irwin01_001-024hr.

qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 17

PROBLEMS 17

1. A 680 mAh lithium-ion battery is standard in a Motorola RAZR®. If this battery

is completely discharged (i.e., 0 mAh), how long will it take to recharge the battery
to its full capacity of 680 mAh from a low-power USB port? How much charge is
stored in the battery at the end of the charging process?
2. A third-generation iPod® with a 630 mAh lithium-ion battery is to be recharged
from a high-power USB port supplying 150 mA of current. At the beginning of the
recharge, 7.8 C of charge are stored in the battery. The recharging process halts when
the stored charge reaches 35.9 C. How long does it take to recharge the battery?

1. A low-power USB port operates at 100 mA. Assuming that the charging current SOLUTION
from the USB port remains at 100 mA throughout the charging process, the time
required to recharge the battery is 680 mAh兾100 mA = 6.8 h. The charge stored in
the battery when fully charged is 680mAh ⴢ 60 s兾h = 40,800 mAs = 40.8 As =
40.8 C.
2. The charge supplied to the battery during the recharging process is
35.9 - 7.8 = 28.1 C. This corresponds to 28.1 As = 28,100 mAs ⴢ 1h兾60s =
468.3 mAh. Assuming a constant charging current of 150 mA from the high-power
USB port, the time required to recharge the battery is 468.3 mAh兾150 mA = 3.12 h.

SUMMARY
•
■ The standard prefixes employed ■ The passive sign convention The passive sign
p = 10-12 k = 103 convention states that if the voltage and current associated
with an element are as shown in Fig. 1.11, the product of
n = 10-9 M = 106
v and i, with their attendant signs, determines the
␮ = 10-6 G = 109 magnitude and sign of the power. If the sign is positive,
m = 10-3 T = 1012 power is being absorbed by the element, and if the sign is
negative, the element is supplying power.
■ The relationships between current and
■ Independent and dependent sources An
charge
ideal independent voltage (current) source is a two-terminal
t
element that maintains a specified voltage (current) between
dq(t)
i(t) = or q(t) = i(x) dx its terminals, regardless of the current (voltage) through
dt 3-q (across) the element. Dependent or controlled sources
generate a voltage or current that is determined by a voltage
■ The relationships among power, energy, or current at a specified location in the circuit.
current, and voltage
dw ■ Conservation of energy The electric circuits
p = = vi under investigation satisfy the conservation of energy.
dt
t2 t2
¢w = p dt = vi dt ■ Tellegen’s theorem The sum of the powers
3t1 3t1 absorbed by all elements in an electrical network is zero.

PROBLEMS
•
1.1 If the current in an electric conductor is 2.4 A, how 1.3 A lightning bolt carrying 30,000 A lasts for 50 micro-
many coulombs of charge pass any point in a 30-second seconds. If the lightning strikes an airplane flying at
interval? 20,000 feet, what is the charge deposited on the plane?
1.2 Determine the time interval required for a 12-A battery 1.4 If a 12-V battery delivers 100 J in 5 s, find (a) the amount
charger to deliver 4800 C. of charge delivered and (b) the current produced.
irwin01_001-024hr.qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 18

18 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

1.5 The current in a conductor is 1.5 A. How many coulombs of 1.11 The charge entering the positive terminal of an element is
charge pass any point in a time interval of 1.5 minutes? given by the expression q(t) = -12e-2t mC. The power
1.6 If 60 C of charge pass through an electric conductor in delivered to the element is p(t) = 2.4e-3t W. Compute
30 seconds, determine the current in the conductor. the current in the element, the voltage across the element,
and the energy delivered to the element in the time
1.7 Determine the number of coulombs of charge produced by
interval 0 6 t 6 100 ms.
a 12-A battery charger in an hour.
1.12 The voltage across an element is 12e-2t V . The current
1.8 Five coulombs of charge pass through the element in
entering the positive terminal of the element is 2e-2t A.
Fig. P1.8 from point A to point B. If the energy absorbed by
Find the energy absorbed by the element in 1.5 s starting
the element is 120 J, determine the voltage across the
from t ⫽ 0.
element.
1.13 The power absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.13 is
B
2e-2t W. Calculate the amount of charge that enters the
+ BOX between 0.1 and 0.4 seconds.
V1
-

A
4e–t V + BOX
Figure P1.8 –

1.9 The current that enters an element is shown in

Fig. P1.9. Find the charge that enters the element
in the time interval 0 6 t 6 20 s.
Figure P1.13

1.14 The power absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.14 is

i(t) mA 0.1e-4t W. Calculate the energy absorbed by the BOX
during this same time interval.
10

0 10 20 t (s)
10e–2t V + BOX
–
Figure P1.9

1.10 The charge entering the positive terminal of an element is

q(t) = -30e-4t mC. If the voltage across the element is Figure P1.14
120e-2t V, determine the energy delivered to the element
in the time interval 0 6 t 6 50 ms.

