Jinka University

College of Natural and Computational Science

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Course Title:
Computer Vision and Image Processing
Course code: CoSc4113

By: Lencho Desalegn

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 CHAPTER 1
Introduction to computer vision and image processing

Outline
➢ 1.1 What is a computer vision?
➢1.2 What is image and image processing?
➢1.3 Related fields in CV
➢1.4 Computer Vision Vs image processing
➢1.5 Application of CV and IP
➢1.6 Different Image processing examples
➢1.7 Fundamental steps in image processing
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 1.1 What is a Computer Vision?
❖ Computer vision is a multi-disciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to
gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos.

❖ Computer vision is a field of study focused on the problem of helping computers to see.

❖ At an abstract level, the goal of computer vision problems is to use the observed image data
to infer something about the world.

❖ Computer vision is the process of using artificial intelligence to enable computers to obtain
meaningful data from visual inputs.

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 1.1 What is a Computer Vision?
❖ It can be defined as a field of study that seeks to develop techniques to help
computers/Machine “see” and understand the content of digital images such as photographs
and videos.

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 1.1 What is a Computer Vision?
❖ From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system
can do.

❖ The overall goal of computer vision is to give computers (super) human-level perception.

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 1.1 What is a Computer Vision?
❖ Example

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 1.2 What is image?
❖ Digital Image is defined as a two-dimensional function f(x,y), where x and y are
spatial coordinates.

✓ The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at the point (x, y).

❖ Each element is called a Pixel (picture element)

What is Digital Image Processing?

❖ Digital Image Processing (DIP) has two principal application areas:

✓ improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation

✓ processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for

autonomous machine perception.
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 1.2 What is image?
❖ Processing of digital images by means of computer, it covers low-, mid-, and high-
level processes

✓ low-level: inputs and outputs are images

✓ mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from input images (eg. Edges)

✓ high-level: an ensemble of recognition and analysis of individual objects

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 1.2 What is image?
Representing Digital Images

❖ The representation of an M×N numerical array as

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 1.2 What is image?
Sources for Images

❖ Electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum

✓ (Gamma rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio waves)

❖ Acoustic

❖ Ultrasonic

❖ Electronic

❖ Synthetic images produced by computer

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 1.3 Related fields in CV

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 1.4 Computer Vision Vs image processing
❖
Image Processing Computer Vision

mainly focused on processing the raw focused on extracting information from the input images
input images to enhance them or or videos to have a proper understanding of them to
preparing them to do other tasks. predict the visual input like human brain.

It uses methods like Hidden Markov It used along with other Machine learning techniques and
models, independent component analysis, deep learning techniques, CNN,RNN, GAN etc.
Different Filtering etc.

is a subset of Computer Vision. is a superset of Image Processing.

Examples- Rescaling image (Digital Examples- Object detection, Face detection, Hand writing
Zoom), Correcting illumination, recognition etc.
Changing tones etc.
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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ Although the capabilities of the human eyes are beyond incredible, present-day
computer vision is working hard to catch up.

❖ Listed below are the applications of computer vision and Image processing.
✓ In Agriculture:

✓ In medical imaging

✓ In interactive entertainment

✓ In transportation

✓ In Education

✓ Autonomous Vehicle

✓ In Facial recognition
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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ 1. In Agriculture:
✓ Today, farmers are leveraging computer vision to enhance agricultural productivity.

✓ Companies specializing in agriculture technology are developing advanced computer vision and
artificial intelligence models for sowing and harvesting purposes.

✓ These solutions are also useful for weeding, detecting plant health, and advanced weather analysis.

✓ Computer vision has numerous existing and upcoming applications in agriculture, including drone-
based crop monitoring, automatic spraying of pesticides, yield tracking, and smart crop sorting &
classification.

✓ for further analysis, these AI-powered solutions scan the crops’ shape, color, and texture.

✓ Through computer vision technology, weather records, forestry data, and field security are also
increasingly used.
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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ 2. In Autonomous vehicles:
✓ Market leaders such as Tesla, backed by advanced technologies such as computer vision and 5G, are
making great strides.

✓ Tesla’s autonomous cars use multi-camera setups to analyze their surroundings.

✓ This enables the vehicles to provide users with advanced features, such as autopilot.

✓ The vehicle also uses 360-degree cameras to detect and classify objects through computer vision.

✓ Drivers of autonomous cars can either drive manually or allow the vehicle to make autonomous
decisions.

