AEP Eng Chap3&4&5
AEP Eng Chap3&4&5
AEP Eng Chap3&4&5
TREATMENT
The Water Cycle: Natural VS Artificial
Water circulates in the environment according to a natural cycle. By taking part of this water for our own needs (industry,
agriculture, housing), we also create an artificial cycle, which we can call the "technical cycle»water.
The Water Cycle: Natural VS Artificial
Water circulates on earth following a transformation cycle in 3 major stages. The water cycle is essential to remain an
available resource to all living things.
Water renews itself due to a 3-step cycle:
Evaporation:comes from water on earth(water from oceans, rivers, waterstagnant) and being living.Under the effect of
the heat of the sun,water transforms into steam.
Condensation:Water vapor circulating in the atmosphere will encounter colder air and it will transform into
droplets.These droplets gathers in the form of cloud.
Precipitation:When the climatic conditions are right, the clouds undergo a transformation and the water that forms
them returns to the earth's surface in the form of precipitation. Depending on the temperature and climatic conditions,
the water falls as rain, fog, snow or hail..
Once it reaches the ground, water can stagnate, evaporate again or sink into the ground to reach underground water, rivers,
lakes or oceans. The same process then begins again.
Two Sources of Drinking Water
FREE aquifer
Communicate with the surface and not too deep;
Variable water level (not blocked by an impermeable layer);
fast Renewal;
Sensitive to surface pollution
upper surface under atmospheric pressure = piezometric
surface
Confined aquifers
Between two impermeable geological layers;
The water is under pressure;
Often deep, a few hundred meters or more;
Slow Renewal And speed flow ;
Better water quality: strategic reserve for drinking water
Capture of thewaters
Introduction
• A groundwater catchment facility is an installation that allows water to be drawn from
groundwater tables located below the surface
• The catchments are mainly made from underground water tables. The latter, in fact, have
undeniable advantages: their water, purified by the ground, is generally of good quality and
less vulnerable to pollution. Conversely, surface waters are exposed to all types of pollution
and variable availability depending on the seasons.
• Before flowing from the tap, groundwater must be withdrawn from the aquifer using a
device called a "catchment structure", the main components of which are: a casing, a cover,
a pump, connecting pipes and a reservoir. The choice of the appropriate type of catchment
structure depends on the local hydrogeological context as well as the needs inwater.
Groundwater catchment structure
THE horizontal drains are used when the aquifer is shallow and little thick.
• These drains are constituted of elements prefabricated in
concrete,comprising:
Sole support
On the vertical faces,of the inclined barbicans
The protection against the superficial pollution is carried out by corrois in
clay
Capture of the underground water
Radiant drain wells
• Utilisé dans les rivières à régime torrential • La prise doit être protégée par une estacade pour éviter
(fortes pentes et grandes vitesses d'écoulement). sa détérioration.
• On dispose de gros graviers autour de la crépine • Le captage doit s'effectuer à une certaine distance des
afin de la protéger; berges.
• il est impératif de faire attention aux niveaux
d’étiage
Surface water capture
• River capture
The choice of a groundwater extraction equipment depends largely on the following three
elements:
• The geological characteristics;
•The depth to drill or dig, depending on the depth of the water table;
• The technical means available to entrepreneurs.
Darcy's Law
• Predicts the flow rate of a fluid through a porous
medium.
The Darcy's law expresses as follows:
𝒗 = 𝑲. 𝒋 Gradient
Filtration speed: ∆ℎ
hydraulic=
allowfor evaluating the flow coefficient 𝐿
rate through a porous permeability (m/s)
medium
Free tablecloth
Captive tablecloth
2𝜋. 𝐾. 𝑒. (𝐻 − ℎ)
𝑄=
𝑅
ln( )
𝑟
Capture flow rates
Flow rate in a well
• Permeability coefficient
NB: The usecoefficients ofpermeability is validto characterize water aquifers up to a depth of a thousand meters.
Beyond that, the increase in temperature and pressure must be taken into account.
Chapter 4: Adduction pipes
Gravitational Adduction
Adduction byrepression
• The collected water must be transported through pipes before being
treated in a factory.
Transports water:
• between the source and the treatment station;
• between the treatment plant and the storage or
distribution network;
• between the source and the storage or the distribution
network.
The length of a supply line can vary from a few kilometers
to several tens of kilometers.
Types of adduction
We distinguish:
Gravity supply
Adduction by repression
• The supply pipes are most often buried to protect them against bad weather
(sunshine), water heating, blocking by cooling of the liquid (snow)).
• Theredepth andthe widthminimums arecalculated by:
𝒉 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟓𝒎 + 𝑫𝒆𝒙
ቊ 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟒𝒎 + 𝑫𝒆𝒙
Sizing of the supply line
Constraintsofspeed flow
The minimum pressure must be higher than the atmospheric pressure, especially at high points.
