambedkar, K. M. Munshi , Mohammad Saadulla, B. L. Mitter and D. P. Khaitan. At its first meeting
on 30 August 1947, the Drafting Committee elected B. R. Ambedkar as its Chairman.
☞ Towards the end of October 1947, the Drafting Committee began to scrutinise the Draft
Constitution prepared by the B. N. Rau, the Constitutional Advisor. The Drafting Committee made
made various changes and submitted the Draft Constitution to the President of the Constituent
Assembly on 21 February 1948.

The First Indian Governor-General of India
Rajagopalachari became The First Indian Governor-

General of India. At the time of partition, Rajagopalachari
was appointed as the Governor of West Bengal. In 1947,
during the absence of Lord Mountbatten (the last British
Viceroy and independent India’s first Governor-General),
Rajagopalachari was temporarily chosen to hold the office.
In June 1948, as Lord Mountbatten was set to leave India,
Rajagopalachari was given the position of Governor-
General of India which he held till 26 January 1950, when the Indian Constitution was enacted and India
became a republic.
Adoption of the Indian Constitution
☞ The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949.

☞ It took precisely 2 years, 11 months, 18 days to create the Constitution of India.

The First Republic Day of India
India became a republic on 26 January 1950. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, hoisted the
Indian National Flag in Rashtrapathi Bhawan. The date 26 January was chosen to remember the first
independence day celebrated on 26 January 1930. Indian Constitution also came to enforcement on this
day in 1950.
The First General Election of India
The first general elections in India were held between 25 October 1951 and 21 February 1952. About
1874 candidates and 53 parties contested the first Indian general elections. The parties contested for
489 seats. Indian National Congress (INC) won the elections with 364 seats as the people voted for the
party, which was led by Jawaharlal Nehru. The first phase was held in the assembly constituencies of
Chini and Pangi in Himachal Pradesh, before the onset of winter, while the final 68th phase was held in
Uttar Pradesh. After the votes were counted and results declared, the first lok sabha was constituted on
17 April 1952 after India’s first general election.

State Reorganisation Act
☞ At the time of independence in 1947, India

consisted of 571 disjointed princely states
that were merged to form 27 states. The
grouping of states at the time was done
based on political and historical
considerations rather than on linguistic or
cultural divisions, but this was a temporary
arrangement. There was a need to organise
the states permanently. Two commissions
were appointed for the same purpose — SK
Dhar Commission (1948) and JVP Committee
(1948). According to the recommendations,
Indian states were organised as per
administrative convenience. In 1953, the
demand for linguistic states arose and
Andhra became the first linguistic state in India.
☞ On 22 December 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission under Fazl Ali to consider these
new demands. The Fazl Ali Commission submitted its report in 1955 and it suggested that the
whole country be divided into 16 states and three centrally administered areas. The Union
Government, while not agreeing with the recommendations entirely, divided the country into 14
states and 6 union territories under the States Reorganisation Act that was passed in November
1956.
India–China War (1962)
The Sino-India war, better known as the Indo-China war, was a battle that took place between India and
China from 20 October to 21 November in 1962. The war ended with the Chinese ceasefire a month
later.

India–Pakistan War (1965)
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

was a culmination of skirmishes
that took place between April
1965 and September 1965
between Pakistan and India.
The conflict began following
Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar,
which was designed to
infiltrate forces into Jammu
and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. India retaliated by launching a full-scale
military attack on West Pakistan (presently Pakistan). Hostilities between the two countries ended after
a ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet
Union and the United States and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
Green Revolution in India
☞ The Green Revolution

was a period when
agriculture in India was
converted into an
industrial system due
to the adoption of
modern methods and
technology, such as the
use of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilisers. The
Green Revolution was led by agricultural scientist M. S. Swaminathan.
☞ In India, under the premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri, the Green Revolution within India
commenced in 1965, leading to an increase in food grain production, especially in the states of
Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
India’s First Rocket Launch – Nike Apache
On 21 November 1963 India’s first rocket blasted off from Thumba, a village in Kerala. The rocket was
launched from the garden facing St. Mary Magdalene Church.

Nationalisation of Banks
On 19 July 1969, 14 banks in India were nationalised. It was the first phase of nationalisation. In 2019,
India celebrated the golden jubilee of nationalisation of banks.
India–Pakistan War (1971 )
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military

confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred
during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan
from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca (Dhaka) on 16
December 1971. The war began with Operation Chengiz
Khan's preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations,
which led to the commencement of hostilities with
Pakistan and Indian entry into the war for independence
in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. During the war, Indian and Pakistan militaries
simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western fronts; the war ended after the Eastern Command
of the Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the
formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh.

Shimla Pact (1972)
The Shimla Agreement was a peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972. The official
purpose of this treaty was to pacify the relationship between the two countries after the war of 1971.
Operation Smiling Buddha (1974)
☞ Operation Smiling Buddha was the the first nuclear test of India. It is also known as Pokhran 1. The
test was code named 'Smiling Buddha' and conducted on 18 May 1974. This name was chosen
because the test was conducted on Buddha Purnima in 1974.
☞ It was the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation that was not a permanent member of the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC).

The First Indian Satellite
The Aryabhata spacecraft, named after the famous Indian astronomer, was India's first satellite. Though
it was completely designed and fabricated in India, it was launched onboard the Soviet Kosmos-3M
rocket on 19 April 1975.
First Internal Emergency
☞ A national emergency due to internal disturbance was declared for the first time in India in 1975.
The national emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 till 21 March 1977.
India’s First Gold in the Hockey World Cup (1975)
☞ The 1975 Hockey World Cup team led by Ajit Pal

Singh lifted the 1975 Hockey World Cup title by
beating arch-rivals Pakistan 2-1 in the final at
the Merdeka Football Stadium in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. The Hockey World Cup was first
introduced in 1971 where India had failed to
make it to the final after being beaten in the
semi-finals. Two years later in 1973, India was
one step closer to the title, but once again, they
fell short after losing to hosts Netherlands in the final.

India’s First Communication Satellite
Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE) was an experimental communication satellite

successfully launched by Ariane-1, from Kourou, French Guiana, on 19 June 1981 .
India’s First Cricket World Cup (1983)
The 1983 Cricket World Cup was the 3rd edition of the Cricket World Cup tournament. It was held from
9 to 25 June 1983 in England and Wales and was won by India under the captaincy of Kapil Dev. India
again won the Cricket World Cup in the year 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni.
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
☞ The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was an Indian Ministry of
Defence programme for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles. The
programme was managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and
Ordnance Factories Board. This project was started in 1982–83 under the leadership of Dr. A. P. J.
Abdul Kalam. The project was completed in 2008 with five missiles – Agni, Prithvi, Akash, Trishul
and Nag. A nuclear-capable ballistic missile, Agni 1 is the first of the five-missile Agni series
launched in 1983 by the

☞ Defence Research and Development Organisation. It has a range of 700 km.
The First Grandmaster Title of India
The first chess grandmaster title from India was achieved by Vishwanath Anand in 1988. Vishwanath
Anand was the first recipient of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 1991–92, India's highest sporting
honour. In 2007, he was awarded India's second-highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, making
him the first sportsperson to receive the award.

New Economic Policy (1991)
☞ India’s New Economic Policy is also known as LPG reforms – Liberalisation, Privatisation and
Globalisation reforms. It was introduced in 1991. P. V. Narasimha Rao was the Prime Minister of
India when the New Economic Policy of 1991 was introduced. Dr. Manmohan Singh was the
Finance Minister of India when the New Economic Policy of India was introduced.
Operation Shakti (1998)
☞ Operation Shakti took place in 1998. It is also known as Pokhran II. Pokhran-II consisted of five
nuclear detonations , the first of which was a fusion bomb, while the remaining four were fission
bombs. The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998 with the detonation of one fusion and two fission
bombs.

Kargil War (1999)
☞ The Kargil War was an armed conflict fought between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in
the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir
.
☞ In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay, which was the name of the Indian
military operation to clear out the Kargil sector. The Indian Army, later supported by the Indian
Air Force, recaptured most of the positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC). Facing
international diplomatic opposition, Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian
positions along the Line of Control (LoC).

Earthquake in Gujarat (2001)
☞ The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January. The
epicenter of this earthquake was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau
Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India.
Golden Quadrilateral Project
☞ In 2001, the Indian Government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee launched the Golden
Quadrilateral, the largest highway project in India connecting four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai and Kolkata.

Tsunami
☞ The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred on 26 December, with an epicenter off
the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that
registered a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 on the Richter scale, reaching a Mercalli intensity up to IX in
certain areas. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate
and the Indian Plate.
☞ Aceh (Indonesia), Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu (India) and Khao Lak (Thailand)
☞ faced the major impact during the tsunami.
Right to Information Act (2005)
☞ The Right to Information Act was passed by Mahatma

Gandhi National Rural Development Act (2005), throwing
government departments open to scrutiny and helping
people to acquire any information they want from
government officials.
☞ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Act (2005)
☞ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Act, which

is the largest work guarantee programme in the world, was enacted in 2005 with the primary
objective of guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.

Chandrayaan 1
☞ Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to the Moon, was launched successfully on 22 October 2008
☞ from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.
First Individual Gold Medal in Olympics
☞ Abhinav Bindra won the gold medal in the 10 m Air Rifle event at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing,
China. He became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games.
Right to Education Act (2009)
Indian Parliament passed the Right to Education Bill in

2009, making education a fundamental right of every
child and bridged the gap between different classes of
society. It requires all private schools to reserve 25
percent seats for poor children.

Delhi Commonwealth Games (2010)
☞ India hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. For the first time in the history of the
Commonwealth Games, India won over 100 medals (101) and stood second after Australia.
Mars Orbiter Mission
☞ On 5 November 2013, Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launched Mars Orbiter
Mission or Mangalyaan to probe Mars. India became the 4th nation after the USA , the European
Union and Russia to successfully launch a probe to Mars. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars
orbit and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.
India – Polio Free
☞ India, the country with the second largest population in the world,
☞ saw polio being eradicated from the country and life expectancy grow to 68.89 years which was
only 32 years at the time of independence. In March 2014, the World Health Organisation certified
the South-East Asian region – which includes India, a polio-free region.

Demonetisation
☞ In 2016, the Indian Government announced the demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs 1,000 bank
notes.
☞ There were two times previously in the history of India when such measures were announced. On
January 11, 1946, the Indian Government announced that currency notes of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 and
Rs. 10,000 will not be legal tender from 12 January 1946. In 1978, the Indian Government
demonetised high currency notes of Rs. 1000, Rs. 5000 and Rs. 10,000 in a second such historic
move, again with a view to curb black money transactions.
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
☞ GST (Goods and Services Tax) is one indirect tax for the whole nation and became on from 1 July
2017. It is the resultant tax after subsuming major central and state taxes.
☞ The 1 July is celebrated as GST Day from 2018.

