Analysis of discrete signal and discrete LTI system using Z-transform

✓ Z-transform is a transform used to analyze discrete time signals and systems

▪ z-Transform: two-sided, bilateral z-transform


X ( z) =  x  n z −n =Z  x[n]
n =−

Z
x[n] ⎯→ X ( z )

✓ Offers insight into the nature of system characteristics such as

stability , causality and frequency response .
▪ z-transform : one-sided, unilateral

X ( z ) =  xnz − n
n =0

✓ Used to solve difference equation with initial conditions

 ✓ Z-transform is a power series and exists only for those values of z
for which X(z) converges ,defined by Region of
Convergence(ROC)
Eg.1 Determine the z-transform, including the ROC in z-plane and a sketch of
the pole-zero-plot, for sequence: xn = a nun

Solution:
  0
X ( z ) =  a n z − n =  ( az 1 − ( az )
)
−1 
−1 n z
= =
n =0 n =0 1 − az −1 z−a

ROC: az −1  1 or z  a
ROC

zero : z = 0， pole : z = a
Eg.2 Determine the z-transform, including the ROC in z-plane and a sketch of
the pole-zero-plot, for sequence: xn = −a nu− n − 1
Solution:
 
= − a z = − ( a z )
 −1 −n n −1 n
X ( z ) = −  a u  −n − 1 z
n −n
=− a z n −n
n =1 n =1
n =− n =−

a z − (a z)

−1 −1 0 z
=− =
1 − a −1 z z−a

ROC: a -1 z  1, z  a ,
zero : z = 0 pole : z = a

: zeros
 : poles

Gray region: ROC

Eg.3 Determine the z-transform, including the ROC, pole-zero-plot, for sequence:
n n
1  1
x  n =   u  n +  −  u  n
2  3
Solution:
  1  n  1
n
 − n 
1
n 
 1
n

X ( z ) =    u  n  +  −  u  n  z =    u  n  z +   −  u  n  z
−n −n

n =−  2  n =−  3
n =−  2   3 
  n n
 1 −1   1 −1 
=  z  +  − z 
n =0  2  n =0  3 
  n n
 1 −1   1 
X ( z ) =   z  +   − z −1 
n =0  2  n =0  3 
 1
1 1 2z  z − 
= +  12 
1 1 =
1 − z −1 1 + z −1  1 −1  1 −1 
2 3 1 − z 1 + z 
 2  3 
1 1 1
ROC: z  and z   ROC : z 
2 3 2
Eg.3 Determine the z-transform, including the ROC, pole-zero-plot, for sequence:
xn =  n +  n − 5

X ( z ) = 1 + z −5， ROC : z  0 or entire z-plane, except z=0

Eg.4 Determine the z-transform, including the ROC, pole-zero-plot, for sequence:

() ( )
n n
x  n  = 1 u  n  − − 1 u  −n − 1，
2 3
Solution:
n
 1 Z 1 1
−  −  u  − n − 1  , z 
 3 1
1+ z −1 3
3
n
1 Z 1 1
  u  n   , z 
1
X ( z) =
+
1
2 1
1- z −1 2 1 1
1 − z −1 1 + z −1
2 2 3
1 1
Since there is no overlap between  z and z  ，
2 3
x[n] has no z-transform (nor Fourier transform).
Z-Transform Table
 Z-Transform Properties

Linearity: ax1 n + bx2 n ⎯⎯

Z
→ aX1 (z ) + bX2 (z ) ROC = R x1  R x2

Eg. Find the z-transform of

Time shift: xn − no  ⎯

⎯Z
→ z −no X(z ) ROC = R x

Eg. Determine the z-transform of

zno xn ⎯ → X(z / zo )

Multiplication by Z
Exponential: ⎯ ROC = zo R x

𝑧 𝑧
Eg. 𝑍 𝑎𝑛 u n 𝑎 =
𝑧 𝑧−𝑎
𝑎−1
 dX(z )
Differentiation of
Z-domain: nxn ⎯
⎯Z
→ −z ROC = R x
dz
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
𝑛𝑢(𝑛) = 2
Eg. 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 1 𝑧−1
1
Time reversal: x− n ⎯⎯
Z
→ X(1 / z ) ROC =
Rx
Convolution: x1 n  x2 n ⎯
⎯Z
→ X1 (z )X2 (z ) ROC : R x1  R x2

