Solutions 1a. Mention one use of a vernier calliper
• A vernier calliper is used to measure the internal and external dimensions of an object with precision.
1b. Convert the following:
i. Convert 1.5 µA (microamperes) to amperes:
• 1.5 μA = 1.5 × 10^(-6) A = 0.0000015 A
ii. Convert 2.0 megabytes (MB) to kilobytes (KB):
• 2.0 MB = 2.0 × 1024 KB = 2048 KB
2. In a scientific investigation, the following data was obtained:
Length of a conductor (m) Resistance (Ω)
0.1 2.5 0.15 3.0 0.20 3.5 0.25 4.0
i. Identify the independent variable, giving a reason.
• Independent variable: Length of the conductor.
o Reason: The length is being changed or controlled, and its effect on the resistance is being measured.
ii. Identify the dependent variable, giving a reason.
• Dependent variable: Resistance.
o Reason: The resistance changes in response to the length of the conductor. iii. State the relationship between the length of a conductor and its resistance as shown in the data given.
• Relationship: The resistance increases as the length of the conductor increases.
iv. What would be the resistance of the conductor if the length of the conductor is 40 cm (0.4 m)?
• The relationship between length (L) and resistance (R) is linear and can be represented as: o R=k×L • Using the data provided, we calculate the constant (k): o k = 2.5 Ω / 0.1 m = 25 Ω/m • Now, using this constant to find the resistance at 0.4 m: o R = 25 Ω/m × 0.4 m = 10 Ω • Thus, the resistance for a length of 40 cm would be 10 Ω.
3a. State the kinetic theory of matter.
• The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is composed of a large number of small particles (atoms or molecules) that are in constant random motion. The temperature of the substance is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles.
3b. Using the kinetic theory of matter, explain the following:
i. Gas pressure increases with temperature in a closed container.
• According to the kinetic theory, when the temperature of a gas increases, the kinetic energy of the gas particles increases. This means the particles move faster and collide with the walls of the container more frequently and with greater force. This increase in the number and strength of collisions results in higher pressure.
ii. Metals expand when heated.
• In metals, atoms are arranged in a regular pattern, and they vibrate in place. When metals are heated, the kinetic energy of their atoms increases, causing them to vibrate more vigorously. These increased vibrations push the atoms farther apart, resulting in the expansion of the metal.
iii. Liquid pressure increases with depth.
• The pressure in a liquid is caused by the weight of the liquid above a certain point. As depth increases, the weight of the liquid above that point increases, resulting in greater pressure. The pressure at a depth (h) is given by the equation: o P = ρgh o Where: ▪ P = pressure ▪ ρ = density of the liquid ▪ g = acceleration due to gravity ▪ h = depth
3c. Define a hydraulic machine.
• A hydraulic machine is a device that uses an incompressible liquid, such as oil or
water, to transmit force from one point to another by applying Pascal's principle, which states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid.
4a. Define a hydraulic machine.
• A hydraulic machine is a device that uses a liquid, typically oil or water, to transmit force. It operates based on Pascal’s principle, which states that when pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.
4b. Using the diagram provided, calculate the pressure in Pascals developed at area A1.
• The formula for pressure is:
o P = F1 / A1 o Where: ▪ P = pressure (Pa) ▪ F1 = force applied on area A1 (N) ▪ A1 = area (m²) o (The specific values of F1 and A1 were not provided in the text you uploaded. You would need those values to perform the calculation.)
ii. Calculate the value of force F2.
• Using Pascal's principle:
o F1 / A1 = F2 / A2 • Rearranging to find F2: o F2 = F1 × (A2 / A1) o (Again, the specific values of F1, A1, and A2 are required to calculate F2.)
iii. What property of liquids is used in hydraulic machines?
• The key property of liquids used in hydraulic machines is that liquids are incompressible, meaning they do not change volume under pressure.
iv. Explain why hydraulic machines are called multipliers.