Mission Shakti
☞ On 27 March 2019, India successfully conducted Mission Shakti – an anti-satellite missile test that
could destroy satellites in space through missiles on the ground.
☞ Anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) are created to destroy or incapacitate satellites. There are many
countries which have this capability, but only four countries — including India — have
demonstrated their ASAT capabilities.
Chandrayaan 2
☞ In India’s quest to land its first spacecraft on the Moon, Chandrayaan-2, riding the powerful GSLV
Mk-III rocket, was successfully launched on 2.43 pm on 22 July 2019 from the Satish Dhawan Space
Centre at Sriharikota.
☞ It is the first time India has tried to do a soft landing with Vikram lander and Pragyan rover.

Kartarpur Corridor
☞ The Holy Kartarpur Corridor was opened from both the Indian
and Pakistani sides in 2019. The Kartarpur Corridor connects
the Darbar Sahib Gurdwara in the Narowal district of Pakistan
with the Dera Baba Nanak shrine in the Gurdaspur district in
India’s Punjab province. This corridor provides visa-free visits
to pilgrims from both countries.
UNSC Presidency for India
☞ India took over the Presidency of the

United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on
1 August 2021 and is set to host signature
events in three major areas of maritime
security, peace keeping and counter
terrorism during its tenure. India’s two-
year tenure as a non-permanent member
of the United Nations Security Council
began on 1 January 2021.The August 2021
presidency will be India’s first Presidency during its 2021-22 tenure as a non-permanent member
of the United Nations Security Council. India will again preside over the UNSC in December next
Year (2022), the last month of its two-year tenure.
Tokyo Olympics 2020
India won 7 medals — 1 gold , 2 silver and 4 bronze and finished at the 48th position at the Tokyo
Olympics 2020.

India's New Parliament Building
In the 75th year of Independence, India proudly unveiled a new Parliament building, constructed by its
own people, representing the culture, pride, and spirit of the entire nation. In this article, you can read
more about the new Parliament building of India, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 28th
May 2023.
Moon mission Chandrayaan-3
☞ India’s third lunar mission, Chandrayaan – 3 made history on August 23, 2023, by successfully
achieving a soft landing on the south pole of the moon. With this, India became the first nation to
land on the moon’s south pole and the fourth (after Russia, the US and China) to land successfully
on Earth’s only natural satellite.

☞ The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had undertaken two previous missions to the
moon, namely, the Chandrayaan I and the Chandrayaan II. Chandrayaan-1 was launched in 2008
and lasted till 2009 after communications to it were lost. The mission, among other things, tested
a crash landing on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019 attempted a soft landing
on the moon but failed. The third mission, Chandrayaan-3 took into account the drawbacks and
lessons learnt from the second mission and successfully achieved soft landing.
G20 Summit in New Delhi
☞ India assumed the presidency of the G20 grouping from Indonesia, on December 1, 2022, and held
the post for a year. This gave India a unique opportunity to contribute to the global agenda on
pressing issues of international importance. India’s presidency of the G20 ended in Dec 2023.
Brazil took over the presidency from India and will hold the 2024 G20 summit at Rio de Janeiro in
December.
General Election 2024
☞ The 18th Lok Sabha election, conducted from April 19, 2024, to June 1, 2024, in seven phases, has
concluded. Today, on June 4th, the results have been announced by the Election Commission of
India.
☞ The BJP won in 240 seats (with a vote share of 36.56%), falling short of the 272-majority mark and
less than the 303 and 282 seats it had won in 2019 and 2014, respectively.With support from key
allies N Chandrababu Naidu's Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Nitish Kumar's JD(U), which won 16
and 12 seats in Andhra Pradesh and Bihar, respectively, the NDA crossed the halfway mark.The
Congress, which is part of the opposition INDIA bloc, won 99 seats (with a vote share of 21.19%)
compared to 52 it won in 2019.

India Wins T20 World Cup 2024
☞ The 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup was the ninth edition of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup. It was
co-hosted by the West Indies and the United States from 1 to 29 June 2024.
☞ India ended their 13-year wait for an ICC Cricket World Cup trophy when they beat South Africa
by seven runs to lift the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2024 in a thrilling final at the Kensington Oval
in Bridgetown, Barbados.
Events in the Celebration of Independence Day
☞ On the eve of Independence Day, the President of India delivers the "Address to the Nation".
☞ On 15 August, the Prime Minister hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site of
Red Fort in Delhi.
☞ The Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana", is sung.
☞ The speech is followed by a march past of divisions of the Indian Armed Forces and paramilitary
forces.
☞ Parades and pageants showcase scenes from the independence struggle and India's diverse
cultural traditions.

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENTS
Reasons for the Growth of Indian National Movements
Spread of Western Education and Thought

☞ English language was made the medium of instruction in schools and colleges in 1835 and it
became the language of the educated people of India.
☞ The introduction of the modern system of education afforded opportunities for assimilation of
modern western ideas and made the Indians realise the evil effects of foreign rule, which in turn
gave a new direction to Indian political thinking.
☞ The liberal and radical thoughts of European writers like Milton, Bentham, Rosseau and Voltaire,
etc., inspired the Indians in general and intelligentsia in particular with the ideals of liberty,
nationality and self-government.
Development of the Means of Communication
☞ The development of railways, the modern postal system and the introduction of the electric
telegraph during the reign of Dalhousie unified the country and facilitated the growth of
nationalism.
☞ Railways led to an increase in passenger traffic, which in turn increased interaction between the
people and maintained regular contact between them.
Emergence of Modern Press
☞ The rapid growth of the press helped the nationalist Indians in spreading the message of
patriotism and modern liberal ideas and to create a strong public opinion against the excesses and
inequities of the colonial administration.
Rediscovery of India’s Past
☞ Historical researches by European scholars, such as Max Muller, Monier Williams, Sassoon and
Roth and by Indian scholars such as R. G. Bhandarkar, R. L. Mitra and Swami Vivekananda, opened
new vistas of India’s rich socio-political, economic and cultural heritage. This gave a new sense of
self-respect and confidence among the nationalists.

☞ Bankim Chandra wrote Anand Math to expose the true character of British rule.
☞ Dina Bandhu Mitra wrote Neel Darpan to expose the exploitation by indigo planters and
Bharatendu Harishchandra put forward the idea for the use of swadeshi things.
Lord Lytton’s Reactionary Policies
☞ The highly expensive Second Afghan War, which was financed out of Indian revenues, the
abolition of import duties on British textile and the Arms Act of 1878, which was an attempt to
disarm the Indian people, created widespread discontent against the British Empire.
☞ Another anti-Indian move of Lytton’s regime was the lowering of the age limit (from 21 to 19) for
appearing in the Indian Civil Service Examination that was held only in London. Against this, the
Indian Association started a massive agitation under the leadership of S. N. Bannerjee and Lal
Mohan Ghose Vernacular Press Act.
☞ The Vernacular Press Act (1878) that curbed the liberty of the Indian Press (later, the Act was
repealed by Lord Ripon) was popularly known as the Gagging Act. To bypass the restrictions
imposed by Vernacular Press Act, Amrita Bazaar Patrika was immediately converted to an English
paper. The founding of the newspaper Hindu in Madras was also in reaction to Lytton’s Press Act.
Indian National Movement (1885–1905)
Birth of the Indian National Congress

☞ Indian National Congress (INC) was the natural and inevitable product of various forces of the 19th
century.
☞ The credit for the birth of the Indian National Congress is often given to A. O. Hume, who, with
the blessings of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin, successfully organised the prominent political leaders
and founded the Indian National Congress.
FACTS
Satyameva Jayate is from Mudaka Upanishad.
Background of INC
☞ Indian Association decided to hold its first Indian conference in Calcutta at the same time so that
it can reach the masses, but the plan failed.
☞ In 1884, at the annual convention of the Theosophical Society at Adyar in Madras, A. O. Hume
proposed the formation of a committee so as to make necessary preparations for a session at
Pune to be held in 1885.
☞ The members of the committee included A. O. Hume, S. N. Bannerjee, Narendra Nath Sen,
Subramanya Aiyar, P. Ananda Charlu, Sardar Dayal Singh, Lala Sriram, K. T. Telang and V. N.
Mandalik.

☞ Before the formation of the Indian National Congress, two sessions of the Indian National
Conference had been held in 1883 and 1885 under the guidance of S. N. Bannerjee and Anand
Mohan Bose.
☞ A. O. Hume was a retired British member of the Indian Civil Service. He played an important role
in the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.
☞ Earlier, he founded the Indian National Union in 1884, which is considered to be the forerunner
of the Indian National Congress.
☞ He served as the General Secretary of INC from 1885 to 1906.
☞ A. O. Hume published a pamphlet, an old man’s hope in the Madras Session of the INC in 1887.
Formation of INC
☞ Indian National Congress was finally formed on 28 December 1885.

☞ The first session of the Indian National Congress was held on 28 December 1885 at Tejpal Sanskrit
Pathshala, Bombay, under the presidentship of W. C. Bannerjee, only 72 delegates had
participated and most of them belonged to lawyers, and there weren’t any women in that session.
☞ In 1886, the number of delegates to Congress became 436. Moderate leaders dominated the
Congress in its early phase. The moderate belief in the essential sense of justice and goodness of
the British nation was strong.
☞ In 1889, a British Committee of the Indian National Congress was founded under the Chairmanship
of W. Wedderburn (biographer of A. O. Hume) in London and a journal named India was also
started.
Moderate Nationalism
☞ The leading figures during the first phase were W. C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dadabhai
Naoroji, Pheroze Shah Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale,
☞ Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, G. Subramanya Aiyar, A. O. Hume, M. G.
Ranade, C. Shankaran Naiyar, V. S. Shrinivas Shastri, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Anand Mohan Bose, Ras
Bihari Ghosh, Mohanlal Ghosh, P. Anand Charlu, C. Y. Chintamani, R. C. Dutt, K. T. Tailang,
Madhusudan Das and Rahimtulla M. Sayani.
☞ Surendra Nath Banerjee was called the Indian Burke. He firmly opposed the Partition of Bengal.
He founded the Indian Association (1876) to agitate for political reforms. He had convened the
Indian National Conference (1883), which merged with the Indian National Congress in 1886. G.
Subramanya Aiyar preached nationalism through the Madras Mahajana Sabha. He also founded
The Hindu and Swadesamitran. Dadabhai Naoroji was known as the Grand Old Man of India is
regarded as India’s unofficial Ambassador in England. He was the first Indian to become a Member
of the British House of Commons. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was regarded as the political guru of
Gandhi. In 1905, he founded the Servants of India Society to train Indians to dedicate their lives to
the cause of the country.

Main Demands of Moderates
☞ Expansion and reform of legislative councils.

