COE 318

Software Systems
Lecture 02:
Classes and Objects

Boujemaa Guermazi
 Java Primitive Data Types

• byte: 1 signed byte. Each byte is 8 bits. –128 to 127.

• char: 2 unsigned bytes. Unicode, 0 to 65535

• short: 2 signed bytes, -32768 to 32767

• int: 4 signed bytes, -2147483648 to 2147483647

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 Java Primitive Data Types

• long : 8 signed bytes

• float: 4 signed bytes

• double: 8 signed bytes

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 Arithmetic Operators
• Addition: + When you divide one integer by
another integer in Java, the
• Subtraction: - result will be an integer
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
• Multiplication: * float result = a / b; ??? → 3

• Division: /

• Remainder or modulus: % (e.g. 8%3 is 2)

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 The “overloaded” + operator
• a+b evaluates to sum of a and b when both are numbers.
• When one or both of them are Strings, they evaluate to a
concatenation of the strings.

2+3 Evaluates as 5
"Hello"+"There" Evaluates as "HelloThere"
"Hello"+2 Evaluates as "Hello2"

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 The “overloaded” + operator
• More than two operands? The “+” operator is evaluated
left to right. But parentheses can be used to force the
order.

System.out.println("1"+2+3); "123"
System.out.println(1+2+ "3"); "33"
System.out.println("1"+ (2+3)); "15"

1+2+”3” + (4+5)=??? → “339”

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 Equality Operators
• ==
e.g. x==y means x is equal to y

• !=
e.g. x!=y means x is not equal to y
• that you must use "==", not "=", when testing if two primitive values are equal.
• == checks for value equality. It compares the actual values of the operands.

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 Relational Operators
• > means “greater than”
• < means “less than”
• >= means “greater than or equal to”
• <= means “less than or equal to”
e.g.
x>y ;
c<d
e>=f ;
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g<=k
Compound Assignment Operator
Operator Example Meaning
+= x += y x=x+y
-= x -= y x=x-y
*= x *= y x=x*y
/= x /= y x=x/y
%= x %= y x=x%y

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 Increment & Decrement Operator
• Prefix increment ++ e.g. ++i int x = 5;
Increase i by 1, then use the new value of
i to evaluate the expression that i resides int prefixIncrement = ++x;

// prefixIncrement is ?, x is now ?
// prefixIncrement is 6, x is now 6
• Postfix increment ++ e.g. i++ int postfixIncrement = x++;
Use the current value of i to evaluate the // prefixIncrement is ?, x is now ?
expression that i resides, then increase i // prefixIncrement is 6, x is now 7
by 1

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 Increment & Decrement Operator

• Prefix decrement -- e.g. --i

Decrease i by 1, then use the new value of i to evaluate
the expression that i resides

• Postfix decrement -- e.g. i--

Use the current value of i to evaluate the expression that
i resides, then decrease i by 1
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 Conditional Statements
class IfTest2 {
public static void main (String[] args) {
int x = 2;
if (x == 3) {
System.out.println("x must be 3");
}
else {
System.out.println("x is NOT 3");
} Output:
System.out.println("This runs no matter what"); x is NOT 3
This runs no matter what
}
}
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 Conditional Statements
class IfTest2 {
public static void main (String[] args) {
int x = 2;
if (x == 3) {
System.out.println("x must be 3");
}
else if(x==2) {
System.out.println("x must be 2");
}
else{
System.out.println("Wrong value"); Output:
} x must be 2
}
}
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 The Switch Statement
The switch statement evaluates an expression, then
attempts to match the result to one of several possible
cases.

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15
 The Switch Statement
• An optional default case as the last case in the statement If no
other value matches, control falls through to the statement
after the switch

• A break statement is used as the last statement in each case

statement list

• If a break statement is not used, the flow of control will

continue into the next case after matching the correct case
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 The Switch Statement
class SwitchTest {
public static void main (String[] args) {
int x = 3;
switch (x) {
case 3:
System.out.println("x must be 3");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("x must be 2");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Wrong value"); Output:
break; x must be 3
}
}
} 17
 6
What is the final value of x if initially: 6
9

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 While Loop
public class Loopy {
public static void main (String[] args) {
int x = 1;
System.out.println("Before the Loop") ; Output:
while (x < 4) { Before the Loop
System.out.println("In the loop"); In the loop
Value of x is 1
System.out.println("Value of x is " + x) ; In the loop
x = x + 1; Value of x is 2
In the loop
} Value of x is 3
System.out.println("This is after the loop"); This is after the loop
}
}
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 For Loop
public class Loopy {
public static void main (String[] args) {
int x = 1;
System.out.println("Before the Loop") ;
for (x=1;x < 4;x++) {
System.out.println("In the loop");
System.out.println("Value of x is " + x) ;