• Hydraulic machines are called multipliers because they can amplify or multiply a small input force into a larger output force. This occurs because a small force applied to a small area (input) can produce a much larger force on a larger area (output), as per Pascal’s principle: o F2 = (A2 / A1) × F1 o Where A2 is the larger area and F2 is the multiplied force.
5. Table below are the results of an experiment to verify a gas law.
Pressure (kPa) Volume (cm³)
5 11.3 4 14.1 3 18.8 2 28.2 1 56.3
i. Copy and complete the row with values of 1/P:
• To calculate 1/P (the inverse of pressure), use the formula:
o 1/P = 1 / (Pressure (kPa)) • For each pressure value: o 1/P when P = 5 kPa: 1/5 = 0.2 kPa^(-1) o 1/P when P = 4 kPa: 1/4 = 0.25 kPa^(-1) o 1/P when P = 3 kPa: 1/3 ≈ 0.333 kPa^(-1) o 1/P when P = 2 kPa: 1/2 = 0.5 kPa^(-1) o 1/P when P = 1 kPa: 1/1 = 1.0 kPa^(-1)
ii. Plot a graph of 1/P against volume (V).
• The graph should be a linear plot with 1/P on the y-axis and V on the x-axis.
iii. Using the graph, calculate the value of pressure if the volume is 4.5 cm³. • From the graph, find the corresponding value of 1/P at V = 4.5 cm³, then use the formula: o P = 1 / (1/P)
iv. State the gas law which is being investigated.
• The gas law being investigated is Boyle’s Law, which states that for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume: o P × V = constant • Or in rearranged form: o P = constant / V
6. A man decides to row across a flowing river 12 m wide at a speed of 8 m/s due north. The river is flowing due east at 6 m/s. He wants to reach point X across the river northwards.
i. Draw a vector diagram for the setup.
• The vector diagram can be represented as a right-angled triangle where one side represents the man's velocity (8 m/s) northward, the other side represents the river's velocity (6 m/s) eastward, and the hypotenuse represents the resultant velocity of the man in the river.)
ii. Calculate the angle θ at which he must head to reach point X.
• To calculate the angle θ, use trigonometry, specifically the tangent function:
o tan(θ) = velocity of the river/velocity of the man o tan(θ) = 6 m/s / 8 m/s o tan(θ) = 0.75 • Now, take the arctangent (inverse of tan) to find the angle: o θ = tan^(-1)(0.75) ≈ 36.87°
Thus, the man must head at an angle of approximately 36.87° west of north to reach point X.
iii. Calculate the time taken to reach point X.
• The time taken to cross the river depends on the width of the river and the northward speed of the man. The formula for time is: o Time = distance / velocity in the northward direction • The width of the river is 12 m, and the northward velocity is 8 m/s: o Time = 12 m / 8 m/s = 1.5 seconds
iv. How far from the destination will he land on the opposite bank?
• To find how far downstream he will land, calculate the distance the river carries him during the time taken to cross: o Distance = velocity of the river × time o Distance = 6 m/s × 1.5 s = 9 m
Thus, he will land 9 m downstream from the point directly across from where he started.
8. An object is observed traveling at an initial velocity of 20 m/s at t = 0. The object then
undergoes a deceleration of 3 m/s² for 3 seconds, maintains the reached velocity for the next 10 seconds, and finally decelerates to rest in 2 seconds.
Questions:
1. Calculate the final velocity of the object after the initial deceleration. 2. Determine the constant velocity maintained by the object. 3. Find the deceleration rate when the object comes to a stop. 4. Sketch the velocity-time graph for the object’s motion.