☞ Greater opportunities for Indians in higher posts by holding the ICS examination simultaneously
in England and in India.
☞ Separation of the judiciary from the executive.
☞ More powers for the local bodies.
☞ Reduction of land revenue and protection of peasants from unjust landlords.
☞ Abolition of salt tax and sugar duty.
☞ Reduction of spending on the army.
☞ Freedom of speech and expression and freedom to form associations.
Methods of Moderates
☞ The Moderates had total faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. They were loyal to the
British. They looked to England for inspiration and guidance.
☞ The Moderates used petitions, resolutions, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets, memorandum and
delegations to present their demands.
☞ They confined their political activities to the educated classes only. Their aim was to attain political
rights and self-government stage by stage.
Achievements of Moderates
☞ The Moderates were able to create a wide national awakening among the people.
☞ They popularised the ideas of democracy, civil liberties and representative institutions.
Indian National Movement (1905-1917)
Causes for the Rise of Extremism

☞ Dissatisfaction with the methods and achievements of the moderates.
☞ The failure of the Moderates to win any notable success other than the expansion of the legislative
councils by the Indian Councils Act (1892).
☞ Growing consciousness about the exploitative character of the British rule.
☞ The economic conditions of the people became worse.
☞ The ill-treatment of the Indians in South Africa on the basis of the colour of their skin.

☞ The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905 in which Japan defeated the European power Russia. This
encouraged Indians to fight against the European nation, Britain.
☞ The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionary rule of Lord Curzon’s Calcutta
Corporation Act (1899), The Universities Act (1904), the Sedition Act and the Official Secrets Act
(1904) and Partition of Bengal.
Main Objective of Extremists
☞ Their main objective was to attain Swaraj or complete independence and not just self-
government.
Leaders of the Extremists
☞ Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Sir Aurobindo Ghosh, Chakravarti Bose, T.
Prakasham and Chidambaram Pillai were the few extremists.
☞ There were 3 groups of extremists the Maharashtrian group (headed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak), the
Bengal group (represented by BC Pal and Aurobindo) and the Punjab group (led by Lala Lajpat Rai).
Partition of Bengal
☞ Through a royal proclamation, Lord Curzon (Partition of Bengal), on creating the East Bengal and
Assam out of rest of Bengal on 16 October 1905. The objective was to set up a communal gulf
between the Hindus and Muslims.
☞ The Indian National Movement, entered its second phase after the Partition of Bengal.
☞ The British said that the existing province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by
a single Provincial Government.
☞ The Indian National Congress and the nationalists of Bengal firmly opposed the Partition.
☞ The nationalists could see that it was a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengal’s territory on
religious grounds as far Eastern part Muslims will be in majority and for the Western part, the
Hindus.
☞ Rabindranath Tagore composed the National song ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ for the occasion. This song
was adopted as the National Anthem by the Bangladesh in 1971, after its liberation from the
Pakistan.
The Anti-Partition Movement
☞ The Anti-Partition movement was initiated on 7 August 1905. On that day, a massive
demonstration against the partition, was organised in the Town Hall in Calcutta. The partition took
effect on 16 October 1905

FACTS
Servants of India Society was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 to unite and train Indians of
different castes, regions and religions in welfare work.
The Swadeshi and Boycott
☞ It had its origin in the Anti-Partition movement of Bengal. Mass meetings were held all over
Bengal, where Swadeshi or the use of the Indian goods and the boycott of the British goods were
proclaimed and pledged. Public burning of foreign clothes was organized and the shops selling
foreign clothes were picketed.
☞ Acharya PC Roy organised his famous Bengal Chemical Swadeshi stores.
☞ Nationalist Educational Institutions were founded, e.g. Bengal Technical Institute, Bengal
National College.
☞ B. C. Pal and Chidambram Pillai Vandemataram Movement Madras.
☞ LalaLajpat Rai and Ajit Singh led the movement in Punjab.
FACTS
 Swadeshi means ‘of one’s own country’. The origin of the idea can be traced to 1872 when
Mahadev Govind Ranade, in a series of lectures in Poona, popularised the idea of Swadeshi.
According to Ranade, the goods produced in one’s own country should be given preference even
if the use of such goods proved to be less satisfactory.
 The idea of education in vernacular language made its appearance much before the swadeshi
movement with the foundation of Dawn Society by Satish Chandra in 1902.
Formation of Muslim League (1906)
☞ Set-up in 1906, under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-
ul-Mulk.
☞ It supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi Movement, demanded special safe
guards for its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.
☞ Calcutta Session of INC (1906) Dadabhai Naoroji the President of the session, declared that the
Self-Government of Swaraj, like that of United Kingdom was the goal of the Indian people.

Surat Split (1907)
☞ The INC split into two groups during the session at Surat in 1907.
☞ Extremists were led by Lal, Bal, Pal, while the Moderates were led by G. K. Gokhale.
☞ Moderates demanded mild constitutional reforms, economic relief, administrative reorganisation

and protection of the civil rights.
Ghadar party (1913)
☞ Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bakhna.
☞ Indian revolutionary in the United States of America and Canada had established the Ghadar
(Rebellion) party in 1913. Most of the members of the party were Punjabi Sikh peasants and ex-
soldiers, who migrated.
☞ The party was built around the weekly paper , ‘The Ghadar’, which carried the caption ‘Angrezi raj
ka Dushman’. Headquarters were in San Francisco.
☞ The outbreak of the First World War provided the Ghadarites with an opportunity to free India
from a government, which was indifferent to their cause.
☞ They began to return to India in thousands for a co-ordinated revolt, but unfortunately, the
authorities came to know about their plans and took immediate action. The rebellions regiments
were disbanded and their leader were either imprisoned or hanged.
☞ Some of the prominent Ghadar leaders were — Baba GurumukhSingh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Sohan
Singh, Bakhna, Rahmat Ali Shah, Bhai Paramanand and Mohammad Barkatullah.
☞ To carry out the other revolutionary activities, 'Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver and ‘United
India House’ at Seattle was set-up.
Komagata Maru Incident (1914)
☞ Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamship that carried Sikh and Muslim immigrants from Punjab
to Vancouver, Canada. But the ship was forced to return back to India by the Canadian authorities.
☞ The ship docked at Budge in Calcutta.
☞ The Britishers considered the passengers as dangerous political agitators and tried to arrest Baba
Gurdit Singh from among them. Police opened fire on them and 19 passengers died in the incident.

Indian National Movement (1916 – 1947)
☞ Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in the coastal town of Porbandar in 1869. When he
returned from South Africa to India in 1915 by the activities and ideas of Gopala Krishna Gokhale,
he acknowledged him as his political Guru. He established his Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad
but did not take an active part in the political movements including the Home Rule movement.
FACTS
Gandhi had been honoured with Kaisari- Hind gold medal for his humanitarian work in South Africa.
Gandhi’s Experiments of Satyagraha
a) Champaran Movement (1917)
☞ It was against the European Planters, who had bound the peasants to compulsorily grow indigo
on lease on 3/20th of their fields and sell it. It was called as tinkathia system.
☞ This was the first Civil Disobedience Movement.

b) Mill Workers’ strike and Gandhi’s fast at Ahmedabad (1918)
☞ It was the to solve the problem between mill workers and mill owners. Gandhiji demanded
increase in the salary of the mill workers and went on with hunger strike. This was the first hunger
strike by Gandhiji in India.
c) The Kheda Struggle (1918)
☞ The peasants of The Kheda district, due to the failure of the monsoon, were in distress. Hence
Gandhiji asked the peasants to withhold the tax payment. This was the first Non – Cooperation
Movement.
Rowlatt Act (1919)
☞ It was a part of the British policy of ‘rally the moderates and isolate the extremists’ that the Indian
Councils Act 1919 and the Rowlatt Act of the same year were promulgated. This Act empowered
the government to imprison any person without trial. This act made everyone including Gandhi
infuriated. Hence he planned to launch a movement and he combined it with Khilafat Issue.

Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
☞ On 13 April 1919, in Amritsar town, in the Jallianwala more than two thousand people had
assembled at the venue to peacefully protest against the arrest of their leaders, Satyapal and
Saifuddin Kitchlew.
☞ Michael O’Dwyer was the Lt. Governor of Punjab and the military commander was General
Reginald Dyer.
☞ Dyer ordered firing on the trapped crowd with machine guns and rifles till the ammunition was
exhausted. While the official figures of the dead was only about 379 the real number was over a
thousand. Martial law was imposed all over Punjab and people were subject to untold indignities.
☞ Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood in protest.
☞ Hunter Commission was established to look into the matter.
FACTS
Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood immediately after the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.
A Sikh teenager who was raised at Khalsa Orphanage named Udham Singh saw the happening in his
own eyes. To avenge the killings of Jallianwalla Bagh, on 30 March 1940, he assassinated Michael
O'Dwyer in Caxton Hall of London. Udham Singh was hanged at Pentonville jail, London
Khilafat movement (1920)
☞ During the first World War, Turkey allied with Germany and Austria against British. The Indian
Muslim regarded the Sultan of Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa.
☞ After the war, the British removed the Khalifa from his power and fragmented Turkey. Hence, the
Muslim started the Khilafat Movement in India, for the restoration of Khalifa’s position.
☞ Gandhi and the Congress, who were bent upon Hindu-Muslim unity, now stood by their Muslim
compatriots who felt betrayed by the British regime. The Ali brothers – Shaukat and Muhammad
– and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were the prime movers in the Khilafat movement.
Non-Cooperation Movement
☞ The Khilafat Conference at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation
movement from 31 August 1920. Earlier an all-party meet at Allahabad had decided on a
programme of the boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts.

☞ The Congress met in a special session at Calcutta in September 1920 and resolved to accept
Gandhi’s proposal on non-cooperation with the colonial state till such time as Khilafat and Punjab
grievances were redressed and self-government established.
☞ Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices,

legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards.
☞ Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured
and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil Non-
Cooperators with Gandhi.
Chauri Chaura (1922) incident
☞ Chauri-Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district of UP had an organised volunteer group that was
participating and leading the picketing of liquor shops and local bazaar against high prices. On 5
February 1922, a Congress procession, 3000 strong, was fired upon by police. Enraged by the firing,
the mob attacked and burnt down the police station. 22 policemen lost their lives. It was this
incident that made Gandhi announce the suspension of the non-cooperation movement.
Swaraj Party (1923)
☞ Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru proposed a new line of activity. They wanted to return to
active politics which included entry into electoral politics and demonstrate that the nationalists
were capable of obstructing the working of the reformed legislature by capturing them and
arousing the nationalist spirit. This group came to be called the ‘Swarajists and pro-changers’.
☞ The Swaraj party did reasonably well in the elections to the Central Assembly by winning 42 of the
101 seats open for election. With the cooperation of other members they were able to stall many
anti-people legislations of the colonial regime, and were successful in exposing the inadequacy of
the Act of 1919.
Simon Go Back Demonstration
☞ The simon Commission was established in 1927 to go into the question of further Constitutional
Reform and review of Montagu – Chelmsford Reform of 1919.
☞ The Indians protested, against the Simon Commission, because of the exclusion of Indians from
the Commission and foreigners will be deciding the future of India.
☞ The National Congress decided to boycott the commission in its Madras Session in 1927, presided
over by Dr Ansari. Muslim league and Hindu Mahasabha supported Congress, but Justice Party
welcomed the Commission.