}
System.out.println("This is after the loop");
}
}
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 Do-while Loop
Useful if you want the body of the loop to execute at least once
regardless of condition.
public class Loopy {
public static void main (String[] args) {
int x = 1;
System.out.println("Before the Loop") ;
while(x!=1) { //code never enters the loop!
System.out.println("In the loop");
System.out.println("Value of x is " + x) ;
x = 1;
}}}
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 Do-while Loop
Useful if you want the body of the loop to execute at least once
regardless of condition.
public class Loopy { executed at least once
public static void main (String[] args) {
int x = 1;
System.out.println("Before the Loop") ;
do{
System.out.println("In the loop");
System.out.println("Value of x is " + x) ;
x = 1;
}while(x!=1);}}
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Given the following code, where x = 0, what is the resulting value
of x after the for-loop terminates? 10

int x=0;
for (int i=0;i<5;i++)
x = x+i;
How many times will the following loop iterate? 10

int x = 10;
while (x > 0){
System.out.println(x);
x=x-1;
}
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 How many times will the following loop
iterate?
39

for (x=1;x < 40;x++) {

System.out.println("In the loop" + x);
}

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 How many times will the following loop
iterate?
Infinity!

int x=3;
while (x<40) {
System.out.println("In the loop" + x);
}

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 How many times will the following loop
iterate?
37

int x=3;
while (x<40) {
System.out.println("In the loop" + x);
x=x+1;
}

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 How many times will the following loop
iterate?
1

int x=50;
do {
System.out.println("In the loop" + x);
} while (x<40);

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 How many times will the following loop
iterate?
39*39

int x,y;
for (x=1;x < 40;x++) {
for(y=1;y<40;y++){
System.out.println("In the loop");
}
}

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 Conditional Operator
Condition ? Do_if_true : do_if_false
• Can be used in place of “if .. else” statement
• It takes three operands.
– The first operand is the boolean expression.
– The second operand is the conditional expression if the boolean expression is true.
– The third operand is the conditional expression if the boolean expression is false.
float grade=40;
String result= grade >=50 ? "passed" : "failed";
System.out.println(result);
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 Class (Recap)
• A “template” that defines type of an object.
• Can contain - variables, methods.

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 General Form of class definition
class classname
{
//declare variables
type var1;
type var2;
….
//declare methods
type method(parameters)
{
//body of method, consists of statements
}
type method2(parameters)
{
//body of method, consists of statements
}
….
} 31
public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;

public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){

licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
}
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 Object (Recap)
• A class is simply a definition.
• To use a class, you need to create an object of that
specific class type (called instance of a class).
• Objects are created through operator “new”.
• Since an object is an “instance of a class”, the variables
in the class are called “instance variables/methods”.

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 Steps to create an object
• Step 1: declare a variable called miniVan of the class type
Car. This is just a variable that can refer to an object. At the
point, miniVan contains value “null”, meaning it is not
referring to any object yet.

• Step2: Allocate memory in computer and construct an object

of type “Class” in that memory segment. This is done by
using operator “new”. Then, assign to “miniVan” a reference
to that object.
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 ..But WHERE should I create the object?
public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;

public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){

licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
}
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..But WHERE should I create the object?
• Class definition can only contain variables and methods.
You can not write code outside of the method bodies.

• Remember, execution starts from the main() method.

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..But WHERE should I create the object?
• Option 1: Have a main() method in the class definition
itself: Not a good practice, class definitions should just
contain class specific code for clarity.
• Option 2: Have a “Helper” or “Tester” class where the
main method resides. Typically, this class JUST have
the main() method, nothing else. Both class files should
be in the same project.

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 To “test” the car class (Car.java)…
public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;
public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){
licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
}
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 We create a “CarTest” class
(CarTest.java) and put the main() method
in it

public class CarTest {

public static void main(String[] args){
}
}

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 We create a “CarTest” class
(CarTest.java) and put the main() method
in it
public class CarTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
Car miniVan;
miniVan=new Car();
}
}

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 We create a “CarTest” class
(CarTest.java) and put the main() method
in it
public class CarTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
Car miniVan=new Car();
}
}

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 Accessing object’s data
• Object contains data that you can access with operator “.”
in the form of
object.variable for instance variable
e.g.
miniVan.licensePlate="ABC";
miniVan.speed = 100;
double maxSpeed=miniVan.maxSpeed;
object.method() for instance method
e.g.
miniVan.setSpeed(50); 42
 Good Programming Practice
• Typically, instance variables are NOT directly accessed
(we will learn about access modifiers later, to enforce
this)
• Instead, each instance variable that you want to be
“accessible” have getter and setter methods.
• e.g. getSpeed() and setSpeed() in our Car class.