✓ In case a user chooses to go with the latter arrangement, these vehicles use computer vision to engage
in advanced processes such as path planning, driving scene perception, and behavior arbitration.

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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ 3. In Facial recognition:
✓ While facial recognition is already in use at the personal level, such as through smartphone
applications, the public security industry is also a noteworthy driver of facial detection solutions.

✓ How Facial recognition can work?

✓ Detecting and recognizing faces in public is a contentious application of computer vision that is
already being implemented in certain jurisdictions and banned in others.

✓ Successful facial detection relies on deep learning and machine vision. Proponents support computer
vision-powered facial recognition because it can be useful for detecting and preventing criminal
activities. These solutions also have applications in tracking specific persons for security missions.

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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ 4. In Interactive entertainment:
✓ Gone are the days when digital entertainment meant that the viewer had to sit and watch without
participating.

✓ Today, interactive entertainment solutions leverage computer vision to deliver truly immersive
experiences.

✓ Cutting-edge entertainment services use artificial intelligence to allow users to partake in dynamic
experiences.

✓ For instance, Google Glass and other smart eyewear demonstrate how users can receive information
about what they see while looking at it. The information is directly sent to the user’s field of vision.
These devices can also respond to head movements and changes in expressions, enabling users to
transmit commands simply by moving their heads..
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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ 5. In Medical imaging:
✓ Medical systems rely heavily on pattern detection and image classification principles for diagnoses.

✓ While these activities were largely carried out manually by qualified healthcare professionals,
computer vision solutions are slowly stepping up to help doctors diagnose medical conditions.

✓ There has been a noteworthy increase in the application of computer vision techniques for the
processing of medical imagery.

✓ This is especially prevalent in pathology, radiology, and ophthalmology.

✓ Visual pattern recognition, through computer vision, enables advanced products, such as Microsoft
InnerEye, to deliver swift and accurate diagnoses in an increasing number of medical specialties.

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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ 6. In Education:
✓ With remote education receiving a leg-up due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the education technology
industry is also leveraging computer vision for various applications.

✓ For instance, teachers use computer vision solutions to evaluate the learning process non-
obstructively.

✓ These solutions allow teachers to identify disengaged students and tweak the teaching process to
ensure that they are not left behind.

✓ Apart from this, AI vision is being used for applications such as school logistic support, knowledge
acquisition, attendance monitoring, and regular assessments.

✓ One common example of this is computer vision-enabled webcams, which are being used to monitor
students during examinations.
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 1.5 Application of CV and IP
❖ 7. In Transportation:
✓ Computer vision systems are being increasingly applied to increase transportation efficiency.

✓ For instance, computer vision is being used to detect traffic signal violators, thus allowing law
enforcement agencies to minimize unsafe on-road behavior.

✓ Intelligent sensing and processing solutions are also being used to detect speeding and wrong‐side
driving violations, among other disruptive behaviors.

✓ Apart from this, computer vision is being used by intelligent transportation systems for traffic flow
analysis.

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 Application of CV
❖Face Detection

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 Applications of CV
Complex Decision

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 1.6 Different Image processing examples
❖Sharpening:- Used for filtering an images to enhance edges and ignore noise

❖Smoothing:- remove noise. Used for smooth an images to denoise and ignore
edges

❖Filtering:

❖Enhancing:

❖Restoring:

❖ Blurring/ deblurring:

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 1.7 Fundamental steps in image processing
❖ Image Acquisition: Acquiring or generating an images from the sources.

❖ Image filtering and enhancement:- Making images more suitable than the original.

❖ Image restoration:- Improving the appearances of the image.

❖ Morphological processing :- Extracting image components

❖ Image segmentation:- Partitioning images on its constituent parts or objects

❖ Representation and description:- representing images for computer processing.

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 1.7 Fundamental steps in image processing

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 Conclusion
❖ The methods that are used in Image Processing can alter images in a variety of ways, including
sharpening, smoothing, filtering, enhancing, restoring, and blurring amongst others.

❖ Computer vision, on the other hand, is concerned with deciphering the meaning of what may be seen
by computers.

❖ A computer vision system receives an image as an input and generates images as an output based on a
particular job, such as the labeling of objects and their coordinates.

❖ Both of them collaborate in many different situations; in fact, many computer vision systems depend on
image processing techniques to function properly.

❖ Image processing entails the processing of raw input images, as well as the enhancement of those
images or the preparation of those images to carry out certain activities.

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Thanks