☞ On 3rd February, 1928, the Commission was greeted with Hartals and black flag demonstrations,
under the slogan Simon Go Back.
☞ To overrule the Simon Commission report the Congress Tabled an Alternative report prepared by
Moti Lal Nehru called as Nehru Report in 1928. But it was rejected due to problems between
Congress and Muslim League.
☞ Jinnah, the leader of Muslim League did not accept the Nehru Report and drew up a list of fourteen
demands on 9th March 1929, which became famous as 14 points of Jinnah.
Lahore Congress Session-Poorna Swaraj
☞ It was at the Lahore session that the Congress declared that the objective of the Congress was the
attainment of complete independence. It was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.
☞ On 31 December 1929, the tricolour flag of freedom was hoisted at Lahore. It was also decided
that 26 January would be celebrated as the Independence day every year.
☞ It was also announced that civil disobedience, would be started under the leadership of Gandhi.
☞ Boycott of First Round Table conference was also decided in this session.
Dandi March (1930)
☞ Gandhi announced the ‘Dandi March’. It was a protest against the unjust tax on salt, which is used
by all. But the colonial government was taxing it and had a near-monopoly over it. He started the
March from 12th March 1930. The Dandi March was to cover 375 kms from Gandhi’s Sabarmati
Ashram to Dandi on the Gujarat coast. He reached Dandi on the 25th Day i.e. 6 April 1930. He
broke the salt law by picking up a fist full of salt. It was symbolic of the refusal of Indians to be
under the repressive colonial government and its unjust laws.
The Round Table Conferences
☞ The round table conferences were called for the discussion of the Simon Commission report. There
were 3 round table conference in total. B.R. Ambedkar is the only one person to attend all the 3
conferences.
First Round Table Conference
☞ It took place on 12th November, 1930. It was boycotted by the congress. The government now
made attempts to negotiate an agreement with the Congress, so that it could attend the Round
Table Conference. The result of which was Gandhi Irwin Pact.

Gandhi – Irwin Pact
☞ It was signed between Gandhi and the then viceroy of India Irwin on 5th March 1931.
☞ Under this, the government agreed to release all those political prisoners, who were non-violent.
The Right to make salt for consumption was agreed to.
☞ The Congress was to suspend Civil Disobedience Movement and take part in Second Round Table
Conference.
☞ The pact was endorsed in the Karachi Session of Indian National Congress in 1931. It was presided
by Sardar Vallabhai Patel.
Second Round Table Conference
☞ Gandhiji went to England in September, 1931, along with Sarojini Naidu, Mahadev Desai, GD Birla
and Madan Mohan Malviya to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
☞ But the conference didn’t yield any results and Gandhiji came back and resumed the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Communal Award
☞ A meeting between Gandhi and Ambedkar on this issue of the separate electorates before they
went to London to attend the Second Round Table Conference ended in failure.
☞ There was an encounter between the two, again in the RTC about the same issue. It ended in a
deadlock and finally the issue was left to be arbitrated by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay
McDonald, who announced Communal Award/ Separate electorate for depressed classes in 1932.
Poona Pact
☞ Gandhi was deeply upset with the Communal Award. He went on a fast unto death in the Yerwada
jail where he was imprisoned. There was enormous pressure on Ambedkar to save Gandhi’s life.
☞ Therefore a new agreement, between Ambedkar and Gandhi called the ‘Poona Pact’ was signed
on 24th September, 1932.
☞ 147 seats were to be allotted to the depressed classes in the provincial legislature as against 71
provided by the Communal Award.

Third Round Table Conference
☞ It was held in 1932. Congress didn’t participate. The result of round table conference was the
Government of India Act 1935.
Observation of Day of Deliverance
☞ The Second World War broke out in 1939 and the Viceroy of India Linlithgow immediately
announced that India was also at war. Since the declaration was made without any consultation
with the Congress, it was greatly resented by it. The Congress Ministry resigned in the wake of the
war. Congress agreed to support Britain only in return of independence being granted.
☞ The Muslim League celebrated the end of the Congress rule as a day of deliverance on 22
December 1939. It was in this atmosphere that the League passed its resolution on 26 March 1940
in Lahore, demanding a separate nation for Muslims.
☞ Though the idea of Pakistan came from the Muslim League platform in 1940 it had been conceived
ten years earlier by the poet–scholar Mohammad Iqbal. At the League’s annual conference at
Allahabad (1930), Iqbal expressed his wish to see a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State.
☞ Chaudhary Rehmat Ali coined the term ‘Pakistan’ .
August Offer – 1940
☞ It was a failure mission as the congress rejected the proposals under August Offer. Congress
rejected the August offer, as it insisted on complete independence instead of dominion status.
The Muslim League also rejected the August offer, as it was now beginning to demand a separate
state of Pakistan.
Individual Satyagraha
☞ Congress rejected the August offer because Congress was convinced that the British would not
modify their policy in India. Gandhi decided to start the Individual Satyagraha in September 1940.
☞ Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer individual Satyagraha, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru and
Brahma Dutt.
Cripps Mission
☞ The Cripps Mission arrived in March 1942 to assuage the nationalists. But its proposals bore no
fruit.
☞ Gandhi termed this proposal as a post-dated cheque in a crashing bank

Quit India Movement
☞ The futility that marked the Cripps mission had turned both Gandhi and Nehru sour with the British
than any time in the past.
☞ The Mahatma called upon the people to ‘Do or Die’ and called the movement he launched from
there as a ‘fight to the finish’.
☞ The All India Congress Committee met at Bombay on 8th August, 1942. It passed the famous Quit
India resolution and proposed to start off a non-violent mass struggle under Gandhi’s leadership
☞ The colonial government did not wait. All the leaders of the Indian National Congress including
Gandhi, were arrested early in the morning on 9 August 1942.
☞ The Indian people too did not wait. The immediate response to the pre-dawn arrests, was hartals
in almost all the towns where the people clashed, often violently with the police. Industrial
workers across India went on strike.
☞ Prominent feature of the Quit India movement was the use of Radio by the rebels. Usha Mehta
was the force behind the clandestine radio operations and its broadcast was heard as far away as
Madras.
Release of Gandhi
☞ Gandhi’s release from prison on health grounds, on 6 May 1944, led to the revival of the
Constructive Programme. The colonial state meanwhile, put forward a plan for a negotiation. Lord
Archibald Wavell, who had replaced Linlithgow as Viceroy in October 1943, had begun to work
towards another round of negotiation. The negotiation resulted in the Cabinet mission.
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and the INA Bose with INA
☞ The idea of Indian National Army (INA) was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian
officer of the British Indian Army
☞ The Indian Prisoners of Wars with the Japanese were left under Mohan Singh’s command. The fall
of Singapore to the Japanese forces added to the strength of the POWs and Mohan Singh now had
45,000 POWs under his command. Of these, Mohan Singh had drafted about 40,000 men in the
Indian National Army by the end of 1942.
☞ Bose came to Singapore and set up the Provisional Government of Free India on 21 October
1943.This Provisional Government declared war against Britain and the other allied nations. The
Axis powers recognised Bose’s Provisional Government as its ally.
☞ The Rani of Jhansi regiment of the INA was commanded by a medical doctor and daughter of
freedom fighter Ammu Swaminathan from Madras, Dr Lakshmi.

☞ On 6 July 1944, Subhas Chandra Bose addressed a message to Gandhi over the Azad Hind Radio
from Rangoon. Calling him the ‘Father of the Nation’, Bose appealed to Gandhi for his blessing in
what he described as ‘India’s last war of independence.’
INA with Axis Powers in War
☞ A battalion of the INA commanded by Shah Nawaz accompanied the Japanese army, in its march
on Imphal. This was in late 1944 and the Axis powers, including the Japanese forces, had fallen
into bad times all over. The Imphal campaign did not succeed and the Japanese retreated before
the final surrender to the British command in mid-1945. Shah Nawaz and his soldiers of the INA
were taken prisoners and charged with treason.
INA Trial
☞ The INA trials were held at the Red Fort in New Delhi. The Indian National Congress fielded its best
lawyers in defence of the INA soldiers.
☞ The press in India reported the trials with all empathy and editorials sought the soldiers freed
immediately.
☞ The INA week was marked by processions, hartals and even general strikes across the nation
demanding the release of the soldiers.
☞ The Muslim League, the Shiromani Akali Dal and the Hindu Maha Sabha, all those who had stayed
clear of the Quit India campaign, joined the protests and raised funds for their defence. Although
the trial court found Sehgal, Dhillon and Shah Nawaz Khan guilty of treason, the commander in
chief remitted the sentences and set them free on 6 January 1946.
Demand for a Separate Nation
☞ Meanwhile, the communal challenge persisted and the Muslim League pressed with its demand
for a separate nation. The Lahore resolution of the Muslim League in March 1940 had altered the
discourse from the Muslims being a ‘minority’ to the Muslims constituting a ‘nation’. Mohammed
Ali Jinnah was asserting this right as the sole spokesperson of the community.
Rajaji’s Proposals/Plan
☞ In April 1944, when the Congress leaders were in jail, C. Rajagopalachari put out a proposal to
resolve the issue. The Muslim league rejected the proposal.

Wavell Plan
☞ In June 1945 Lord Wavell moved to negotiate and called for the Shimla conference.
☞ His proposal was an Executive Council, exclusively with Indians along with himself and the
commander-in-chief; an equal number of representatives in the council for the caste Hindus and
the Muslims and separate representation for the Scheduled Castes and the start of discussions for
a new constitution. The proposal displeased everyone. The Shimla Conference held between 25
June 1945 and 14 July 1945, ended without a resolution.
☞ The years between the Lahore resolution of 1940 and the Shimla Conference in 1945, marked the
consolidation of a Muslim national identity and the emergence of Jinnah as its sole spokesperson.
It was at a convention of Muslim League Legislators in Delhi in April 1946, that Pakistan was
defined as a ‘sovereign independent state’.
Cabinet Mission and Direct Action Day
☞ Muslim League openly boycotted the Quit India movement of 1942. In the elections held in 1946
to the Constituent Assembly, Muslim League won all 30 seats reserved for the Muslims in the
Central Legislative Assembly and most of the reserved provincial seats as well.
☞ In 1946 the Secretary of State Pethick- Lawrence led a three-member Cabinet Mission to New
Delhi with the hope of resolving the Congress–Muslim League deadlock and thus, of transferring
British power to a single Indian administration.
☞ Jinnah accepted the Cabinet Mission’s proposal, as did the Congress leaders.
☞ But on 29 July 1946, the Muslim League adopted a resolution rejecting the Cabinet Mission Plan
and called upon the Muslims throughout India to observe a ‘Direct Action Day’ in protest on
August 16.
Atlee Statement
☞ British Prime Minister Atlee’s statement in Parliament on 20 February 1947, that the British were
firm on their intention to leave India by June 1948, set the pace for another stage. Lord Wavell
was replaced as Viceroy by Lord Mountbatten on 22 March 1947.
Mountbatten Plan
☞ Mount batten came up with a definite plan for partition. It involved splitting up Punjab into West
and East (where the west would go to Pakistan) and a similar division of Bengal, wherein the
Western parts will remain in India and the East become Pakistan.