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 Methods
• Methods are subroutines that act on object’s data. A
method can call other methods of its own class, it can
also call methods of other classes.

• Objects interact with each other through method calls.

• You can model the real world through object

interactions.

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 General Form of a Method
ReturnType methodName(parameter-list) {
//body of method
}
• methodName is the name of the method as a string with
no space. Capitalize first letter of each word except the
first as a convention.

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 General Form of a Method
ReturnType methodName(parameter-list) {
//body of method
}
• ReturnType is any primitive type, or object reference. If
nothing is returned from the method to the method-caller,
a “void” is declared.

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 General Form of a Method
ReturnType methodName(parameter-list) {
//body of method
}
• Parameter-list is a comma separated list of type and
variable pair. Each pair pass a value of certain data type
to the method.

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 General Form of a Method
ReturnType methodName(parameter-list) {
//body of method
}
• The body of a method consists of statements.

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public class CarTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
Car miniVan=new Car();
miniVan.setLicensePlate("ABC");
miniVan.setSpeed(100);
double speed=miniVan.getSpeed();
System.out.println(speed);
}
}
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 You can create multiple objects of the
same class!

public class CarTest {

public static void main(String[] args){
Car miniVan=new Car();
Car sedan=new Car();
}
}
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 Each object has there OWN instance
variable and methods
public class CarTest {
public static void main(String[] args){ Output:
Car miniVan=new Car(); 100
110
Car sedan=new Car();
miniVan.setLicensePlate("ABC");
miniVan.setSpeed(100);
sedan.setLicensePlate("DEF");
sedan.setSpeed(110);
double speed=miniVan.getSpeed();
System.out.println(speed);
speed=sedan.getSpeed();
System.out.println(speed);
}
}
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 Step-by-step Exercise:
Let’s modify the Car class
1. Add a variable to keep track of “fuel”.
2. Add “getter” and “setter” methods for fuel.
3. Add a method “refuel” that increases the “fuel” by an
input param “amount”.
4. Add a method “drive” that reduces the “fuel” based on
an input param “speed”. Let’s assume for a speed of 1, fuel
reduces by 0.5.
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public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;
public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){
licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
}

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 Let’s modify the Car class (1)
1. Add a variable to keep track of “fuel”.

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public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;
double fuel;
public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){
licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
}

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 Let’s modify the Car class (2)
2. Add “getter” and “setter” methods for fuel.

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public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;
double fuel;
public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){
licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
public double getFuel() {
return fuel;
}
public void setFuel(double val) {
fuel=val;
}
}
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 Let’s modify the Car class (3)
3. Add a method “refuel” that increases the
“fuel” by an input param “amount”.

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public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;
double fuel;
public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){
licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
public double getFuel() {
return fuel;
}
public void setFuel(double val) {
fuel=val;
}
public void refuel(double amount){
fuel=fuel+amount;
}
}

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 Let’s modify the Car class (4)
4. Add a method “drive” that reduces the
“fuel” based on an input param “speed”. Let’s
assume for a speed of 1, fuel reduces by 0.5.

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public class Car {
String licensePlate;
double speed;
double maxSpeed;
double fuel;
public void setLicensePlate(String plateNumber ){
licensePlate=plateNumber;
}
public void setSpeed (double speedVal) {
speed=speedVal;
}
public double getSpeed () {
return speed;
}
public double getFuel() {
return fuel;
}
public void setFuel(double val) {
fuel=val;
}
public void refuel(double amount){
fuel=fuel+amount;
}
public void drive(double speed){
fuel=fuel-speed*0.5;
}
}
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 Test it!
public class CarTest {
public static void main(String[] args){ Output:
20
Car miniVan=new Car(); 40
miniVan.setFuel(0); 30
miniVan.refuel(20);
System.out.println(miniVan.getFuel());
miniVan.refuel(20);
System.out.println(miniVan.getFuel());
miniVan.drive(20);
System.out.println(miniVan.getFuel());
}
}
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