The maximum pressure is limited to the maximum pressure indicated by the manufacturers (PN6, 10,
16,25bars). A safety coefficient from 0.70 to 0.80 must be applied for the plastic pipes (PVC and HDPE) to
overcome the effects of bad weather (sunshine, the variations oftemperature).
Sizing ofdrivingadduction
Settings of sizing
8𝜆 𝑄2
𝑗= ==>𝐷 = 𝑓 𝑗; 𝑄 such that ‘j‘ is previously known.
𝜋2 𝑔 𝐷5
Knowing the formula of Colebrook for the pressure loss factor
𝑉.𝐷
where 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜗
8𝜆
Using iterative calculation or using tables or abacuses, we determine λ , then C (C = 2 ) And finally the
𝜋 𝑔
diameter D.
We can also calculate D using the simplified loss calculation formula (Example: formula of Scimemi
𝑸 = 𝟑𝟔, 𝟒 𝑫𝟐,𝟓𝟗 𝒋𝟎,𝟓𝟓 ).
• NB: It is necessary to check that V<Vmax =2m/s
Sizing ofdrivingadduction
2nd case: Velocity supposed fixed
4𝑄
• Known flow rate and known velocity == >𝐷 = 𝜋𝑉
With Q and D known, we obtain ‘j’ by the formula and linear load losses J=jx L
If the location of the R1 tank is known, it is necessary to check ifthe location of the R2 tank is compatible with the topography
of the place.
Sizing of discharge pipes
The optimal choice of the diameter of a discharge pipe results fromoptimization of two settings:
- The cost of pipelines and its maintenance which increase with the increase of the diameter
- The cost of pumping energy which increases with the reduction in diameter.
Sizing of discharge pipes
In repression, the diameter 𝐷 does not impose itself a priori, because the increase in a flow rate 𝑄 to a piezometric
height 𝐻 depends on the hydraulic power of pumping 𝑃ℎ
𝑃ℎ = 𝝆𝒈 ∗ 𝑸 ∗ 𝑯
Of this fact,there will always be a hydraulic power corresponding to raise a flowrate 𝑄 whatever the diameter.
Sizing of discharge pipes
Theseformulasare sufficient to calculate an optimal diameter for small projects includingthe diameterremains low (DN ~300)
with a length of a few kilometers.
Beyondof these conditionsit's necessarycarry out economic optimization through an evaluationmeticulous.
Formulas empirical
■Flamingo: Vibert(1948):
■Bresse:
Munier(1961) :
■Bresse amended:
Chapter 5: Storage Tanks
Chapter 5: Reservoirs
Theoretical capacityof a storage tank
- The analytical method :which takes into account the supply and departure flow rates, of course
adding the minimum reserve intended for the fire estimated at 120 m3.
Chapter 5: Reservoirs & Distribution Network
Theoretical capacityof areservoir
The storage capacity on the distribution networks is between 25% and 50%, with aaverage 33%, of
daily peak consumption.
Chapter 5: Reservoirs & Distribution Network
Theoretical capacityof areservoir
Determination of theoretical capacity requires the knowledge of the variation of the hourly peak
flow rate Qph:
06h– 7h =Qpj
07h– 11h = 3.5Qpj
11am– 16h = 0.4Qpj
4 p.m.– 6 p.m. = 2Qpj
6 p.m.– 22h = 0.5Qpj
10 p.m.– 06 h = 0.125 Qpj
Chapter 5: Reservoirs & Distribution Network
Theoretical capacityof areservoir
Resistance
Waterproofing.
Sustainability :THE tank must last in the time:
- Material of which he is constituted must preserve its initial properties
after prolonged contact withwater
- Contact with the concrete of the interior facing of the tank must not
alter the qualities of the stored liquid.
Chapter 5: Reservoirs & Distribution Network
Implementation criteria
Conductadduction:
The arrival of the adduction pipe in the tank can be placed either at the
bottom of the tank or at the top, for oxygenation of the water.
The pipe clogs when water reaches its maximum level thanks to: a float
valve (gravity adduction), or a ‘dispositif d’arrêt’ (adduction by discharge).
Distribution line:
The distribution pipe starts 0.20 m above the base in order to avoid
transporting deposits to the distribution pipelines.
BY-PASS driving:
Connects the supply pipe to the distribution one. It ensures distribution during cleaning of the reservoir.
Chapter 5: Reservoirs & Distribution Network
Tank equipment
Overflow pipe:
Intended to stop the excess inlet water in case of complete filling of the reservoir
Its height is slightly lower by a few centimeters at the height of the tank, so as to discharge the water that
arrives too high in the tank by overflow in the overflow pipe.
The overflow pipe must lead to an outlet neighbor.
The evacuated flow is 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟓. 𝑹 . 𝑯𝟑/𝟐
Drain pipe:
Located at the lowest point of the tank, it allows to empty
the reservoir.
Is connected to the overflow pipe and has a valve gate.
Chapter 5: Reservoirs & Distribution Network