☞ It was also called 3rd June Plan in case of partition, two dominions and two Constituent Assemblies
would be created. The plan declared that power would be handed over by 15th August, 1947.
☞ The Congress Working Committee on 1 May 1947, conveyed its acceptance of the idea of partition
to Mountbatten.
India Independence Act
☞ On 18 July, 1947, British Parliament ratified the Mountbatten Plan as the Independence of India
Act, 1947.
☞ The act provided for the creation of two independent dominions of India and Pakistan. Each
dominion was to have a Governor– General to be responsible for effective operation of the act
Indian National Congress Sessions

Year Location President Importance
1885 Bombay W. C. Banerjee The first session was attended by 72
delegates.
1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji National Congress and National Conference
were merged.
1887 Madras Syed Badruddin Tyabji An appeal was made to Muslims to join
hands with other national leaders.
1888 Allahabad George Yule He was the first English President of INC.
1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn –
1890 Calcutta Feroz Shah Mehta –
1891 Nagpur P. Ananda Charlu –
1892 Allahabad W. C. Banerjee –
1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji –
1894 Madras Alfred Webb –
1895 Poona Surendranath Banerjee –
1896 Calcutta Rahimtullah M. Sayani National song ‘Vande Mataram’ was sung
for the first time.
1901 Calcutta Dinshaw E. Wacha –
1902 Ahmedabad Surendra Nath Banerjee –
1903 Madras Lal Mohan Ghosh –
1904 Bombay Sir Henry Cotton –
1905 Benares Gopal Krishna Gokhale He expressed resentment against the
Partition of Bengal.

1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji The word ‘Swaraj’ was mentioned for the
first time.
1907 Surat Rash Behari Ghosh INC split into extremists and moderates.
1908 Madras Rash Behari Ghosh The previous session continued.
1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malaviya Indian Councils Act, 1909
1910 Allahabad Sir William Wedderburn M. A. Jinnah decried the separate
electorate system introduced by the Act of
1909.
1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Dhar ‘Jana Gana Mana’ was sung for the first
time.
1912 Bankipore Raghunath Narasinha –
(Patna) Mudholkar
1913 Karachi Syed Mohammed –
1914 Madras Bhupendra Nath Basu –
1915 Bombay Satyendra Prasanna Sinha –
1916 Lucknow Ambica Charan Mazumdar Lucknow Pact – joint session with the
Muslim League.
1917 Calcutta Annie Besant She was the first woman President of the
INC.
1918 Bombay and Syed Hasan Imam (Bombay) Two sessions were held. The first in
Delhi and Madan Mohan Bombay in August/September and the
Malaviya (Delhi) second in Delhi in December.
1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru Jallianwala Bagh massacre was strongly
condemned.
1920 Nagpur C. Vijayaraghavachariar The reconstitution of the working
committees of the INC on a linguistic basis.
M. A. Jinnah left the Indian National
Congress.
1921 Ahmedabad Hakim Ajmal Khan –
(Acting President for C. R.
Das)
1922 Gaya C. R. Das C. R. Das and other leaders broke away
from the INC
for the formation of the Swaraj Party.
1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad Ali –
1924 Belgaum M. K. Gandhi It was the only session presided by M. K.
Gandhi.
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu She was the first Indian woman President.
1926 Guwahati S. Srinivasa Iyengar –

1927 Madras M. A. Ansari This session passed a resolution against the

boycott of the Simon Commission.
1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru All India Youth Congress was formed.
1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru The resolution of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ was
passed. Civil Disobedience Movement for
complete independence to be launched.
26 January to be observed as
‘Independence Day’.
1930 No Session – –
1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel Resolution on fundamental rights and
national economic progress. Gandhi-Irwin
Pact was endorsed. Gandhi was nominated
to represent INC in the second-round table
conference.
1933 Calcutta Malaviya was elected but –
Nellie Sengupta presided
1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad An amendment in the Constitution of
Congress was made.
1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru
1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru This was the first session to be held in a
village.
It was also the 50th session of the INC.
1938 Haripura Subhas Chandra Bose National Planning Committee was set up
under Nehru.
1939 Tripuri Subhas Chandra Bose, Bose was elected but had to resign since
Rajendra Prasad Gandhi supported Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
Instead, Rajendra Prasad was appointed.
Bose started the Forward Bloc.
1940 Ramgarh Abul Kalam Azad –
1941– – – No session was held because of arrests.
1945
1947 Meerut J. B. Kripalani This was the last session before
independence.
1948 Jaipur Pattabhi Sitaramayya This was the first session after
independence.
1950 Nashik Purushottam Das Tandon He resigned in 1951. Nehru became the
President.

Key Features of Budget 2024-2025
Roadmap for our pursuit of ‘Viksit Bharat’
☞ Viksit Bharat envisions transforming India into a developed nation by 2047, encompassing various
facets of development, such as economic growth, environmental sustainability, social progress
and good governance.
Focus on 4 major castes
☞ Farmer
☞ Poor
☞ Youth
☞ Women
Budget Theme
☞ Employment
☞ Skilling
☞ MSMEs
☞ Middle Class
Priorities for Viksit Bharat
Productivity and resilience in Agriculture
1.Transforming Agriculture Research

Comprehensive review of the agriculture research setup to bring focus on raising productivity and
developing climate resilient varieties.
2.National Cooperation Policy

For systematic, orderly and all-round development of the cooperative sector.

3. Atmanirbharta
For oil seeds such as mustard, groundnut, sesame, soyabean and sunflower.
4. Vegetable production & supply chain

Promotion of FPOs, cooperatives & start-ups for vegetable supply chains for collection, storage, and
marketing.
5. Release of new varieties

109 new high-yielding and climateresilient varieties of 32 field and horticulture crops will be released
for cultivation by farmers.
Natural Farming
☞ 1 crore farmers across the country will be initiated into natural farming, supported by certification
and branding in next 2 years.
☞ 10,000 need-based bio-input resource centres to be established.
Shrimp Production & Export
☞ Financing for Shrimp farming, processing and export will be facilitated through NABARD.
Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
☞ DPI for coverage of farmers and their lands in 3 years.
☞ Digital crop survey in 400 districts
☞ Issuance of Jan Samarth based Kisan Credit Cards
Employment & Skilling

PM’s Package (3 schemes for Employment Linked Incentive)
Scheme A First Timers
☞ One-month wage to new entrants in all formal sectors in 3 instalments up to ₹15,000
☞ Expected to benefit 210 lakh youth

Scheme B Job Creation in Manufacturing
☞ Linked to first time employees
☞ Incentive to both employee & employer for EPFO contributions in the specified scales for the first
4 years
☞ Expected to benefit 30 lakh youth
Scheme C Support to Employers
☞ Government will reimburse EPFO contributions of employers up to ₹3000 per month for 2 years
for all new hires
☞ Expected to generate 50 lakh jobs
☞ Facilitate higher participation of women in the workforce through setting up of working women
hostels in collaboration with industry, and establishing creches.
☞ Loans up to ₹7.5 lakh with a guarantee from a government promoted Fund.
☞ Expected to help 25,000 students every year.
☞ Financial support for loans upto ₹10 lakh for higher education in domestic institutions.
☞ Direct E-vouchers to 1 lakh students every year.
☞ Annual interest subvention of 3%.
PM’s Package ( 4th scheme)
Skilling Programme
☞ 20 lakh youth will be skilled over a 5-year period.
☞ 1,000 Industrial Training Institutes will be upgraded in hub and spoke arrangements with outcome
orientation.
☞ Course content & design aligned as per skill needs of industry.
Inclusive Human Resource Development and Social Justice
☞ Purvodaya: Vikas bhi Virasat bhi
☞ Plan for endowment rich states in the Eastern parts covering Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Odisha and Andhra Pradesh for generation of economic opportunities to attain Viksit Bharat.
☞ Amritsar Kolkata Industrial Corridor with development of an industrial node at Gaya.

☞ Allocation of more than ₹3 lakh crore for schemes benefitting women and girls.
☞ Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan: Improving the socio-economic condition of tribal
communities covering 63,000 villages benefitting 5 crore tribal people
☞ More than 100 branches of India Post Payment Bank will be set up in the North East region.
Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act:
☞ Financial support of ₹15,000 crores will be arranged in FY 24- 25.
☞ Completion of Polavaram Irrigation Project ensuring food security of the nation.
☞ Essential infrastructure such as water, power, railways and roads in Kopparthy node on the
Vishakhapatnam-Chennai Industrial Corridor and Orvakal node on Hyderabad-Bengaluru
Industrial Corridor.
Manufacturing & Services
Highlights
☞ Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs in the Manufacturing Sector
☞ Enhanced scope for mandatory onboarding in TReDS
☞ MSME Units for Food Irradiation, Quality & Safety Testing
☞ New assessment model for MSME credit
☞ Mudra Loans: The limit enhanced to ₹ 20 lakh from the current ₹ 10 lakh under the ‘Tarun’
category.
☞ Credit Support to MSMEs during Stress Period
☞ Twelve industrial parks under the National Industrial Corridor Development Programme
☞ Rental housing with dormitory type accommodation for industrial workers in PPP mode with VGF
support.
☞ Critical Minerals Mission for domestic production, recycling and overseas acquisition.
☞ Strengthening of the tribunal and appellate tribunals to speed up insolvency resolution and
additional tribunals to be established
Internship Opportunities
☞ PM’s Package (5th scheme)
☞ Scheme for providing internship opportunities in 500 top companies to 1 crore youth in 5 years.
Allowance of ₹5,000 per month along with a one-time assistance of ₹6,000 through the CSR funds.

Urban Development
☞ Stamp Duty : Encouraging states to lower stamp duties for properties purchased by women.
☞ Street Markets: Envisioning a scheme to develop 100 weekly ‘haats’ or street food hubs in select
cities.
☞ Transit Oriented Development: Transit Oriented Development plans for 14 large cities with a
population above 30 lakh
☞ Water Management: Promote water supply, sewage treatment and solid waste management
projects and services for 100 large cities through bankable projects.
☞ Housing Needs
☞ PM Awas Yojana Urban 2.0
☞ Needs of 1 crore urban poor and middle-class families will be addressed with an investment of
₹10 lakh crore
☞ Enabling policies and regulations for efficient and transparent rental housing markets with
enhanced availability will also be put in place.
Energy Security
☞ Initiatives with private sector in Nuclear Energy
☞ Setting up Bharat Small Reactors
☞ R&D of Bharat Small Modular Reactor and newer technologies for nuclear energy
☞ Energy Audit
☞ Financial support for shifting of micro and small industries to cleaner forms of energy
☞ Facilitate investment grade energy audit in 60 clusters, next phase expands to 100 clusters
☞ Pumped Storage Policy
☞ For electricity storage and facilitation of smooth integration of the growing share of renewable
energy
☞ AUSC Thermal Power Plants
☞ A joint venture between NTPC and BHEL will set up a full scale 800 MW commercial plant.
☞ PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
☞ 1 crore Households obtain free electricity
☞ Up to 300 Units every month
☞ 1.28 crore Registrations and 14 lakh applications so far