1.15 The energy absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.15 is shown below. How much charge enters
the BOX between 0 and 10 milliseconds?
w(t) (mJ)
15
i (t)
10

15 V + BOX
– 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (ms)
–5

–10

–15
Figure P1.15
irwin01_001-024hr.qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 19

PROBLEMS 19

1.16 The charge that enters the BOX in Fig. P1.16 is shown in the graph below. Calculate and sketch
the current flowing into and the power absorbed by the BOX between 0 and 10 milliseconds.

i (t)

12 V + BOX
–

q(t) (mC)
3

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 t (ms)
–1

–2

–3
Figure P1.16

1.17 The energy absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.17 is given below. Calculate and sketch the
current flowing into the BOX. Also calculate the charge which enters the BOX between 0
and 12 seconds.

i (t)

10 V + BOX
–

w(t) (J)

6 7 8 10 12

1 2 3 4 5 9 11 t (s)
–2.5

Figure P1.17
irwin01_001-024hr.qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 20

20 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

1.18 The charge entering the upper terminal of the BOX in Fig. P1.18 is shown below. How much
energy is absorbed by the BOX between 0 and 9 seconds?
i (t)

12 V + BOX
–

q(t) (C)

0.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (s)
–0.5

–1

–1.5

Figure P1.18

1.19 The energy absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.19 is shown in the graph below. Calculate and
sketch the current flowing into the BOX between 0 and 10 milliseconds.
i (t)

12 V + BOX
–

w(t) (mJ)
30

20

10

5 6 7

1 2 3 4 8 9 10 t (ms)
–10

–20

–30

Figure P1.19
irwin01_001-024hr.qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 21

PROBLEMS 21

1.20 Determine the amount of power absorbed or supplied 1.24 Element B in the diagram in Fig. P1.24 supplies 60 W of
by the element in Fig. P1.20 if power. Calculate Ix.
(a) V1 = 9 V and I = 2A
(b) V1 = 9 V and I = -3A
(c) V1 = -12 V and I = 2A
–
(d) V1 = -12 V and I = -3A 24 V B
+

+ I Ix
V1
Figure P1.24
-
1.25 Element B in the diagram in Fig. P1.25 supplies 72 W of
power. Calculate VA.
Figure P1.20

1.21 Calculate the power absorbed by element A in 3A

Fig. P1.21.
+
3A VA B
–
–
15 V A
+ Figure P1.25

1.26 Element B in the diagram in Fig. P1.26 supplies 72 W of

Figure P1.21 power. Calculate Ix.

1.22 Calculate the power supplied by element A in Fig. P1.22.

2A +
18 V B
+ –
20 V A
– Ix
Figure P1.26

Figure P1.22 1.27 (a) In Fig. P1.27 (a), P1 = 36 W. Is element 2 absorbing

or supplying power, and how much?
1.23 Element A in the diagram in Fig. P1.23 absorbs 30 W of (b) In Fig. P1.27 (b), P2 = -48 W. Is element 1 absorb-
power. Calculate Vx. ing or supplying power, and how much?
2A
+ -
+ 1 12 V 1 6V
– +
Vx A + +
2 6V 2 24 V
– - -

(a) (b)
Figure P1.23 Figure P1.27
irwin01_001-024hr.qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 22

22 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

1.28 Two elements are connected in series, as shown in 1.32 Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by the net-
Fig. P1.28. Element 1 supplies 24 W of power. Is ele- work elements in Fig. P1.32.
ment 2 absorbing or supplying power, and how much?
8V
Ix=2 A + - 2A
1
+
1 3V
–
- 12 V ± ± 2 Ix
– –
2 6V
+ 2A

Figure P1.28 (a)

1.29 Element 2 in Fig. P1.29 absorbed 32 W. Find the power 24 V 20 V

absorbed or supplied by elements 1 and 3. + -
–± 1
2A 2A Ix=2 A
- +
1 4V ± 4Ix 2 12 V
+ –
+ -
2 8V 2A
–
+
3 12 V (b)
-
Figure P1.32
Figure P1.29 1.33 Compute the power that is absorbed or supplied by the
elements in the network in Fig. P1.33.
1.30 Choose Is such that the power absorbed by element 2 in
Fig. P1.30 is 7 W. 12 V 1Ix
+ -
Ix=4 A 2A
4V 1 –±
+ – 2A
1 + +
+ + ± 2 24 V 3 28 V
36 V –
6V Is 2 2V - -
– –

Figure P1.30 Figure P1.33

1.31 Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by the circuit 1.34 Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by element 2
elements in Fig. P1.31. in Fig. P1.34.