Solution:
1. Final Velocity after Deceleration:
o Given: ▪ Initial velocity (u) = 20 m/s ▪ Deceleration (a) = -3 m/s² ▪ Time (t) = 3 s o Calculation: Final velocity (v) can be calculated using the equation: v = u + at Substituting the values: v = 20 + (-3) * 3 v = 20 - 9 v = 11 m/s 2. Constant Velocity: o After the initial deceleration phase, the object maintains a constant velocity of 11 m/s for the next 10 seconds. 3. Deceleration Rate to Rest: o Given: ▪ Initial velocity (u) = 11 m/s ▪ Final velocity (v) = 0 m/s ▪ Time (t) = 2 s o Calculation: To find the deceleration, we can use the equation: v = u + at Setting v to 0 gives: 0 = 11 + a * 2 Solving for a: a * 2 = -11 a = -11 / 2 a = - 5.5 m/s² 4. Sketching the Velocity-Time Graph(Students must do this )
Axes:
▪ X-axis: Time (seconds)
▪ Y-axis: Velocity (m/s)
Plot Points:
▪ From (0, 20) to (3, 11): Linear decrease representing deceleration.
▪ From (3, 11) to (13, 11): Horizontal line indicating constant velocity. ▪ From (13, 11) to (15, 0): Linear decrease representing deceleration to rest.
8a. State the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy.
The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that the total mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant if only conservative forces (such as gravity and spring forces) are acting on it. In other words, the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy in the system does not change over time. Mathematically, this can be expressed as:
Total Mechanical Energy (initial) = Total Mechanical Energy (final)
This principle implies that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.
8b. Calculate the Work Done by the Force.
To calculate the work done (W) by the force, we can use the formula:
W=F*d
Where:
• W is the work done (in joules)
• F is the force applied (in newtons) • d is the distance moved in the direction of the force (in meters)
Given:
• Mass of the stone = 8 kg (not needed for this calculation)
• Distance (d) = 20 cm = 0.2 m • Force (F) = 10 N
Calculation: W = 10 N * 0.2 m W=2J
The work done by the force is 2 joules.
8d. Calculate the Kinetic Energy Gained by the Stone.
The work done on the stone is equal to the kinetic energy gained by the stone (assuming no energy losses). Thus:
K.E. = W = 2 J
The kinetic energy gained by the stone is 2 joules.
8e. Calculate the Velocity of the Stone.
To calculate the velocity (v) of the stone after it has gained kinetic energy, we can use the kinetic energy formula:
K.E. = 0.5 * m * v²
Where:
• K.E. is the kinetic energy (in joules)
• m is the mass of the stone (in kilograms) • v is the velocity (in meters per second)
Given: • K.E. = 2 J • Mass (m) = 8 kg
Rearranging the formula to solve for v: 2 = 0.5 * 8 * v²
2 = 4 * v² v² = 2 v = √2 v ≈ 1.41 m/s
The velocity of the stone is approximately 1.41 m/s.
9a. Define (i) Electromotive Force (emf).
Electromotive force (emf) is the electrical energy produced per unit charge by a source such as a battery or generator. It represents the energy supplied by the source to move a charge around a circuit and is measured in volts (V). Emf is the potential difference across the terminals of a source when no current is flowing.
9a. Define (ii) Kilowatt-Hour (KWh).
A kilowatt-hour (KWh) is a unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1,000 watts) of
power used for one hour. It is commonly used to measure electrical energy consumption. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
1 KWh = 1 kW * 1 h = 1,000 W * 3,600 s = 3,600,000 joules (or 3.6 megajoules).
The resistors in the image are labeled with colors, and their values can be determined using the color code. The resistors in the image are labeled with colors, and their values can be determined using the color code.
Here are the values of the resistors based on the color code:
• Orange-Red-Green: 3200 ohms (or 3.2k ohms)
• Pink: 7500 ohms (or 7.5k ohms)
Therefore, the values of the resistors are 3.2k ohms and 7.5k ohms. The resistor in the image is labeled with "8R2M". This is a different type of resistor code, called the Military or Industrial code.
Here's how to decode the value of the resistor:
• 8: The first digit represents the multiplier, which is 8 in this case.