Infrastructure
☞ Provision of ₹11,11,111 crore for infrastructure (3.4% of GDP).
☞ ₹1.5 lakh crore to states as longterm interest free loans to support resource allocation.
☞ Phase IV of PMGSY will be launched to provide allweather connectivity to 25,000 rural habitations.
Irrigation and Flood Mitigation
☞ Financial support for projects with estimated cost of ₹11,500 crore such as the Kosi-Mechi intra-
state link and 20 other ongoing and new schemes
☞ Assistance for flood management and related projects in Assam, Sikkim & Uttarakhand
☞ Assistance for reconstruction and rehabilitation in Himachal Pradesh
Infrastructure
Tourism
☞ Development of Vishnupad Temple Corridor and Mahabodhi Temple Corridor modelled on Kashi
Vishwanath Temple Corridor
☞ Comprehensive development initiative for Rajgir will be undertaken which holds religious
significance for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.
☞ The development of Nalanda as a tourist centre besides reviving Nalanda University to its glorious
stature.
☞ Assistance to development of Odisha’s scenic beauty, temples, monuments, craftsmanship,

wildlife sanctuaries, natural landscapes and pristine beaches making it an ultimate tourism
destination.
Innovation, Research & Development
☞ Operationalization of the Anusandhan National Research Fund for basic research and prototype
development.
☞ Priorities for Viksit Bharat Innovation, Research & Development 08 Private sector-driven research
and innovation at commercial scale with a financing pool of ₹1 lakh crore
☞ Space Economy: A venture capital fund of ₹1,000 crore is to be set up

Next Generation Reforms
☞ Rural & Urban land related actions
☞ Unique Land Parcel Identification Number or Bhu-Aadhaar for all lands.
☞ Survey of map sub-divisions as per current ownership
☞ Linkages to the farmers’ registries
☞ Land records in urban areas will be digitized with GIS mapping
☞ Digitization of cadastral maps
☞ Establishment of land registry
☞ Taxonomy for climate finance: Enhancing the availability of capital for climate adaptation and
mitigation related investments.
☞ FDI and Overseas Investments: Simplified to facilitate FDIs and promote opportunities for using
Indian Rupee as a currency for overseas investments.
☞ NPS Vatsalya: A plan for contribution by parents and guardians for minors.
☞ Improvement of data governance, collection, processing and management of data and statistics.
☞ New Pension Scheme (NPS): A solution that address the relevant issues, protects the common
citizen and maintains fiscal prudence will be formed.
Tax Proposals
☞ Simplification in Taxes
☞ Highlights
☞ Review of Income Tax Act 1961
☞ Simplification of charities and TDS
☞ Litigation and Appeal
☞ Deepening the tax base
☞ Sector Specific Customs Duty Proposals
☞ Comprehensive review of the rate structure for ease of trade, removal of duty inversion and
reduction of disputes
Changes in Custom Duty Beneficiaries

Fully exempt 3 more cancer medicines from custom duties Affordable medicines
Reduce BCD to 15% on Mobile phone, Mobile PCBA and Mobile industry
charger

Reduce custom duty on gold and silver to 6% and platinum Domestic value addition
to 6.4%
Reduce BCD on shrimp and fish feed to 5% Enhance competitiveness in marine
exports
Exempted more capital goods for manufacturing of solar Support energy transition
cells & panels
Fully exempt custom duties on 25 critical minerals Boost to strategic sectors
Direct Tax Proposals
☞ To reduce the compliance burden, promote entrepreneurial spirit and provide tax relief to citizens
Rationalisation of capital gains
☞ Short term gains of financial assets to attract 20% tax rate
☞ Long term gains on all financial an non-financial assets to attract a tax rate of 12.5%
☞ Increase in limit of exemption of capital gains on financial assets to ₹1.25 lakh per year
Employment and Investment
☞ Abolish ANGEL tax for all classes of investors.
☞ Simpler tax regime to operate domestic cruise
☞ Provide for safe harbour rates for foreign mining companies (Selling raw diamonds)
☞ Corporate tax rate on foreign companies reduced from 40% to 35%
Simplifying New Tax Regime
₹0- ₹3 lakh Nil

₹3- ₹7 lakh 5%
₹7- ₹10 lakh 10%
₹10- ₹12 lakh 15%
₹12- ₹15 lakh 20%
> ₹15 lakh 30%
☞ Standard Deduction for salaried employees increased from ₹50,000 to ₹75,000
☞ Deduction on family pension for pensioners increased from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000

Expenditure of Major Items in ₹ Crore
Defence 4,54,773
Rural Development 2,65,808
Agriculture and Allied Activities 1,51,851
Home Affairs 1,50,983
Education 1,25,638
IT and Telecom 1,16,342
Health 89,287
Energy 68,769
Social Welfare 56,501
Commerce & Industry 47,559
Vocabs Asked in SSC CPO Exams 2024
Synonyms
1. Destitute
Synonyms: impoverished, needy, penniless
Meanings: without any money, food, or a home.
Example Sentence: She was destitute, living on the streets.
2. Reckon
Synonyms: estimate, consider, think
Meanings: to calculate or conclude.
Example Sentence: I reckon it will take about two hours to get there.
3. Dainty
Synonyms: delicate, fine, elegant
Meanings: something small, pretty, and delicate.
Example Sentence: She admired the dainty teacups.
4. Entail
Synonyms: involve, necessitate, require
Meanings: to involve something as a necessary or inevitable part or consequence.
Example Sentence: The job will entail a lot of traveling.

5. Grisly
Synonyms: gruesome, horrific, frightful
Meanings: causing horror or disgust.
Example Sentence: The grisly details of the murder were too much for some.
6. Concordant
Synonyms: harmonious, agreeable, consistent
Meanings: in agreement or consistent.
Example Sentence: Their testimonies were concordant.
7. Indigent
Synonyms: impoverished, poor, destitute
Meanings: poor, needy.
Example Sentence: The charity helps indigent families.
8. Confront
Synonyms: face, challenge, oppose
Meanings: to face up to and deal with a problem or difficult situation.
Example Sentence: She had to confront the truth about her past.
9. Opaque
Synonyms: unclear, obscure, non-transparent
Meanings: not able to be seen through; not transparent.
Example Sentence: The windows were opaque with steam.
10. Relentless
Synonyms: persistent, unyielding, unrelenting
Meanings: continuing in a severe or extreme way.
Example Sentence: The relentless heat of the desert was unbearable.
11. Impoverished
Synonyms: poor, destitute, needy
Meanings: reduced to poverty.
Example Sentence: The impoverished village was in need of aid.
12. Quell
Synonyms: suppress, crush, subdue
Meanings: to put an end to something, typically by the use of force.
Example Sentence: The government quelled the rebellion.
13. Harmonious
Synonyms: concordant, agreeable, tuneful
Meanings: forming a pleasing or consistent whole.
Example Sentence: The group's efforts were harmonious.

14. Merit
Synonyms: worth, value, excellence
Meanings: the quality of being particularly good or worthy.
Example Sentence: His idea has great merit.
15. Assess
Synonyms: evaluate, judge, estimate
Meanings: to evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of.
Example Sentence: The damage was assessed at a million dollars.
16. Ambitious
Synonyms: aspiring, determined, motivated
Meanings: having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed.
Example Sentence: He was an ambitious young man with big dreams.
17. Fertility
Synonyms: fecundity, fruitfulness, productivity
Meanings: the quality of being fertile or productive.
Example Sentence: The fertility of the soil was well-known.
18. Alleviate
Synonyms: ease, lessen, relieve
Meanings: to make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe.
Example Sentence: The medication will alleviate your pain.
19. Erratic
Synonyms: unpredictable, inconsistent, irregular
Meanings: not even or regular in pattern or movement.
Example Sentence: His erratic driving caused several accidents.
20. Mitigate
Synonyms: reduce, lessen, alleviate
Meanings: to make something bad less severe.
Example Sentence: We need to mitigate the impact of the storm.
21. Vigorous
Synonyms: energetic, strong, forceful
Meanings: strong, healthy, and full of energy.
Example Sentence: He gave a vigorous defense of his position.
22. Obsolete
Synonyms: outdated, archaic, old-fashioned
Meanings: no longer in use; out of date.
Example Sentence: Many consider typewriters to be obsolete.

23. Pristine
Synonyms: immaculate, clean, pure
Meanings: in its original condition; unspoiled.
Example Sentence: The beach was in pristine condition.
24. Lucrative
Synonyms: profitable, moneymaking, rewarding
Meanings: producing a great deal of profit.
Example Sentence: She started a lucrative business.
25. Transient
Synonyms: temporary, fleeting, short-lived
Meanings: lasting only for a short time.
Example Sentence: The transient nature of happiness is often noted.
26. Subtle
Synonyms: delicate, elusive, refined
Meanings: so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe.
Example Sentence: There was a subtle difference in their opinions.
27. Abundant
Synonyms: plentiful, copious, ample
Meanings: existing or available in large quantities.
Example Sentence: The harvest was abundant this year.
28. Scintillating
Synonyms: sparkling, dazzling, brilliant
Meanings: sparkling or shining brightly.
Example Sentence: The scintillating performance captivated everyone.
29. Precarious
Synonyms: unstable, uncertain, insecure
Meanings: not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse.
Example Sentence: The ladder was in a precarious position.
30. Ambiguous
Synonyms: unclear, vague, equivocal
Meanings: open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning.
Example Sentence: His instructions were ambiguous.
31. Magnanimous
Synonyms: generous, charitable, benevolent
Meanings: very generous or forgiving, especially toward a rival or someone less powerful.
Example Sentence: The magnanimous ruler forgave his enemies.

32. Insipid
Synonyms: bland, tasteless, dull
Meanings: lacking flavor, vigor, or interest.
Example Sentence: The soup was insipid and needed more seasoning.
33. Austere
Synonyms: severe, strict, harsh
Meanings: severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance.
Example Sentence: The teacher’s austere demeanor intimidated the students.
34. Aloof
Synonyms: distant, detached, reserved
Meanings: not friendly or forthcoming; cool and distant.
Example Sentence: He remained aloof during the meeting.
35. Ebullient
Synonyms: enthusiastic, lively, exuberant
Meanings: cheerful and full of energy.
Example Sentence: Her ebullient personality won her many friends.
36. Incessant
Synonyms: unceasing, continual, constant
Meanings: continuing without pause or interruption.
Example Sentence: The incessant noise of the city made it hard to sleep.
37. Incongruous
Synonyms: inappropriate, unsuitable, incompatible
Meanings: not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something.
Example Sentence: The modern furniture looked incongruous in the old house.
38. Egregious
Synonyms: shocking, appalling, outrageous
Meanings: outstandingly bad; shocking.
Example Sentence: The company’s egregious error cost them millions.
39. Ephemeral
Synonyms: fleeting, temporary, short-lived
Meanings: lasting for a very short time.
Example Sentence: The beauty of the sunset was ephemeral.
40. Surreptitious
Synonyms: secretive, stealthy, clandestine
Meanings: kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.
Example Sentence: They had a surreptitious meeting.