6V 4V 2Vx
+ - 2A 2A+ –
1 1 –+
+
+
+ 12 V + 2 Vx
20 V 2A
-
14 V –
- –
2A
2A

(a) Figure P1.34

8V 1.35 Find Ix in the network in Fig. P1.35.

Ix=4 A + -
1
1Ix
Ix +12 V –
+ 1 –+
16 V 4A + 2Ix 2A 2A
- + +
-
36 V + 2 24 V 3 28 V
4A –
– –
(b)

Figure P1.31 Figure P1.35

irwin01_001-024hr.qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 23

PROBLEMS 23

1.36 Determine the power absorbed by element 1 in Fig. P1.36. 1.40 Find Vx in the network in Fig. P1.40 using Tellegen’s
theorem.
Ix +12 V – +
8V
– 16 V
1 2
2A + -
2A
1 -+ 2 3
+ + + - + Vx -
36 V + 24 V 2Ix 3 16 V 12 V 24 V
– – - -
– 9V + + 12 V

Figure P1.36
Figure P1.40
1.37 Find the power absorbed or supplied by element 1 in
Fig. P1.37. 1.41 Find Ix in the circuit in Fig. P1.41 using Tellegen’s
theorem.
6V 4V
+ – + – 4V 8V 18 V 12 V
1 2 2 A+ - + - + - ±–
Ix 2A Ix
+ 2A Ix
+ + 2Ix 20 V + +
18 V 24 V
– – ± 24 V 12 V 2A 6V
– –
Ix - -

Figure P1.37
Figure P1.41
1.38 Find the power absorbed or supplied by element 3 in 1.42 Is the source Vs in the network in Fig. P1.42 absorbing
Fig. P1.38.
or supplying power, and how much?
4V 12 V
+ – 6V VS
1 –+ + -
4A -+
3A 9A 6A
+
2A - - -
2 16 V
10 V 9A 16 V 8V
–
+ + + +
+ 12 V + 2Vx 4 20 V 3A
– – –
+ Figure P1.42
3 Vx
2A 2A 1.43 Find Io in the network in Fig. P1.43 using Tellegen’s
–
2A theorem.
8V
Figure P1.38 6 A+ -
1
4A
1.39 Find the power absorbed or supplied by element 1 in Fig. +
P1.39. ± Ix=2 A
2 10 V
24 V –
-
4V 12 V 6V +
+ – - +
1 –+ 3 4 16 V
4A Io -
+ + + + +
4Ix 12 V 2 3 4 4Ix ± 5 6V
8V 20 V 20 V –
– – – – -
Ix 8V
4A 2A 3A - + 1A
6
3A
Figure P1.39
Figure P1.43
irwin01_001-024hr.qxd 30-06-2010 13:16 Page 24

24 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

1.44 Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the 1.46 In the circuit in Fig. P1.46, element 1 absorbs 40 W, ele-
circuit in Fig. P1.44. Also verify Tellegen’s theorem is ment 2 supplies 50 W, element 3 supplies 25 W, and ele-
satisfied by this circuit. ment 4 absorbs 15 W. How much power is supplied by
element 5?
3Ix 24 V
+ –
–+ 5 1 2
2A

2A 3 4 5

12 V 6V 9V
+ – + – - +
1 2 4
2A 4A
4A
+ +
Figure P1.46
24 V + 6A 6V 3 15 V +
– 12 V –
– –
4A Ix = 2 A

Figure P1.44
1.45 Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the cir-
cuit in Fig. P1.45. Also verify that Tellegen’s theorem is
satisfied by this circuit.
10 V
4A + –
3

5V 5V
+ – + –
2 4
1A 3A

40 V + 15 V +
– + –
5A 30 V 4A
- + 1A
–
5V 1 10 V 5
+ –

Figure P1.45