• R: The second digit represents the significant figure, which is 2 in this case. • 2: The third digit represents the multiplier, which is 2 in this case. • M: The fourth digit represents the tolerance, which is ±20% in this case.
Therefore, the value of the resistor is 8200 ohms (or 8.2k ohms) with a tolerance of ±20%. Analyzing the Circuit(Students must Apply knowledge)
Breakdown:
• Series: The 6Ω and 4Ω resistors are in series, as are the two 6Ω resistors and the two 3Ω resistors. • Parallel: The two parallel branches, each containing a 6Ω and a 3Ω resistor, are in parallel with each other. • Series: The 4Ω resistor and the parallel combination are in series.
10. i. Define Pitch.
Pitch is a perceptual characteristic of sound that allows it to be classified as high or low.
It is primarily determined by the frequency of the sound wave, which is measured in hertz (Hz). Higher frequency sound waves produce a higher pitch, while lower frequency sound waves produce a lower pitch. Pitch is an essential aspect of musical notes and is crucial for distinguishing different sounds in speech and music.
ii. Define Resonance.
Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when a system is driven at its natural frequency by an external force, resulting in a significant increase in amplitude of oscillation. In the context of sound, resonance happens when a sound wave matches the natural frequency of an object, causing the object to vibrate more intensely. This can lead to amplified sound, as seen in musical instruments like guitars and violins. For instance, when a tuning fork is struck, it can cause a nearby object, like a glass, to vibrate and produce sound if the glass's natural frequency matches that of the tuning fork.
b. Speed of Sound in Air
A pupil, standing between two cliffs and 500 m from the nearest cliff, clapped his hands and heard the first echo after 3 seconds, and the second echo 2 seconds later.
i. Calculate the Speed of Sound in Air.
To find the speed of sound, we can use the formula:
Speed = Distance / Time
Given:
• Distance to the nearest cliff = 500 m
• Time for the first echo = 3 seconds (total distance traveled = 2 * 500 m)
Total distance for the first echo is:
Total Distance = 2 * 500 m = 1000 m
Calculating the speed:
Speed = Total Distance / Time
Speed = 1000 m / 3 s Speed ≈ 333.33 m/s
The speed of sound in air is approximately 333.33 m/s.
ii. Calculate the Distance Between the Cliffs.
The second echo is heard 2 seconds after the first echo. Therefore, the total time to hear the second echo from the clap is:
Total Time = Time for first echo + Time for second echo Total Time = 3 s + 2 s = 5 s
Total distance traveled for the second echo is:
Total Distance = Speed * Total Time
Total Distance = 333.33 m/s * 5 s Total Distance ≈ 1666.65 m
Since this distance includes the distance to both cliffs, the distance between the cliffs (D) can be calculated by:
D = Total Distance / 2 D ≈ 1666.65 m / 2 D ≈ 833.32 m
The distance between the cliffs is approximately 833.32 m.
c. Experiment to Show Sound Requires a Medium for Propagation
Materials Needed:
• Electric bell • Bell jar • Vacuum pump • Relevant diagram (to illustrate the setup)
Procedure:
1. Setup:
Place the electric bell inside the bell jar.
Connect the bell to a power source to allow it to ring.
Ensure that the bell jar is airtight.
2. Conducting the Experiment:
Start by ringing the electric bell while it is inside the bell jar. Observe the sound produced.
Use the vacuum pump to gradually remove air from the bell jar. As the air is pumped out, observe the sound intensity.
3. Observation:
Initially, when the bell rings, the sound is clearly heard. However, as the air is removed from the jar, the sound becomes fainter and eventually cannot be heard at all when a vacuum is created.
4. Conclusion:
The experiment demonstrates that sound requires a medium (such as air) for propagation. In the absence of air (vacuum), the sound cannot travel, confirming that sound cannot be transmitted without a medium.