41. Taciturn
Synonyms: reserved, quiet, uncommunicative
Meanings: reserved or uncommunicative in speech; saying little.
Example Sentence: The taciturn student rarely spoke in class.
42. Ubiquitous
Synonyms: omnipresent, pervasive, universal
Meanings: present, appearing, or found everywhere.
Example Sentence: Smartphones have become ubiquitous in modern society.
43. Vicarious
Synonyms: second-hand, indirect, surrogate
Meanings: experienced in the imagination through the feelings or actions of another person.
Example Sentence: She lived vicariously through the stories of her friends.
44. Vindictive
Synonyms: vengeful, spiteful, malicious
Meanings: having or showing a strong or unreasoning desire for revenge.
Example Sentence: He was a vindictive man, always holding grudges.
45. Zealous
Synonyms: fervent, passionate, devoted
Meanings: having or showing zeal; fervent.
Example Sentence: The zealous fans cheered loudly for their team.
46. Prolific
Synonyms: productive, fruitful, fertile
Meanings: producing many works, results, or offspring.
Example Sentence: The prolific author wrote over fifty novels.
47. Pernicious
Synonyms: harmful, damaging, destructive
Meanings: having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.
Example Sentence: The pernicious influence of social media on teens is concerning.
48. Vociferous
Synonyms: loud, noisy, boisterous
Meanings: crying out noisily; clamorous.
Example Sentence: The vociferous crowd demanded answers.
49. Wary
Synonyms: cautious, careful, circumspect
Meanings: feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems.
Example Sentence: She was wary of strangers.

50. Nonchalant
Synonyms: indifferent, unconcerned, composed
Meanings: feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed.
Example Sentence: He was nonchalant about the upcoming exam.
ANTONYMS
1. Convalesce
Antonym: Deteriorate
Meaning: To rest and get better after an illness.
Example sentence: He is convalescing from his leg injuries.
2. Tight
Antonym: Slack
Meaning: Firmly held or fastened.
Example sentence: The lid was on too tight to open easily.
3. Grisly
Antonym: Pleasant
Meaning: Causing horror or disgust.
Example sentence: The crime scene was grisly and difficult to look at.
4. Ebullient
Antonym: Weary
Meaning: Cheerful and full of energy.
Example sentence: Her ebullient personality was contagious.
5. Concordant
Antonym: Dissonant
Meaning: In agreement or harmony.
Example sentence: Their views were concordant on most issues.
6. Indigent
Antonym: Affluent
Meaning: Poor; needy.
Example sentence: The indigent man struggled to find shelter.
7. Confound
Antonym: Assure
Meaning: To cause surprise or confusion.
Example sentence: The magician's trick confounded the audience.
8. Excruciating
Antonym: Mild
Meaning: Intensely painful.
Example sentence: He was in excruciating pain after the accident.

9. Incinerate
Antonym: Extinguish
Meaning: To destroy by burning.
Example sentence: The waste was incinerated in a large furnace.
10. Opaque
Antonym: Transparent
Meaning: Not able to be seen through.
Example sentence: The glass was so dirty it was opaque.
11. Pusillanimous
Antonym: Brave
Meaning: Showing a lack of courage.
Example sentence: The pusillanimous soldiers fled from the battlefield.
12. Destitute
Antonym: Wealthy
Meaning: Extremely poor.
Example sentence: The destitute family had nothing left after the storm.
13. Reckon
Antonym: Disbelieve
Meaning: To think or suppose something.
Example sentence: I reckon he’ll be late as usual.
14. Embrace
Antonym: Reject
Meaning: To hold someone closely in your arms.
Example sentence: They embraced each other after a long time apart.
15. Quell
Antonym: Incite
Meaning: To put an end to something, usually by force.
Example sentence: The troops were called in to quell the uprising.
16. Dainty
Antonym: Coarse
Meaning: Delicately small and pretty.
Example sentence: The dainty flowers added charm to the table setting.
17. Vulgar
Antonym: Refined
Meaning: Lacking sophistication or good taste.
Example sentence: His jokes were vulgar and inappropriate.

18. Eliminate
Antonym: Include
Meaning: Completely remove or get rid of.
Example sentence: They decided to eliminate the risky investment.
19. Restrict
Antonym: Allow
Meaning: To limit or control the size or amount of something.
Example sentence: They restricted access to the building during the investigation.
20. Nervous
Antonym: Confident
Meaning: Easily agitated or alarmed.
Example sentence: She felt nervous before her big presentation.
21. Solicitous
Antonym: Indifferent
Meaning: Showing concern or care for someone’s well-being.
Example sentence: Her solicitous nature made her a great caregiver.
22. Disdain
Antonym: Respect
Meaning: The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one’s consideration.
Example sentence: He looked at the messy room with disdain.
23. Euphoric
Antonym: Miserable
Meaning: Intensely happy or elated.
Example sentence: She felt euphoric after hearing the good news.
24. Intrepid
Antonym: Timid
Meaning: Fearless; adventurous.
Example sentence: The intrepid explorer ventured into the unknown.
25. Transparent
Antonym: Opaque
Meaning: Allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen.
Example sentence: The transparent glass made the room look more open.
26. Wealthy
Antonym: Destitute
Meaning: Having a lot of money or valuable possessions.
Example sentence: The wealthy businessman donated millions to charity.

27. Reckless
Antonym: Cautious
Meaning: Without thinking or caring about the consequences of an action.
Example sentence: His reckless driving caused the accident.
28. Vivid
Antonym: Faint
Meaning: Producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind.
Example sentence: She had a vivid imagination.
29. Tranquil
Antonym: Agitated
Meaning: Free from disturbance; calm.
Example sentence: The tranquil setting helped him relax.
30. Harmonious
Antonym: Discordant
Meaning: Tuneful; not discordant.
Example sentence: The choir’s harmonious singing was beautiful to hear.
31. Vigorous
Antonym: Weak
Meaning: Strong, healthy, and full of energy.
Example sentence: She gave a vigorous defense of her point.
32. Frivolous
Antonym: Serious
Meaning: Not having any serious purpose or value.
Example sentence: The judge dismissed the frivolous lawsuit.
33. Arrogant
Antonym: Humble
Meaning: Having or revealing an exaggerated sense of one’s own importance or abilities.
Example sentence: His arrogant attitude made him few friends.
34. Blatant
Antonym: Subtle
Meaning: (Of bad behavior) done openly and unashamedly.
Example sentence: His blatant disregard for the rules got him in trouble.
35. Sporadic
Antonym: Continuous
Meaning: Occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated.
Example sentence: The sporadic rain showers made it hard to plan the picnic.

36. Sublime
Antonym: Ridiculous
Meaning: Of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe.
Example sentence: The view from the mountain was sublime.
37. Diligent
Antonym: Lazy
Meaning: Having or showing care and conscientiousness in one’s work or duties.
Example sentence: The diligent student always completes his homework on time.
38. Lavish
Antonym: Meager
Meaning: Sumptuously rich, elaborate, or luxurious.
Example sentence: They threw a lavish party for their anniversary.
39. Obscure
Antonym: Clear
Meaning: Not discovered or known about; uncertain.
Example sentence: The meaning of the ancient text was obscure.
40. Ambiguous
Antonym: Clear
Meaning: Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning.
Example sentence: The instructions were ambiguous and hard to follow.
41. Cordial
Antonym: Hostile
Meaning: Warm and friendly.
Example sentence: The host was cordial and made everyone feel welcome.
42. Robust
Antonym: Frail
Meaning: Strong and healthy; vigorous.
Example sentence: The robust economy showed no signs of slowing down.
43. Venerate
Antonym: Despise
Meaning: Regard with great respect; revere.
Example sentence: The professor was venerated by his students for his wisdom.
44. Insolent
Antonym: Respectful
Meaning: Showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect.
Example sentence: The insolent child was sent to his room.

45. Zealous
Antonym: Apathetic
Meaning: Having or showing zeal.
Example sentence: She was a zealous advocate for animal rights.
46. Trivial
Antonym: Important
Meaning: Of little value or importance.
Example sentence: The argument was over something trivial.
47. Scanty
Antonym: Abundant
Meaning: Small or insufficient in quantity or amount.
Example sentence: The scanty evidence made it difficult to convict.
48. Mundane
Antonym: Extraordinary
Meaning: Lacking interest or excitement; dull.
Example sentence: He led a mundane life in the suburbs.
49. Luminous
Antonym: Dull
Meaning: Full of or shedding light; bright or shining, especially in the dark.
Example sentence: The luminous stars lit up the night sky.
50. Morose
Antonym: Cheerful
Meaning: Sullen and ill-tempered.
Example sentence: He was morose after losing the game.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
1. By leaps and bounds

Meaning: Rapidly
Example sentence: It is going up by leaps and bounds.
2. Yeoman’s service
Meaning: Excellent work done
Example sentence: The soldiers performed yeoman's service during the flood relief operations.
3. At his wit’s end

Meaning: Perplexed or very worried
Example sentence: Sohan was at his wit’s end after his brother took poison.

4. Skating on thin ice

Meaning: In a risky position
Example sentence: He was skating on thin ice after making that controversial statement.
5. Bread and butter

Meaning: Means of livelihood
Example sentence: Writing books is his bread and butter.
6. Be in seventh heaven
Meaning: To be in a state of extreme happiness
Example sentence: She was in seventh heaven when she got the job offer.
7. At the drop of a hat

Meaning: Immediately
Example sentence: He’s always ready to help at the drop of a hat.
8. Go down in flames
Meaning: To fail spectacularly
Example sentence: The project went down in flames after the budget cuts.
9. A man of letters
Meaning: A scholar
Example sentence: APJ Abdul Kalam was truly a man of letters.
10. Blue blood

Meaning: Aristocratic lineage
Example sentence: Only those with blue blood could attend the royal banquet.
11. Wild goose chase

Meaning: A futile pursuit
Example sentence: Searching for that old book in the market was a wild goose chase.
12. Elephant in the room

Meaning: An obvious problem that no one wants to discuss
Example sentence: The elephant in the room during the meeting was the budget deficit.
13. Down to earth

Meaning: Practical and realistic
Example sentence: The coach is loved for his down-to-earth attitude.
14. Cost an arm and a leg

Meaning: Very expensive
Example sentence: The new car cost him an arm and a leg.
15. To take a rain check

Meaning: To politely decline an invitation but with the implication of accepting it later
Example sentence: I’ll have to take a rain check on dinner tonight, I’m swamped with work.

