Version Control

Reading Material
Topics
Understanding the concept
Version control system
Git
Github
SVN
Local Repository
Remote Repository
Git installation
Git setup
.gitignore file
Some important git commit
Staging in Git
Stashing in Git
Branching Strategy
Some advanced git commands
Interview Questions
Multiple Choice Questions

Understanding the Concept

Version Control System
Version control is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time. It allows you to track the
history of changes, collaborate with others, and manage multiple versions of a project. Version control is
commonly used in software development, but it can also be applied to any context where files need to be
tracked and shared

The version control can be of

Distributed Version Control System (DVCS) - A Distributed Version Control System (DVCS) is a type of
version control system that allows multiple copies of a repository to exist, each of which contains the full
history of the project.
Centralized Version Control System (CVCS) - A Centralized Version Control System (CVCS) is a type of
version control system where there is a central server that stores the main repository containing the entire
history of the project.
Local Version Control System - A Local Version Control System is the simplest form of version control and is
designed for individual use or small projects

Git
Git is a VCS, which means it helps developers manage changes to their code over time. It allows you to track
modifications, collaborate with others, and maintain a history of the project.

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GitHub
GitHub is a platform where you can upload a copy of your Git repository (often shortened as repo), hosted
either on github.com. More than just uploading your Git repositories it allows you to collaborate much more
easily with other people on your projects. It does that by providing a centralized location to share the repository,
a web-based interface to view it, and features like forking, Pull requests, Issues, Projects, and GitHub Wikis that
allow you to specify, discuss, and review changes with your team more effectively.

SVN
SVN (Subversion) is a centralized version control system that allows multiple developers to collaborate on a
project by storing files and their history on a central server. SVN simplifies the coding process, facilitates access
management, and optimizes storage space by enabling developers to keep only the files they are working on
locally and commit them to the server when ready.

In contrast, Git is a distributed version control system that utilizes multiple repositories, including a central
repository and local repositories. Git's workflow involves creating local repositories that mirror the central
repository, allowing developers to work on their local copies and push changes to the central repository when
ready

Local Repository
A local repository in the context of software development typically refers to a Git repository that is stored on
your local machine. it is used for version control features, but collaboration features like pulling and pushing
code changes with teammates can only be done on a remote repository.

Remote Repository
A remote repository, also known as a remote in version control systems like Git, is a copy of your project that's
stored on the internet or another network. It acts like a central location for your codebase, allowing for
collaboration and version control.

Git installation
For the installation of Git on any system, certain specific instructions should be followed depending on a
particular operating system- 

Windows
Visit the official Git for Windows website i.e. Lin
Download the latest installer (64-bits is recommended
Run the installer and follow the installation wizar
During the installation, one can choose various configuration options. The default settings are usually fine for
most users.

Mac - 

For installing it Mac OS Homebrew should be installed from the official Homebrew site i.e. Link 

After installing the Homebrew run the following command below to install the git.

PW Skills
 brew install git

Git setup
Setup or Configure your user information used across all local repositories

// user name

git config --global user.name “[firstname lastname]”

// user email

git config --global user.email “[valid-email]”

.gitignore file
The .gitignore file is a text file used in Git repositories to specify which files or directories should be ignored by
Git. It is typically placed in the root directory of a project and contains patterns that match files or directories to
be excluded from version control.

Example of the .gitignore file

.gitignore

# dependencies

/node_modules

/.pnp

.pnp.js

# testing

/coverage

# production

/build

Some important git commit

// 1. git init - initialize a new Git repository in an

existing project.

git init 

// 2. git clone - make a copy of a remote Git repository on

a local machine

git clone 

// 3. git status - check and display the current status of

the project

git status

// 4. git add - add new files to begin tracking

git add [file]

// 5. git commit - used to save staged changes with unique

hash

git commit -m [descriptive commit message]

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 // 6. git push - save all commit chanes to remote
repository

git push [alias][branch] // alias can be origin or remote

// 7. git branch - view all available branch or create

branch

git branch // viea all branch

git branch [branch-name] // create branch with provided

branch name

// 8. git checkout - switch to another branch

git checkout [branch-name]

// 9. git log - view commit history

git log

// 10. git remote add - ad a new remote repository

git remote add [alias][remote-repo-url]

// 11. git fetch - retreive updates from remote repo

without merging

git fetch

// 12. git pull - retrieve and merge update from remote

repo

git pull 

// 13. git help - display various information about git

commands

git help [any-git-command]

Staging in Git
Staging refers to preparing changes in your working directory to be included in the next commit. When you
make changes to files in your Git repository, these changes are initially considered to be in the "unstaged" state.
Staging involves selectively choosing which changes you want to include in the next commit.

It can be done with the git add command

// to add specific file

git add [file] 

// to all change files

git add

Stashing in Git
Stashing refers to temporarily saving your work in progress, including both staged and unstaged changes, on a
stack of unfinished changes that you can reapply later.

Stash can be done with the following commands -

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 // save modified and staged changes

git stash 

// list all stash file changes

git stash list

// get working from the top of the stash

git stash pop

// clear stash

git stash drop

Branching strategy
A branching strategy in Git is a set of guidelines that define how developers create, manage, and merge
branches within a project. It essentially establishes a workflow for collaborating on the codebase and keeping it
organized.

Branching comments include -

// create branch

git branch [branch-name]

// list branch

git branch

// checkout to specific branch

git checkout [branch-name]

// merge specific branch to the current branch

git merge [specific-branch]

Some advanced git commands

1. rebase - rebases the current branch onto another branch

git rebase [branch-name]

2. cherry pick - apply specific commits to the current

branch

git cherry-pick [commit-hash]

3. bisecting - Identifies the commit that introduced a bug

using a binary search approach.

git bisect start // starts a bisect session

git bisect bad // marking the current HEAD as bad

git bisect good [commit-hash] // marks as know good commit

4. reflog - list all the commits you've visited in the past

git reflog

5. blame - show commits information of each line of a

specified file

git blame [file-name]

6. tagging - create tag name for a specified commit

git tag [tag-name] [commit-hash] 

git tag -1 // list all tags in your repo

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