Given x1  n  =   n  +2  n − 1 +  n − 2，

x2  n  =   n  −   n − 1，find y  n  = x1  n  * x2  n 
Y ( z ) = X1 ( z ) X 2 ( z )
Solution:
X 1 ( z ) = 1 + 2z +z ， 2
−1 X−2( z ) = 1 − z −1
, z 0

Y ( z ) = (1 + 2 z +z )(1 − z )
−1 −2 −3
−1 −2
= 1 + −1
z − z − z
y  n  =   n  +  n − 1 −   n − 2 −   n − 3 = 1,1, −1, −1
 The Inverse Z-Transform

✓ Formal inverse z-transform is based on a Cauchy integral theorem.

✓ Less formal ways are sufficient and preferable in finding the inverse z-
transform. :
▪ Inspection method
▪ Partial fraction expansion
▪ Power series expansion
Inspection Method
Make use of known z-transform pairs such as

 n  1, ROC : all z

a nu n 
1
−1
, ROC : z  a
1 − az
− a nu − n − 1
1
 −1
, ROC : z  a
1 − az
 Inspection method
Eg.1 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution

Using table,

Eg.2 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution

Using Table

Eg.3 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution

Using table,
 Partial fraction

✓ Simple (distinct) poles

✓ Repeated Poles

Simple (distinct) poles

Eg. Find the inverse z-transform of

First eliminate the negative power of z.

Dividing both sides by z,

Finding the
constants:

𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑧

Therefore, inverse z-transform is:

 Repeated poles

1 𝑑 𝑟−𝑘 𝑟
𝐻 𝑧
𝐵𝑘 = 𝑧 − 𝑧0 ⋮ 𝑧 = 𝑧0
𝑟 − 𝑘 ! 𝑑𝑧 𝑟−𝑘 𝑧

Find 𝑥 𝑛 if

Solution:

Dividing both sides

by z:

Where,
 Then,

From Table,

Finally we get,

4𝑧 3 𝑧(𝑧 2 − 9)
Exercise Find the IZT of 𝑎) 𝑋 𝑧 = 2 𝑏) 𝑋 𝑧 = 3
𝑧+1 𝑧−1 𝑧−1 𝑧−2
Transform Analysis of LTI systems

The Z-transform plays an important role in the analysis and design of discrete-time
LTI systems.

H(z) is called the system function or the transfer function of

the LTI discrete system
It is defined as the ratio of the Z-transform of the output sequence y(n) to
the Z-transform of the input sequence x(n) when the initial conditions are
neglected
Eg. Determine the system function of a discrete-time system described by the
difference equation

Solution: Taking Z-transform on both sides

 Solution to difference Equation Using Z-Transform

✓ The procedure to solve difference equation using Z-Transform:

1. Apply the unilateral z-transform to the difference equation.

2. Substitute the initial conditions.
3. Solve for the difference equation in the z-transform domain.
4. Find the solution in the time domain by applying the inverse z-transform.

Shifting property of unilateral Z-transform

y(n-k)↔ 𝑧 −𝑘 (𝑌 𝑧 + σ𝑛=𝑘 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑦 −𝑛 𝑧 )

y(n+k)↔ 𝑧 𝑘 (𝑌 𝑧 − σ𝑛=𝑘−1
𝑛=0 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 )

The system response has two components:

1. Zero state or forced response
The response of the system due to input alone when the initial conditions are
neglected

2. Zero input or natural response

The response of the system due to initial conditions alone when the input is
neglected
❖ The response due to input and initial conditions considered simultaneously
is the total response of the system.

Eg. A linear shift invariant system is described by the difference equation

with y(–1) = 0 and y(–2) = –1.

Find (a) the natural response of the system (b) the forced response of the system
for a step input
Solution: a)
 Zero input response:

b) To find the forced response due to a step input, put x(n) = u(n)
Zero state response:

Eg.2 Solve the following difference equation

with x(n) = (1/3)n u(n) and the initial condition y(–1) = 1.

The given difference equation is:

 Let

Therefore

Exercise Solve the following difference equation

with initial conditions