16. Strike while the iron is hot

Meaning: Take advantage of an opportunity as soon as it arises
Example sentence: You should strike while the iron is hot and apply for that job.
17. Gift of the gab

Meaning: A talent for speaking
Example sentence: Politicians often need the gift of the gab to win over voters.
18. Heart is in the right place

Meaning: Good-natured
Example sentence: He is strict, but his heart is in the right place.
19. Up a creek without a paddle

Meaning: In a difficult situation without a solution
Example sentence: Losing his wallet left him up a creek without a paddle.
20. Building castles in the air

Meaning: Dreaming about impossible or impractical things
Example sentence: John is always building castles in the air about becoming a millionaire.
21. To leave no stone unturned

Meaning: To do everything possible to achieve something
Example sentence: The detectives left no stone unturned in their investigation.
22. Life is a bowl of cherries

Meaning: Life is wonderful and pleasant
Example sentence: After getting the promotion, he felt life was a bowl of cherries.
23. Beat around the bush

Meaning: To avoid talking about what is important
Example sentence: Stop beating around the bush and tell me what happened.
24. Sit on the fence

Meaning: Delay making a decision
Example sentence: He always sits on the fence when it comes to choosing a career.
25. A slap on the wrist

Meaning: A very mild punishment
Example sentence: The criminal got nothing more than a slap on the wrist for his crime.
26. Nerves of steel

Meaning: The capacity to maintain composure under stress
Example sentence: She showed nerves of steel during the crisis.
27. The devil and the deep blue sea

Meaning: To be in a dilemma
Example sentence: She was caught between the devil and the deep blue sea when choosing a
college.

28. Have your head in the clouds

Meaning: To be unaware of reality
Example sentence: He had his head in the clouds during the meeting.
29. Bite off more than you can chew

Meaning: To take on more than one can handle
Example sentence: He bit off more than he could chew by accepting two jobs.
30. Tighten his belt

Meaning: Reduce spending
Example sentence: After his business failed, he had to tighten his belt.
31. When pigs fly

Meaning: Something that will never happen
Example sentence: He’ll clean his room when pigs fly.
32. Sacred cow

Meaning: Something that is unquestionable
Example sentence: In some companies, the CEO is treated like a sacred cow.
33. Black sheep

Meaning: Disreputable or the odd one out
Example sentence: He’s the black sheep of the family, always in trouble.
34. High and dry

Meaning: In a difficult situation without help
Example sentence: He was left high and dry by his business partners.
35. Get itchy feet

Meaning: To start to want to travel or do something different
Example sentence: After a year at the same job, she’s getting itchy feet.
36. Cut a sorry figure

Meaning: Maintain an outward show despite difficulties
Example sentence: Even after the bankruptcy, he managed to cut a sorry figure.
37. Keep a level head

Meaning: Remain calm and composed
Example sentence: The captain always keeps a level head during matches.
38. Under the weather

Meaning: Feeling sick
Example sentence: She’s feeling under the weather today.
39. Nip in the bud

Meaning: To suppress something at an early stage
Example sentence: They nipped the rebellion in the bud.

40. From cradle to grave

Meaning: During the whole span of one’s life
Example sentence: The policy covers you from cradle to grave.
41. Chip on the shoulder

Meaning: Offended or carrying a grudge
Example sentence: He’s got a chip on his shoulder about not being promoted.
42. Spill the beans

Meaning: Reveal a secret
Example sentence: She accidentally spilled the beans about the surprise party.
43. See eye to eye

Meaning: To agree with someone
Example sentence: We don’t always see eye to eye on political issues.
44. Bite the bullet

Meaning: To face a difficult situation
Example sentence: You’ll have to bite the bullet and tell her the truth.
45. Living hand to mouth

Meaning: Living with just enough money
Example sentence: Since losing his job, he’s been living hand to mouth.
46. Through thick and thin

Meaning: Always supporting someone even in difficulties
Example sentence: She stood by her friend through thick and thin.
47. Jumped at the opportunity

Meaning: Eagerly accept an opportunity
Example sentence: He jumped at the opportunity to work in New York.
48. The best of both worlds

Meaning: Good in every way
Example sentence: With this job, she gets the best of both worlds—good pay and flexible hours.
49. Make waves

Meaning: To cause difficulty
Example sentence: His radical ideas always make waves in the office.
50. Up the ante

Meaning: Increase demands
Example sentence: The players decided to up the ante and ask for a larger bonus.

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION
1. One can’t even see through them

OWS: Opaque
Example sentence: The prawn is cooked when it becomes opaque.
2. A professional rider in horse races

OWS: Jockey
Example sentence: The jockey guided the horse to victory.
3. A woman having more than one husband at the same time

OWS: Polyandry
Example sentence: Polyandry was practiced in some ancient societies.
4. Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance than is actually possessed

OWS: Pretentious
Example sentence: Her pretentious behavior was evident at the party.
5. A story intended to teach moral lessons

OWS: Parable
Example sentence: The parable of the Good Samaritan teaches kindness.
6. Feeling of being in a place before having already experienced the present situation
OWS: Deja-vu
Example sentence: I had a strange sense of deja-vu when I entered the room.
7. An unpleasant mixture of loud sounds

OWS: Cacophony
Example sentence: The cacophony of the city streets was overwhelming.
8. An open space usually rectangular and enclosed in a building

OWS: Quadrangle
Example sentence: The students gathered in the quadrangle for the assembly.
9. The act or process of going from the simple to the complex

OWS: Evolution
Example sentence: The evolution of technology has been rapid.
10. One who believes in the existence of God

OWS: Theist
Example sentence: As a theist, he finds comfort in his faith.
11. A deal of agreement done in a company or firm

OWS: Contract
Example sentence: The contract was signed after long negotiations.

12. The doctor who deals with the female reproductive system
OWS: Gynaecologist
Example sentence: She visited the gynaecologist for a regular check-up.
13. A lover of mankind

OWS: Philanthropist
Example sentence: The philanthropist donated millions to charity.
14. Weak and cowardly

OWS: Pusillanimous
Example sentence: His pusillanimous response to the challenge was disappointing.
15. An area/place in which dead bodies are buried

OWS: Cemetery
Example sentence: They visited the cemetery to pay their respects.
16. A lively cheerful outgoing person

OWS: Extrovert
Example sentence: As an extrovert, she loves meeting new people.
17. The study of Man

OWS: Anthropology
Example sentence: Anthropology offers insights into human cultures.
18. A film shown during the day especially in the afternoon

OWS: Matinee
Example sentence: They went to a matinee screening of the movie.
19. Tin is easy to shape in any desired form

OWS: Malleable
Example sentence: The malleable metal was shaped into a beautiful sculpture.
20. A list of books

OWS: Bibliography
Example sentence: The bibliography at the end of the book was extensive.
21. The period of time in a person's life when they are developing into an adult
OWS: Adolescence
Example sentence: Adolescence is a time of significant change.
22. A huge fire for celebration

OWS: Bonfire
Example sentence: We gathered around the bonfire on Diwali.
23. Consonance of sounds

OWS: Symphony
Example sentence: The symphony was a perfect blend of harmony.

24. A doubtful look or examination of one's motives

OWS: Circumspect
Example sentence: He was circumspect in his decisions.
25. One who does not believe in God

OWS: Atheist
Example sentence: As an atheist, he does not attend religious services.
26. Vivacious and enthusiastic

OWS: Effervescent
Example sentence: Her effervescent personality made her the life of the party.
27. Dwarfed varieties of trees and shrubs in pots

OWS: Bonsai
Example sentence: The bonsai trees were beautifully arranged in the garden.
28. The patronage bestowed in consideration of family relationships

OWS: Nepotism
Example sentence: The company's hiring practices were criticized for nepotism.
29. A place for storage of arms and ammunition

OWS: Arsenal
Example sentence: The military base had a large arsenal of weapons.
30. Words inscribed on a tomb

OWS: Epitaph
Example sentence: The epitaph on the tombstone was touching.
31. Fertile watery place in a desert

OWS: Oasis
Example sentence: The weary travelers found refuge at the oasis.
32. Someone who speaks more than one language

OWS: Polyglot
Example sentence: Being a polyglot, she easily communicated with locals abroad.
33. A news article that reports the recent death of a person

OWS: Obituary
Example sentence: The newspaper published an obituary for the late actor.
34. The original inhabitants of a country

OWS: Aborigines
Example sentence: The Aborigines have a rich cultural heritage.
35. The approach or style of teaching

OWS: Pedagogy
Example sentence: The university introduced new methods of pedagogy.

36. Referring to something from the past of high quality

OWS: Vintage
Example sentence: The vintage car was in excellent condition.
37. A saltwater lake separated from the sea by rocks and sand
OWS: Lagoon
Example sentence: The lagoon was a popular spot for kayaking.
38. The liberal leadership simply joined the ranks of the existing government by the few
OWS: Oligarchy
Example sentence: The country was ruled by an oligarchy for decades.
39. A person who is filled with excessive enthusiasm

OWS: Fanatic
Example sentence: His fanatic devotion to the cause was concerning.
40. A soldier who fights for the sake of money

OWS: Mercenary
Example sentence: The mercenary fought for the highest bidder.
41. Madness or obsession with males

OWS: Andromania
Example sentence: Her andromania was evident in her behavior.
42. A mythological animal with one horn on its forehead

OWS: Unicorn
Example sentence: The unicorn is a symbol of purity and grace.
43. One who does not express himself freely

OWS: Introvert
Example sentence: As an introvert, he prefers solitude over socializing.
44. Modesty or shyness resulting from a lack of self-confidence

OWS: Diffidence
Example sentence: Her diffidence made it difficult for her to speak up in meetings.
45. A person who is critical of the motives of others

OWS: Cynic
Example sentence: The cynic always questioned people's intentions.
46. A person who is a lover of women

OWS: Philogynist
Example sentence: He was known as a philogynist, always praising women.
47. A man who betrayed his own country in exchange for money
OWS: Traitor
Example sentence: The traitor was caught and sentenced to prison.

48. A person who speaks two languages

OWS: Bilingual
Example sentence: Being bilingual is an advantage in today's job market.
49. A remedy for all diseases

OWS: Panacea
Example sentence: Some believe that a positive mindset is a panacea for all ills.
50. Someone who destroys religious images

OWS: Iconoclast
Example sentence: The iconoclasts sought to reform the church by destroying religious symbols.

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INDEPENDENCE DAY

INDIA @77TH INDEPENDENCE DAY

India’s First Independence Day

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Assembly and Drafting Committee

☞ The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to frame the Constitution

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The First Indian Governor-General of India

Rajagopalachari became The First Indian Governor-

Adoption of the Indian Constitution

☞ The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949.

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The First Republic Day of India

The First General Election of India

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State Reorganisation Act

☞ At the time of independence in 1947, India

India–China War (1962)

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India–Pakistan War (1965)

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

☞ The Green Revolution

India’s First Rocket Launch – Nike Apache

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India–Pakistan War (1971 )

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military

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Shimla Pact (1972)

Operation Smiling Buddha (1974)

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The First Indian Satellite

First Internal Emergency

India’s First Gold in the Hockey World Cup (1975)

☞ The 1975 Hockey World Cup team led by Ajit Pal

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India’s First Communication Satellite

Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE) was an experimental communication satellite

India’s First Cricket World Cup (1983)

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

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☞ Defence Research and Development Organisation. It has a range of 700 km.

The First Grandmaster Title of India

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New Economic Policy (1991)

Operation Shakti (1998)

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Kargil War (1999)

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Earthquake in Gujarat (2001)

Golden Quadrilateral Project

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☞ faced the major impact during the tsunami.

Right to Information Act (2005)

☞ The Right to Information Act was passed by Mahatma

☞ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Act (2005)

☞ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Act, which

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☞ from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.

First Individual Gold Medal in Olympics

Right to Education Act (2009)