Web Application Development

Introduction to the Internet

and the WWW
 Contents
• History of the Internet
• Some concepts related to the Internet
• Applications on the Internet
• Introduction to the World Wide Web

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 History of the Internet
• 1945
Vannevar Bush wrote in Atlantic Monthly about a
memory extension — Memex — which was a photo-
electrical-mechanical device that linked documents on
microfiche.
• 1958
In response to the launch of Sputnik, the U.S. Defense
Department established Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), which eventually would focus on computer
networking and communications technology.

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 History of the Internet
• 1962
Doug Engelbart devised NLS — "oNLine System" — for
browsing and editing information. In the process, he
invented the computer mouse.

• 1965
Ted Nelson coined the name hypertext for a complex,
changing, indeterminate file structure.

Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory

coined the terms packet and packet switching.

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 History of the Internet
• 1969
ARPA started what would become the Internet
when it created ARPANET connecting the
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
with SRI International at Menlo Park,
California, and then the University of
California at Santa Barbara and the University
of Utah.

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 History of the Internet
• 1971
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is established.
Fifteen sites were connected to ARPANET.

• 1974
TCP/IP becomes the Internet Protocol Suite.

The term Internet was coined to describe a

single global TCP/IP network.

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 History of the Internet
• 1978
Amateur radio operators began experimenting with
packet radio transmitting ASCII encoded data over
Very High Frequency (VHF) amateur radio frequencies
using homebuilt equipment.

• 1980
Tim Berners-Lee, at CERN in Switzerland, wrote a
notebook program called ENQUIRE — "Enquire-Within-
Upon-Everything" — which linked computer
information points.
Earlier forms of text messaging become electronic mail,
commonly called email or e-mail.

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 History of the Internet
• 1983
The Domain Name System (DNS) is invented.
Generic top-level domain categories are .gov, .edu, .com,
.mil, .org and .net.

• 1989
Tim Berners-Lee at CERN wrote "Information
Management: A Proposal" and "HyperText and CERN." He
proposed what was to become the World Wide Web.

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 History of the Internet
• 1990
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web,
HTML, and a text browser. He used a NeXT
computer to write a global hypertext system and
create a hypertext graphical user interface (GUI)
browser and "what you see is what you get"
editor.
He established the first successful communication
between an Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
client and server via the Internet.

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 History of the Internet
• 1993
Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina and others at
NCSA displayed first graphical browser,
Mosaic. Other browsers were Midas, Erwise,
Viola and one for Mac.
• 1994
Two million computers connected to the
Internet were used mostly by academics,
scientists, and corporate researchers.

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 History of the Internet
• 1995

Amazon.com bookstore appears.

Sergey Brin and Larry Page planned the future

Google.

The first wiki was written.

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 History of the Internet
• 1996
Microsoft Internet Explorer appeared.
Hotmail was the first Web e-mail site.
• 1998
Netscape released its code, spawning Mozilla
open-source browser.
Google opened and answered 10,000 search
queries per day.

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 History of the Internet
• 2001

Wikipedia opened.

Google answered more than 100 million

searches per day.

Apple released the first iPod.

The file-sharing service Kazaa founded.

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 History of the Internet
• 2003
More than three billion Web pages.
New browsers include Apple Computer's Safari and others
including Amaya, Camino, Lynx, Opera and Phoenix.
The virtual world Second Life was born.
WordPress blog publishing and content management
system opens.
Skype voice calling over the Internet begins.
Apple introduces the on-line music service iTunes.

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 History of the Internet
• 2004
Newest browser is Firefox by Mozilla. Apple Computer's
iPod pocket-sized MP3 music player are all the rage.
Facebook started collecting friends.
Podcasting commenced.
Flickr image hosting website opens.
Digg was founded.
Mass use of Voice over Internet Protocol – VoIP – begins.

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 History of the Internet
• 2005
More than eight billion Web pages.
Online technology is in two-thirds of American homes. Three-
quarters of Americans go online spending an average 12.5 hours
there per week. Television viewing declines among Internet users.
High-speed always-on broadband access to the Internet is changing
dramatically how we related to the Web – how often we go online,
what we do online, how long we stay online.
YouTube began storing and retrieving videos.
Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and geographical Internet site.

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 History of the Internet
• 2006

Twitter began issuing tweets.

Google has indexed more than 25 billion web

pages, 400 million queries per day, 1.3 billion
images.

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 History of the Internet
• 2007 : Apple released the iPhone multimedia and
Internet smartphone.
• 2008 : Google released the Chrome web browser.
• 2009 : It's estimated that a quarter of Earth's
population uses the Internet.

