Cytology

Dr.
Mohamed Hassany Ali

PhD in Cell, Histology, and Genetics
sinaiuniversity.net
1
Cytology (3)
@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Ribosomes:
• Ribosomes are non-membranous
cytoplasmic organelles which are responsible
of protein formation through transcription
process.
• Formation: they are formed from protein
and rRNA. Protein is formed in the cytoplasm
in RER and rRNA formed in the nucleolus,
then protein enters the nucleus to be
associated with rRNA forming ribosome.
Ribosome
• L/M: give the cytoplasm localized or diffuse stain “basophilia”.
• E/M: each ribosome is formed of 2 subunits (Large subunit and small subunit).
• Types of ribosomes:
1. Free ribosomes “in the cytoplasm”.
2. Attached ribosomes “RER ribosomes”.
=> Some of the free ribosomes link with mRNA to form polysome or polyribosome.
• Function: formation of protein
1. Free ribosome proteins are formed for cell growth.
2. Attached ribosome proteins are formed for production of secretion.
Cytoskeleton:
• The cytoskeleton has four major
components: thin filaments, intermediate
filaments, thick filament, and microtubules.
• Functions:
1. Forming 3D network of protein filaments that
are responsible for the maintenance of cellular
morphology.
2. Active participant in cellular motion, whether
of organelles or vesicles within the cytoplasm,
regions of the cell, or the entire cell.
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Microtubules:
• Microtubules are long, straight, rigid tubular-appearing structures that act
as intracellular pathways.
• They are formed of tubulin molecules of protein.
• They appear as circles in cross section.
• They may exist in two forms:
1. Labile population exists freely in the cytoplasm.
2. Stable population forms basic structure in the cell.
Functions of Microtubules:
1. Formation of cytoskeleton.
2. Transport of ions inside the cell.
3. Formation of cilia, flagella, and centrioles.
4. Formation of mitotic spindles in cell division.
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Centrioles:
• Two tubular structures present at one of the cell poles .
• They are present at right angle to each other.
• Staining: They are stained brown with iron hematoxylin.
• E/M:
1. Each cylinder is formed of 9 bundles.
2. Each bundle is formed of 3 microtublues (triplet).
3. The 9 bundles are arranged in a characteristic radiating pattern around an axial
structure which appears as a cart wheel (radial pattern).
• Function:
1. Cell division.
2. Form basal body of cilia and flagella.
Cilia
• Cilia are formed of microtubules and covered by cell membrane. They
extend from the free surface of certain cells. Cilia are hair-like projections
in the ciliated cells.
• L/M: acidophilic brush border
• E/M:
1. Basal body (centriole)
2. Shaft or axoneme: part projecting above the surface, formed of the growth of only
20 microtubules in the form of 9 duplets and central 2 singlets.
3. Rootlets: formed from unorganized microtubules, fix the basal body of the cilium
to the cytoplasm.
• Function:
• produce current movement in one direction helps to push fluids as in respiratory
passages and ovum in fallopian tubes.
Cilia electron micrograph
Microfilaments:
They are thread like structures present in the cell
Types:
1. Actin filaments as in muscles
2. Myosin filaments as in muscles
3. Intermediate filaments as in nerve cells
Functions of Microfilaments:
1. Muscle contraction
2. Movement of the cell for phagocytosis
3. Separation of dividing cells
4. Microvilli elongation and shortening
5. Clot retraction
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Microvilli:
• They are finger like projections present on the surface of certain cells
of the body as: cells of intestine, liver and kidney.
• Non-motile apical surface modifications
• LM: appear as acidophilic striated or brush border.
• EM: In longitudinal sections it appears as cylindrical process contains
actin filaments within its core.
• Function:
• They increase the process of absorption and the surface area of the cell.
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Inclusions:
• They are temporary components of the cytoplasm
• Stored food: glycogen, and lipids
• pigments:
1. Exogenous: carotene in skin cells, dust in lung cells, minerals in liver, tattoo
marks in skin
2. Endogenous: hemoglobin in RBCs, melanin in skin and hair, lipofuscin in
cardiac muscles.
• Crystals:
1. Physiological: calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate in bone, Insulin in
pancreatic cells
2. Pathological: uric acid in phagocytes
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Nucleus:
Permanent cellular component present in all cells except the red blood corpuscles
(RBCs).
Number:
• Usually one in each cell (most cells)
• Two in transitional epithelium
• Many in osteoclasts and muscle cells
Shape:
Rounded, oval, flattened, kidney-shaped, lobulated, or segmented
Position:
Central, eccentric, peripheral, or basal
Staining:
It appears blue with basic stains (Hematoxylin)
Structure: nucleolus, nuclear envelope, chromatin, and nuclear matrix.
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Nucleus
• Nuclear envelope: membrane separated by
perinuclear space, continuous with RER.
• Chromatin: formed from histone protein and
DNA.
a. Heterochromatin: Inactive, condensed,
visible with L/M , gives dark basophilic.
b. Euchromatin: Very active, uncoiled, not
visible with L/M, gives light basophilic.
• Nuclear matrix: colloidal solution filling the
space between nucleolus and chromatin,
contains metabolites, minerals and fibrils.
Nucleolus:
• Involved in rRNA synthesis and in the assembly of small and large
ribosomal subunits.
• Four distinct areas of the nucleolus have been described:
1. A pale-staining fibrillar center: containing inactive DNA (not being transcribed)
2. Pars fibrosa: containing nucleolar DNAs, small nucleolar ribonuclear proteins, and
ribonucleoprotein enzyme (for the converting of the pre-rRNA into mature rRNA).
3. Pars granulosa: in which maturing ribosomal subunits are assembled into the
small and large ribosomal subunits.
4. Nucleolar matrix: a network of fibers active in nucleolar organization.
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THANK YOU
For any questions feel free

to contact me by mail
[email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Hassany Ali

PhD in Cell, Histology, and Genetics
17

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@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

For any questions feel free

Dr. Mohamed Hassany Ali

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