PODAR INTERNATION

SCHOOL
ARDUINO CAR AND
ROBOTICS PROJECT
NAME: ABHISHEK, SAMARTH,
SAIRAJ
ROLL: 16,28,27
STD: 11 SCIENCE
CERTIFICATE
This project was completed for the
coursework of ICT-305, directed by the
Department of Information and
Communication Technology, Camilla
University. Our sincere efforts have made
us accomplish the task of completing the
project. Most importantly, we would like
to express our gratitude to our
honourable teacher, Alamut Rajeev
(Lecturer, Dept. of ICT) for his advice and
valuable comments regarding our
project, which led us to the completion of
the project. Our thanks and appreciation
goes to our classmates, who encouraged
us to complete our project.
 Arduino comprise of both a physical
programmable circuit board (commonly
known as a microcontroller) and a
programming software, or IDF
(Integrated Development Environment)
that can be run on a PC, used to
compose a transfer pc code to the
circuit board. It can be done by using
the Arduino programming language
(based on wiring), and the Arduino
software (IDE, based on processing,
unlike the other programming circuit
board, the Arduino does not require a
different equipment (called a software
engineer) to upload code to the circuit
board, one can essentially utilize USB
link. Also, the Arduino IDF utilizes a
 rearranged rendition of C++, making it
simpler to figure out how to program.
In a word, Arduino make the functions
of the micro-controller in to amore.
Accessible package. The Uno is one of
the more prevalent boards in the
Arduino family and an extraordinary.
Option for the beginners.

There are different type Arduino

board for different purposes. But all
the boards have the majority of following
components in common.
Starting clock wise from the top centre:
 Analog reference pin (orange)
 Digital ground (light green)
 Digital pins 2-13 (green)
 Digital pins 0-1/serial in/out –TX/RX
(Dark green)-this pins cannot be used
for digital I /o (digital read and
digital write) if serial communication
is also being used.
 Reset button –S1 (dark blue)
 In-circuit serial programmer (blue-
green)
 Analog in pin 0-5 (light-blue)
 Power of ground pin (power: orange,
ground: light orange)
 External power supply in (9-12VDC)-
X1(pink)
 Toggles external power and USB
power (place jumper on two pins
closest to desired supply)-SV1 (purple)
 USB (used for uploading sketches to
the board and for serial
communication between the board
and the computer can be used to
power the board) (yellow).
 The digital pins on an Arduino
board can be used for general-
purpose input and output via- the pin-
mode ( ), digital read ( ), and digital
write ( ) commands. Each pin has an
internal pull- resistor which can be
turned on or off using digital write ( )
(w/a value of HIGH or LOW,
respectively) when the pin is
configured as an input.

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to

receive (RX) and transmit (TX) serial
data.
 External interrupt: 2 and 3 these
pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or
falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11. Provide
8-bit PWM output with an Analog
write ( ) function. On board with an
ATmega8, PWM output is available
only on pins 9, 10 and 11.

Analog input pins supports 10-bit

analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)
using the analog read ( ) function.
Most of the analog input can also be
used as digital pins: analog input 0 as
digital pin 14 through analog input 5
as digital pin 19.
 9V: The input voltage to the
Arduino board when it is using an
external power source (as opposed to
5 volt from the USB connection or
other regulated power source).
Different boards accept different input
voltages ranges.
 5V: The regulated power supply
used to power the microcontroller
and other components on the board.
This either can come from VIN via an
on-board regulator, or be supplied by
USB or another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3: (Diecimila-only) A 3.3 volt
supply generated by the on-board
FTDI chip.
 GND: Ground pins
 The Uno is one of the most popular
Arduino boards. It consists of 14-digital
I/O pins, where 6-pins can be used as
PWM (pulse width modulation outputs),
6-analog inputs, a reset button, a
power jack, a USB connection and
more. It includes everything required to
hold up the microcontroller; simply
attach it to a PC with the help of a USB
cable and give the supply to get started
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery.
 A breadboard is a construction base
for prototyping of electronics. In the
1970s the solderless breadboard (a.k.a.
plugboard, a terminal array board)
became available and nowadays the
term ”breadboard” is commonly used
to refer to these. Because the solderless
breadboard does not require soldering,
it is reusable. This makes it easy to use
for creating temporary prototypes and
experimenting with circuit design. For
this reason, solderless breadboards are
also popular with students and in
technological education. A variety of
electronic systems may be prototyped
by using breadboards, from small
central processing units.
 DC motor is any of a class of rotary
electrical machines that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The most common types rely on
the forces produced by magnetic fields.
Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic; to
periodically change the direction of
current flow in part of the motor. A DC
motor’s speed can be controlled either
over a wide range, using a variable
supply voltage or by changing the
strength of current in its field windings.
Small DC motors are used in tools, toys,
and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a
lightweight-brushed motor used for
portable power tools and appliances.

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or

linear actuator. It can precisely control
angular or linear position, velocity and
acceleration. It consists of a suitable
motor coupled to a sensor for position
feedback. It also requires a relatively
sophisticated controller, often a
dedicated module designed specifically
for use with servomotors.

A transistor is a semiconductor
device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of
semiconductor material usually with
at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A
voltage or current applied to one
pair of the transistor’s terminals
controls the current through another
pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be
higher than the controlling (input)
power, a transistor can amplify a
signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many
more are found embedded in
integrated circuits.

A bridge is an integrated circuit

(IC) that switches the polarity of a
voltage applied to a load. These
circuits are often used in robotics
and other applications to allow DC
motors to run forwards or
backwards. Most DC-to-AC
converters (power inverters), most
AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC
push–pull converter, most motor
controllers, and many other kinds
of power electronics use H bridges.
In particular, a motor controller
containing Two H Bridges almost
invariably drives a bipolar stepper
motor.
 A potentiometer is a three-terminal
resistor with a sliding or rotating contact
that forms an adjustable voltage divider.
If only two terminals are used, one end
and the wiper, it acts as a variable
resistor or rheostat. The measuring
instrument called a potentiometer is
essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage);
the component is an implementation of
the same principle, hence its name. .
 For stand-alone operation, the board
is powered by a battery rather than
through the USB connection to the
computer. While the external power can
be anywhere in the range of 6 to 24 V
(for example, you could use a car
battery), a standard 9 V battery is
convenient. While you could jam the
leads of a battery snap into the VIN and
GND connections on the board, it is better
to connect the battery snap leads to a DC
power plug and connect to the power
jack on the board.
 The open-source Arduino Software
(IDE) makes it easy to write code and
upload it to the board. The environment
is written in Java and based on
Processing and other open-source
software. This software c an be used with
any Arduino board.
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