Microsoft's Bing joins Yahoo and Google as major

search engines on the Internet.
• 2010 : Apple released the iPad tablet computer.
• 2013-2023 : HTML5, Web 3.0

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Connecting to the Internet

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 TCP/IP
• Protocol: defines formats and rules for
exchanging messages between parties
• TCP/IP protocols: a set of protocols used for
the Internet; two most important protocols
are IP and TCP

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 TCP/IP
• IP address: numerical addresses of devices on
the Internet;
– example: 103.28.37.140 (USTH), 172.253.118.94
(Google VN)
• IPv4 vs. IPv6
• Virtual vs. real IP address

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Virtual vs. real IP address

10.10.0.2 10.10.0.3

10.10.0.1

Internet
203.162.3.4

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 Some Concepts

Client – Server Systems

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 Some Concepts
• Domain name: memorable names for nodes
on the Internet (instead of using IP address)
– Example: 183.81.34.136 ó dantri.com.vn
• Domain name server: the server helps to map
IP addresses to domain names (and vice versa)

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DNS Server

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DNS

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 Firewall

Hacker

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Proxy

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 Applications on the Internet
• Electronic mail (email)
• File server
• Web
• Instant messaging
• Video conferencing
• Social network
• P2P
• Media/file sharing

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Email

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Instant Messaging

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Video Conferencing

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P2P

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File Sharing

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 Media Sharing

Instagram
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Social Networks

Twitter

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 Introduction to the WWW
• The World Wide Web is a worldwide collection
of electronic documents (a.k.a the Web)
• A Web page is a document on the WWW
• A Web site is a collection of related Web pages

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Introduction to the WWW

request

response

Web Client Web Server

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 Introduction to the WWW
• Protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
request
GET /path/file.html HTTP/1.0
From: [email protected] User-
Agent: HTTPTool/1.0 [blank line here] response
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Date: Fri, 31 Dec 1999 23:59:59 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 1354
<html> <body> <h1>Happy New Millennium!</h1> (more
file contents) . . . </body> </html>

• Language used to create Web pages: HyperText

Markup Language (HTML)

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 HTTP vs HTML
• HTML: hypertext markup language
– Definitions of tags that are added to Web
documents to control their appearance
• HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol
– The rules governing the conversation between a
Web client and a Web server
Both were invented at the same time by the same person
 What is a protocol?
• In diplomatic circles, a protocol is the set of rules
governing a conversation between people

• We have seen that the client and server carry on

a machine-to-machine conversation

• A network protocol is the set of rules governing a

conversation between a client and a server

• There are many protocols, HTTP is just one

 An HTTP conversation

Client Server
• I would like to open a
connection • OK

• GET <file location>

• Send page or error message

• Display response
• Close connection
• OK

HTTP is the set of rules governing the format and content of the
conversation between a Web client and server
 An HTTP example
• The message requesting a Web page must
begin with the work “GET” and be followed by
a space and the location of a file on the server,
like this:
GET /fac/lpress/shortbio.htm

The protocol spells out the exact message format, so any Web
client can retrieve pages from any Web server.
 Web Client
• Usually mentioned as Web browser
– Firefox
– Edge
– Chrome
– Safari

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Web browsers

(source: StatCounter)

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Web browsers

(source: StatCounter)

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 Web Server
request

response

Web Client Web Server

Popular servers
– Apache HTTP server
– Internet Information Service (IIS)
– lighttpd

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 Some Concepts
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): a string
representing the location of a Web page

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 Some Concepts
• Home page: the Web page considered as the
“start point” for a Web site
• Hyperlink: the pointer from a Web page to
another

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Tab Browsing

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 Web Multimedia
• Audio
• Video
• Animation
• 3D

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 Search Engines
• A search engine is a system designed to search
information on the WWW
• Popular search engines
– Google (http://www.google.com)
– Coccoc (http://coccoc.com)
– Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com)
– Bing (http://www.bing.com)

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Search Engines

(source: StatCounter)

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Top Sites

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Top Sites in Vietnam

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Growth of the Internet

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 Web 2.0
• Web 1.0: users access contents
• Web 2.0: users create, organize, remix contents
• Websites
– Search
– User-generated content
– Blogging
– Social network
– Social media
– Location-based services

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 Mobile Web
• Websites for mobile devices
• Considerations
– Screen
– Computation power
– Connection

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 Web 3.0

• AI-driven services: Chat GPT

• Decentralized data architectures: Blockchain

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 Summary
• History of the Internet
• Some concepts related to the Internet
• Applications on the Internet
• Introduction to the World Wide Web
• Web browsers

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